Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec PRISM.
Journal
Nature
ISSN: 1476-4687
Titre abrégé: Nature
Pays: England
ID NLM: 0410462
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
02 2023
02 2023
Historique:
received:
22
09
2022
accepted:
21
12
2022
pubmed:
10
1
2023
medline:
10
1
2023
entrez:
9
1
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Transmission spectroscopy
Identifiants
pubmed: 36623548
doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05677-y
pii: 10.1038/s41586-022-05677-y
pmc: PMC9946832
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
659-663Subventions
Organisme : NASA
ID : NAS 5-03127
Pays : United States
Commentaires et corrections
Type : CommentIn
Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s).
Références
Seager, S. & Sasselov, D. D. Theoretical transmission spectra during extrasolar giant planet transits. Astrophys. J. 537, 916–921 (2000).
doi: 10.1086/309088
Brown, T. M. Transmission spectra as diagnostics of extrasolar giant planet atmospheres. Astrophys. J. 553, 1006–1026 (2001).
doi: 10.1086/320950
Hubbard, W. B. et al. Theory of extrasolar giant planet transits. Astrophys. J. 560, 413–419 (2001).
doi: 10.1086/322490
Sing, D. K. et al. A continuum from clear to cloudy hot-Jupiter exoplanets without primordial water depletion. Nature 529, 59–62 (2016).
pubmed: 26675732
doi: 10.1038/nature16068
Zhang, X. Atmospheric regimes and trends on exoplanets and brown dwarfs. Res. Astron. Astrophys. 20, 099 (2020).
doi: 10.1088/1674-4527/20/7/99
Wakeford, H. R. et al. The complete transmission spectrum of WASP-39b with a precise water constraint. Astron. J 155, 29 (2018).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aa9e4e
Mikal-Evans, T. et al. Transmission spectroscopy for the warm sub-Neptune HD 3167c: evidence for molecular absorption and a possible high-metallicity atmosphere. Astron. J 161, 18 (2021).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/abc874
Faedi, F. et al. WASP-39b: a highly inflated Saturn-mass planet orbiting a late G-type star. Astron. Astrophys. 531, A40 (2011).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201116671
Birkmann, S. M. et al. The near-infrared spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope IV. Capabilities and predicted performance for exoplanet characterization. Astron. Astrophys. 661, A83 (2022).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202142592
Stevenson, K. B. et al. Transiting exoplanet studies and community targets for JWST’s Early Release Science program. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacif. 128, 094401 (2016).
doi: 10.1088/1538-3873/128/967/094401
Bean, J. L. et al. The transiting exoplanet community Early Release Science program for JWST. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 130, 114402 (2018).
doi: 10.1088/1538-3873/aadbf3
Bushouse, H. et al. JWST Calibration Pipeline. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6984366 (2022).
Ferruit, P. et al. The near-infrared spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope II. Multi-object spectroscopy (MOS). Astron. Astrophys. 661, A81 (2022).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202142673
Fischer, P. D. et al. HST hot-Jupiter transmission spectral survey: clear skies for cool Saturn WASP-39b. Astrophys. J. 827, 19 (2016).
doi: 10.3847/0004-637X/827/1/19
Nikolov, N. et al. VLT FORS2 comparative transmission spectroscopy: detection of Na in the atmosphere of WASP-39b from the ground. Astrophys. J. 832, 191 (2016).
doi: 10.3847/0004-637X/832/2/191
Kirk, J. et al. LRG-BEASTS: transmission spectroscopy and retrieval analysis of the highly inflated Saturn-mass planet WASP-39b. Astron. J 158, 144 (2019).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab397d
Tsiaras, A. et al. A population study of gaseous exoplanets. Astron. J 155, 156 (2018).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aaaf75
Fisher, C. & Heng, K. Retrieval analysis of 38 WFC3 transmission spectra and resolution of the normalization degeneracy. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 481, 4698–4727 (2018).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty2550
Pinhas, A. et al. H
doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty2544
Welbanks, L. et al. Mass-metallicity trends in transiting exoplanets from atmospheric abundances of H
doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab5a89
Thorngren, D. P. et al. The mass-metallicity relation for giant planets. Astrophys. J. 831, 64 (2016).
doi: 10.3847/0004-637X/831/1/64
Ahrer, E.-M. et al. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRCam. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05590-4 (2023).
