Asthma.

Asthma is one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases worldwide and is characterised by variable airflow obstruction, causing dyspnoea and wheezing. Highly effective therapies are available; asthma morbidity and mortality have vastly improved in the past 15 years, and most patients can attain good asthma control. However, undertreatment is still common, and improving patient and health-care provider understanding of when and how to adjust treatment is crucial. Asthma management consists of a cycle of assessment of asthma control and risk factors and adjustment of medications accordingly. With the introduction of biological therapies, management of severe asthma has entered the precision medicine era-a shift that is driving clinical ambitions towards disease remission. Patients with severe asthma often have co-existing conditions contributing to their symptoms, mandating a multidimensional management approach. In this Seminar, we provide a clinically focused overview of asthma; epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management in children and adults.

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Declaration of interests CP declares research grants from AstraZeneca, GSK, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Chiesi Farmaceutici, and ALK-Abelló; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, GSK, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Chiesi Farmaceutici, and ALK-Abelló; honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, GSK, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Chiesi Farmaceutici, and ALK-Abelló; and fees for being on the advisory board for AstraZeneca, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, and ALK-Abelló. EM declares consulting fees from ALK-Abelló, AstraZeneca, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Novartis, and Sanofi. EM is a member of the European Respiratory Society Environmental Health Committee. LL declares consulting fees from ALK-Abelló, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Circassia Group, GSK, Menarini, Novartis, Orion, and Sanofi; honoraria for lectures from ALK-Abelló, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Circassia Group, GSK, Menarini, Novartis, Orion, and Sanofi; and fees for being on the advisory board for ALK-Abelló, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Circassia Group, GSK, Menarini, Novartis, Orion, and Sanofi. LL owns shares of Ausculthing OY. DS declares consulting fees from GSK and Novartis; honoraria for lectures from Teva Pharmaceuticals and Chiesi; and travel fees from Chiesi.