The Psychology of Athletic Tapering in Sport: A Scoping Review.
Journal
Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
ISSN: 1179-2035
Titre abrégé: Sports Med
Pays: New Zealand
ID NLM: 8412297
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
04 2023
04 2023
Historique:
accepted:
20
11
2022
pubmed:
26
1
2023
medline:
28
3
2023
entrez:
25
1
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Taper is a common training strategy used to reduce fatigue and enhance athletic performance. However, currently, no review has summarised what psychological research has been conducted examining taper, what this research shows and what future research needs to be undertaken to extend the field. Consequently, a scoping review was conducted with three aims: (a) to determine the characteristics of psychological research examining taper, (b) to summarise psychological research collected during taper with adult athletes and coaches, and (c) to identify gaps in psychological research examining taper. Forty-eight articles were identified following an exhaustive search strategy and charted following scoping review guidelines. Results showed most research was quantitative, used a longitudinal design, was conducted in swimming, triathlon, cycling or across multiple sports, and used a university-, regional- or national-level male athlete sample. Eight themes were developed to summarise the research: Mood, Perception of Effort, Perceived Fatigue and Wellness, Recovery-Stress, Taper as a Stressor, Stress Tolerance, Psychological Preparation and Cognitive Functioning. Additionally, four research recommendations were identified: (a) conducting exploratory research that examines the impact taper has on athletes' and coaches' competition preparation and stress experience, (b) asking more advanced psychological questions and conducting multi-disciplinary research, (c) including a more diverse participant sample in studies and (d) examining the impact of psychological interventions during taper. Overall, this scoping review has highlighted the limited research examining the psychology of taper and the need for focused research that asks more complex questions across diverse populations.
Identifiants
pubmed: 36696042
doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01798-6
pii: 10.1007/s40279-022-01798-6
pmc: PMC10036416
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
777-801Commentaires et corrections
Type : ErratumIn
Informations de copyright
© 2023. Crown.
Références
Mujika I, Padilla S. Scientific bases for precompetition tapering strategies. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2003;35:1182–7.
doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000074448.73931.11
Mujika I, Padilla S, Pyne DB. Swimming performance changes during the final 3 weeks of training leading to the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Int J Sports Med. 2002;23:582–7.
pubmed: 12439774
doi: 10.1055/s-2002-35526
Bosquet L, Montpetit J, Arvisais D, Mujika I. Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2007;39:1358–65.
doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31806010e0
Mujika I. Tapering and peaking for optimal performance. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2009.
doi: 10.5040/9781492595960
Mujika I, Chatard J-C, Padilla S, Guezennec CY, Geyssant A. Hormonal responses to training and its tapering off in competitive swimmers: relationships with performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1996;74:361–6.
doi: 10.1007/BF02226933
Costill DL, Thomas PR, Robergs RA, Pascoe D, Lambert C, Barr S, et al. Adaptations to swimming training: influence of training volume. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1991;23:371–7.
doi: 10.1249/00005768-199103000-00017
Shepley B, MacDougall JD, Cipriano N, Sutton JR, Tarnopolsky MA, Coates G. Physiological effects of tapering in highly trained athletes. J Appl Physiol. 1992;72:706–11.
pubmed: 1559951
doi: 10.1152/jappl.1992.72.2.706
Berger BG, Grove JR, Prapavessis H, Butki BD. Relationship of swimming distance, expectancy, and performance to mood states of competitive athletes. Percept Mot Skills. 1997;84:1199–210.
pubmed: 9229436
doi: 10.2466/pms.1997.84.3c.1199
Coutts AJ, Wallace LK, Slattery KM. Monitoring changes in performance, physiology, biochemistry, and psychology during overreaching and recovery in triathletes. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28:125–34.
pubmed: 16835823
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-924146
Martin DT, Andersen MB. Heart rate-perceived exertion relationship during training and taper. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2000;40:201–8.
pubmed: 11125762
Colquhoun HL, Levac D, O’Brien KK, Straus S, Tricco AC, Perrier L, et al. Scoping reviews: time for clarity in definition, methods, and reporting. J Clin Epidemiol Pergamon. 2014;67:1291–4.
doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.03.013
Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Stern C, Tufanaru C, McArthur A, Aromataris E. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18:1–7.
doi: 10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol Theory Pract. 2005;8:19–32.
doi: 10.1080/1364557032000119616
Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169:467–73.
pubmed: 30178033
doi: 10.7326/M18-0850
Levac D, Colquhoun H, O’Brien KK. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci. 2010;5:1–18.
doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
Campbell PG, Stewart IB, Sirotic AC, Minett GM. The effect of overreaching on neuromuscular performance and wellness responses in Australian rules football athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34:1530–8.