Rustamkulov, Z. A. et al. Analysis of a JWST NIRSpec lab time series: characterizing systematics, recovering exoplanet transit spectroscopy, and constraining a noise floor. Astrophys. J. L. 928, L7 (2022).
doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac5b6f
Newville, A. et al. LMFIT: non-linear least-square minimization and curve-fitting for Python. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11813 (2014).
Tsai, S.-M. et al. A comparative study of atmospheric chemistry with VULCAN. Astrophys. J. 923, 264 (2021).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac29bc
Zahnle, K. et al. Atmospheric sulfur photochemistry on hot Jupiters. Astrophys. J. L. 701, L20–L24 (2009).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/701/1/L20
Hobbs, R. et al. Sulfur chemistry in the atmospheres of warm and hot Jupiters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 506, 3186–3204 (2021).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab1839
Alderson, L. et al. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec G395H. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05591-3 (2023).
JWST Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Team. Identification of carbon dioxide in an exoplanet atmosphere. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05269-w (2022).
Dobbs-Dixon, I., Agol, E. & Burrows, A. The impact of circumplantary jets on transit spectra and timing offsets for hot Jupiters. Astrophys. J. 751, 87 (2012).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/751/2/87
Schlawin, E. et al. JWST noise floor. I. Random error sources in JWST NIRCam time series. Astron. J 160, 231 (2020).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/abb811
Foreman-Mackey, D., Hogg, D. W., Lang, D. & Goodman, J. emcee: the MCMC hammer. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacif. 125, 306 (2013).
doi: 10.1086/670067
Kreidberg, L. batman: basic transit model calculation in Python. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacif. 127, 1161 (2015).
doi: 10.1086/683602
Mancini, L. et al. The GAPS programme with HARPS-N at TNG. XVI. Measurement of the Rossiter McLaughlin effect of transiting planetary systems HAT-P-3, HAT-P-12, HAT-P-22, WASP-39, and WASP-60. Astron. Astrophys. 613, A41 (2018).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201732234
Pont, F., Zucker, S. & Queloz, D. The effect of red noise on planetary transit detection. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 373, 231–242 (2006).
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11012.x
Batalha, N. E. et al. PandExo: a community tool for transiting exoplanet science with JWST & HST. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacif. 129, 064501 (2017).
doi: 10.1088/1538-3873/aa65b0
Powell, D. et al. Transit signatures of inhomogeneous clouds on hot Jupiters: insights from microphysical cloud modeling. Astrophys. J. 887, 170 (2019).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab55d9
Claret, A. A new non-linear limb-darkening law for LTE stellar atmosphere models. Calculations for −5.0 <= log[M/H] <= +1, 2000 K <= Teff <= 50000 K at several surface gravities. Astron. Astrophys. 363, 1081–1190 (2000).
Magic, Z., Chiavassa, A., Collet, R. & Asplund, M. The Stagger-grid: a grid of 3D stellar atmosphere models. IV. Limb darkening coefficients. Astron. Astrophys. 573, A90 (2015).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201423804
Glidic, K. et al. Atmospheric characterization of hot Jupiter CoRoT-1 b using the wide field camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope. Astron. J 164, 19 (2022).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac6cdb
Rigby, J. et al. Characterization of JWST science performance from commissioning. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.05632 (2022).
Kipping, D. M. Efficient, uninformative sampling of limb darkening coefficients for two-parameter laws. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 435, 2152–2160 (2013).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/stt1435
Foreman-Mackey, D. et al. exoplanet: Gradient-based probabilistic inference for exoplanet data & other astronomical time series. J. Open Source Softw. 6, 3285 (2021).
doi: 10.21105/joss.03285
Luger, R. et al. starry: analytic occultation light curves. Astron. J 157, 64 (2019).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aae8e5
Agol, E., Luger, R. & Foreman-Mackey, D. Analytic planetary transit light curves and derivatives for stars with polynomial limb darkening. Astron. J 159, 123 (2020).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab4fee
Hoffman, M. D. & Gelman, A. The no-U-turn sampler: adaptively setting path lengths in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.4246 (2011).
Bell, T. J. et al. Eureka!: An end-to-end pipeline for JWST time-series observations. J. Open Source Softw. 7, 4503 (2022).
doi: 10.21105/joss.04503
Benneke, B. et al. Spitzer observations confirm and rescue the habitable-zone super-Earth K2-18b for future characterization. Astrophys. J. 834, 187 (2017).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/187
Benneke, B. et al. A sub-Neptune exoplanet with a low-metallicity methane-depleted atmosphere and Mie-scattering clouds. Nat. Astron. 3, 813–821 (2019).
doi: 10.1038/s41550-019-0800-5
Benneke, B. et al. Water vapor and clouds on the habitable-zone sub-Neptune exoplanet K2-18b. Astrophys. J. L. 887, L14 (2019).
doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab59dc
Horne, K. An optimal extraction algorithm for CCD spectroscopy. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacif. 98, 609–617 (1986).
doi: 10.1086/131801
Kirk, J. et al. Rayleigh scattering in the transmission spectrum of HAT-P-18b. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 468, 3907–3916 (2017).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/stx752
Kirk, J. et al. ACCESS and LRG-BEASTS: a precise new optical transmission spectrum of the ultrahot Jupiter WASP-103b. Astron. J 162, 34 (2021).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/abfcd2
Laginja, I. & Wakeford, H. R. ExoTiC-ISM: a Python package for marginalisExoplanet transit parameters across a grid of systematic instrument models. J. Open Source Softw. 5, 2281 (2020).
doi: 10.21105/joss.02281
Wakeford, H. & Grant, D. Exo-TiC/ExoTiC-LD:ExoTiC-LD v.2.1 Zenodo Release. Zenodo https://zenodo.org/record/6809899 (2022).
Gaia Collaboration. et al. The Gaia mission. Astron. Astrophys. 595, A1 (2016).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201629272
Gaia Collaboration. et al. Gaia Early Data Release 3. Summary of the contents and survey properties. Astron. Astrophys. 649, A1 (2021).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039657
Piskorz, D. et al. Ground- and space-based detection of the thermal emission spectrum of the transiting hot Jupiter KELT-2Ab. Astron. J 156, 133 (2018).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aad781
Arcangeli, J. et al. H
doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/aab272
Mukherjee, S., Batalha, N. E., Fortney, J. J. & Marley, M. S. PICASO 3.0: a one-dimensional climate model for giant planets and brown dwarfs. Astrophys. J. 942, 2 (2022).
Fortney, J. J., Marley, M. S., Lodders, K., Saumon, D. & Freedman, R. Comparative planetary atmospheres: models of TrES-1 and HD 209458b. Astrophys. J. L. 627, L69–L72 (2005).
doi: 10.1086/431952
Marley, M. S. et al. The Sonora brown dwarf atmosphere and evolution models. I. Model description and application to cloudless atmospheres in Rainout chemical equilibrium. Astrophys. J. 920, 85 (2021).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac141d
Marley, M. S. & McKay, C. P. Thermal structure of Uranus’ atmosphere. Icarus 138, 268–286 (1999).
pubmed: 11542927
doi: 10.1006/icar.1998.6071
Tremblin, P. et al. Fingering convection and cloudless models for cool brown dwarf atmospheres. Astrophys. J. L. 804, L17 (2015).
doi: 10.1088/2041-8205/804/1/L17
Goyal, J. M. et al. A library of self-consistent simulatExoplanet atmospheres. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 498, 4680–4704 (2020).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/staa2300
Barman, T. S., Hauschildt, P. H. & Allard, F. Irradiated planets. Astrophys. J. 556, 885–895 (2001).