pubmed: 32459411
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003603
Houmard JA, Kirwan JP, Flynn MG, Mitchell JB. Effects of reduced training on submaximal and maximal running responses. Int J Sports Med. 1989;10:30–3.
pubmed: 2703282
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024869
Ritchie D, Allen JB, Kirkland A. Where science meets practice: Olympic coaches’ crafting of the tapering process. J Sports Sci. 2017;36:1145–54.
pubmed: 28782993
doi: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1362717
Aubry A, Hausswirth C, Louis J, Coutts AJ, Le Meur Y. Functional overreaching: The key to peak performance during the taper? Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2014;46:1769–77.
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000301
Santhiago V, Silva ASRD, Papoti M, Gobatto CA. Effects of 14-week swimming training program on the psychological, hormonal, and physiological parameters of elite women athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25:825–32.
pubmed: 20571443
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c69996
Coutts AJ, Reaburn P. Monitoring changes in rugby league players’ perceived stress and recovery during intensified training. Percept Mot Skills. 2008;106:904–16.
pubmed: 18712214
doi: 10.2466/pms.106.3.904-916
Hanton S, Fletcher D, Coughlan G. Stress in elite sport performers: a comparative study of competitive and organizational stressors. J Sports Sci. 2005;23:1129–41.
pubmed: 16194989
doi: 10.1080/02640410500131480
Neary JP, Bhambhani YN, McKenzie DC. Effect of different stepwise reduction taper protocols on cycling performance. Can J Appl Physiol. 2003;28:576–87.
pubmed: 12904635
doi: 10.1139/h03-044
Taylor SR, Rogers GG, Driver HS. Effects of training volume on sleep, psychological, and selected physiological profiles of elite female swimmers. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1997;29:688–93.
doi: 10.1097/00005768-199705000-00016
Raglin JS, Morgan WP, Luchsinger AE. Mood and self-motivation in successful and unsuccessful female rowers. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1990;22:849–53.
doi: 10.1249/00005768-199012000-00018
Pham MT, Rajić A, Greig JD, Sargeant JM, Papadopoulos A, Mcewen SA. A scoping review of scoping reviews: Advancing the approach and enhancing the consistency. Res Synth Methods. 2014;5:371–85.
pubmed: 26052958
pmcid: 4491356
doi: 10.1002/jrsm.1123
Wylleman P, Rosier N. Holistic perspective on the development of elite athletes. In: Raab M, Seiler R, Hatzigeorgiadis A, Wylleman P, Elbe A-M, editors. Sport exerc psychol res from theory to pract. London: Academic Press; 2016. p. 269–88.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-803634-1.00013-3
Hsieh H-F, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005;15:1277–88.
pubmed: 16204405
doi: 10.1177/1049732305276687
Weber RP. Basic content analysis. Beverly Hills: Sage; 1990.
doi: 10.4135/9781412983488
Margaritis I, Palazzetti S, Rousseau A-S, Richard M-J, Favier A. Antioxidant supplementation and tapering exercise improve exercise-induced antioxidant response. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003;22:147–56.
pubmed: 12672711
doi: 10.1080/07315724.2003.10719288
Raglin JS, Morgan WP, O’Connor PJ. Changes in mood states during training in female and male college swimmers. Int J Sports Med. 1991;12:585–9.
pubmed: 1797703
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024739
Morgan WP, Brown DR, Raglin JS, O’Connor PJ, Ellickson KA. Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness. Br J Sports Med. 1987;21:107–14.
pubmed: 3676635
pmcid: 1478455
doi: 10.1136/bjsm.21.3.107
Botonis PG, Toubekis AG, Platanou TI. Training loads, wellness and performance before and during tapering for a water-polo tournemant. J Hum Kinet Sciendo. 2019;66:131–41.
doi: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0053
Karimi M, Keshavarz S, Ansari MJ, Etaati A. Mood changes during a period of incremental training and following tapering strategies in elite male wrestlers. Int J Wrestl Sci. 2013;3:48–57.
doi: 10.1080/21615667.2013.10878969
Cresswell SL, Eklund RC. The nature of player burnout in rugby: Key characteristics and attributions. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2006;18:219–39.
doi: 10.1080/10413200600830299
Gomes RV, Moreira A, Lodo L, Nosaka K, Coutts AJ, Aoki MS. Monitoring training loads, stress, immune-endocrine responses and performance in tennis players. Biol Sport. 2013;30:173–80.
pubmed: 24744485
pmcid: 3944572
doi: 10.5604/20831862.1059169
Anderson R, Hanrahan SJ, Mallett CJ. Investigating the optimal psychological state for peak performance in Australian elite athletes. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2014;26:318–33.
doi: 10.1080/10413200.2014.885915
Swann C, Moran A, Piggott D. Defining elite athletes: issues in the study of expert performance in sport psychology. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2015;16:3–14.
doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.07.004
Venhorst A, Micklewright DP, Noakes TD. The psychophysiological regulation of pacing behaviour and performance fatigability during long-distance running with locomotor muscle fatigue and exercise-induced muscle damage in highly trained runners. Sport Med Open. 2018;4:1–14.