doi: 10.1086/321610
Lothringer, J. D. & Barman, T. S. The PHOENIX exoplanet retrieval algorithm and using H
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab8d33
Speagle, J. S. DYNESTY: a dynamic nested sampling package for estimating Bayesian posteriors and evidences. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 493, 3132–3158 (2020).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/staa278
Buchner, J. et al. X-ray spectral modelling of the AGN obscuring region in the CDFS: Bayesian model selection and catalogue. Astron. Astrophys. 564, A125 (2014).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201322971
Benneke, B. & Seager, S. How to distinguish between cloudy mini-Neptunes and water/volatile dominated super-Earths. Astrophys. J. 778, 153 (2013).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/778/2/153
Trotta, R. Bayes in the sky: Bayesian inference and model selection in cosmology. Contemp. Phys. 49, 71–104 (2008).
doi: 10.1080/00107510802066753
Deming, L. D. & Seager, S. Illusion and reality in the atmospheres of exoplanets. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 122, 53–75 (2017).
doi: 10.1002/2016JE005155
Polanski, A. S., Crossfield, I. J. M., Howard, A. W., Isaacson, H. & Rice, M. Chemical abundances for 25 JWST exoplanet host stars with KeckSpec. Res. Notes AAS 6, 155 (2022).
doi: 10.3847/2515-5172/ac8676
Madhusudhan, N. C/O ratio as a dimension for characterizing exoplanetary atmospheres. Astrophys. J. 758, 36 (2012).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/758/1/36
Drummond, B. et al. The carbon-to-oxygen ratio: implications for the spectra of hydrogen-dominatExoplanet atmospheres. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 486, 1123–1137 (2019).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz909
Molli`ere, P. et al. petitRADTRANS. A Python radiative transfer package for exoplanet characterization and retrieval. Astron. Astrophys. 627, A67 (2019).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201935470
Salvatier, J., Wiecki, T. V. & Fonnesbeck, C. Probabilistic programming in Python using pymc3. PeerJ Comp. Sci. 2, e55 (2016).
doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.55
Virtanen, P. et al. SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nat. Methods 17, 261–272 (2020).
pubmed: 32015543
pmcid: 7056644
doi: 10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2
Harris, C. R. et al. Array programming with NumPy. Nature 585, 357–362 (2020).
pubmed: 32939066
pmcid: 7759461
doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2
Astropy Collaboration. et al. Astropy: a community Python package for astronomy. Astron. Astrophys. 558, A33 (2013).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201322068
Astropy Collaboration. et al. The Astropy project: building an open-science project and status of the v2.0 core package. Astron. J 156, 123 (2018).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aabc4f
Hunter, J. D. Matplotlib: a 2D graphics environment. Comput. Sci. Eng. 9, 90–95 (2007).
doi: 10.1109/MCSE.2007.55
Goyal, J. M. et al. A library of ATMO forward model transmission spectra for hot Jupiter exoplanets. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 474, 5158–5185 (2018).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/stx3015
Sing, D. K. Stellar limb-darkening coefficients for CoRot and Kepler. Astron. Astrophys. 510, A21 (2010).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/200913675
Polyansky, O. L. et al. ExoMol molecular line lists XXX: a complete high-accuracy line list for water. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 480, 2597–2608 (2018).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty1877
Huang, X., Gamache, R. R., Freedman, R. S., Schwenke, D. W. & Lee, T. J. Reliable infrared line lists for 13 co2 isotopologues up to e’=18,000cm-1 and 1500k, with line shape parameters. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra. 147, 134–144 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2014.05.015
Li, G. et al. Rovibrational line lists for nine isotopologues of the CO molecule in the X
doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/216/1/15
Azzam, A. A. A., Tennyson, J., Yurchenko, S. N. & Naumenko, O. V. ExoMol molecular line lists – XVI. The rotation–vibration spectrum of hot H2S. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 460, 4063–4074 (2016).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw1133
Hargreaves, R. J. et al. An accurate, extensive, and practical line list of methane for the HITEMP Database. Astrophys. J. S. 247, 55 (2020).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab7a1a
Underwood, D. S. et al. ExoMol molecular line lists - XIV. The rotation-vibration spectrum of hot SO
doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw849
Allard, N. F., Spiegelman, F., Leininger, T. & Molliere, P. New study of the line profiles of sodium perturbed by H
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201935593
Allard, N. F., Spiegelman, F. & Kielkopf, J. F. Study of the K-H{ 2} quasi-molecular line satellite in the potassium resonance line. Astron. Astrophys. 465, 1085–1091 (2007).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20066616