Dobson J, Harris B, Claytor A, Stroud L, Berg L, Chrysosferidis P. Selected cardiovascular and psychological changes throughout a competitive season in collegiate swimmers. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34:3062–9.
pubmed: 33105355
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003767
Kennedy MD, Tamminen KA, Holt NL. Factors that influence fatigue status in Canadian university swimmers. J Sports Sci. 2013;31:554–64.
pubmed: 23140537
doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.738927
Rønnestad BR, Vikmoen O. A 11-day compressed overload and taper induces larger physiological improvements than a normal taper in elite cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019;29:1856–65.
pubmed: 31410894
doi: 10.1111/sms.13536
Raglin JS, Koceja DM, Stager JM, Harms CA. Mood, neuromuscular function, and performance during training in female swimmers. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1996;28:372–7.
Berglund B, Safstrom H. Psychological monitoring and modulation of training load of world-class canoeists. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1994;26:1036–40.
doi: 10.1249/00005768-199408000-00016
O’Connor PJ, Morgan WP, Raglin JS, Barksdale CM, Kalin NH. Mood state and salivary cortisol levels following overtraining in female swimmers. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1989;14:303–10.
pubmed: 2813655
doi: 10.1016/0306-4530(89)90032-2
Flynn MG, Pizza FX, Boone JB, Andres FF, Michaud TA, Rodriguez-Zayas JR. Indices of training stress during competitive running and swimming seasons. Int J Sports Med. 1994;15:21–6.
pubmed: 8163321
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1021014
Martin DT, Andersen MB, Gates W. Using Profile of Mood States (POMS) to monitor high-intensity training in cyclists: group versus case studies. Sport Psychol. 2000;14:138–56.
doi: 10.1123/tsp.14.2.138
Atlaoui D, Pichot V, Lacoste L, Barale F, Lacour J-R, Chatard J-C. Heart rate variability, training variation and performance in elite swimmers. Int J Sports Med. 2007;27:1–7.
Coutts AJ, Slattery KM, Wallace LK. Practical tests for monitoring performance, fatigue and recovery in triathletes. J Sci Med Sport. 2007;10:372–81.
pubmed: 17466593
doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.02.007
Coutts AJ, Reaburn P, Piva TJ, Murphy A. Changes in selected biochemical, muscular strength, power, and endurance measures during deliberate overreaching and tapering in rugby league players. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28:116–24.
pubmed: 16835824
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-924145
Olusoga P, Butt J, Hays K, Maynard I. Stress in elite sports coaching: Identifying stressors. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2009;21:442–59.
doi: 10.1080/10413200903222921
Zehsaz F, Azarbaijani MA, Farhangimaleki N, Tiidus PM. Effect of tapering period on plasma hormone concentrations, mood state, and performance of elite male cyclists. Eur J Sport Sci. 2011;11:183–90.
doi: 10.1080/17461391.2010.499976
Dupuy O, Lussier M, Fraser SJ, Bherer L, Audiffren M, Bosquet L. Effect of overreaching on cognitive performance and related cardiac autonomic control. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2012;24:234–42.
pubmed: 22537000
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01465.x
Tobar DA. Trait anxiety and mood state responses to overtraining in men and women college swimmers. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2012;10:13.
doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2012.666399
Dupuy O, Bherer L, Audiffren M, Bosquet L. Night and postexercise cardiac autonomic control in functional overreaching. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38:200–8.
pubmed: 23438233
doi: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0203
Hausswirth C, Louis J, Aubry A, Bonnet G, Duffield R, Le Meur Y. Evidence of disturbed sleep and increased illness in overreached endurance athletes. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2014;46:1036–45.
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000177
Crowcroft S, Duffield R, Mccleave E, Slattery K, Wallace LK, Coutts AJ. Monitoring training to assess changes in fitness and fatigue: the effects of training in heat and hypoxia. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2015;25:287–95.
doi: 10.1111/sms.12364
Cruickshank A, Collins D. Illuminating and applying “the dark side”: Insights from elite team leaders. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2015;27:249–67.
doi: 10.1080/10413200.2014.982771
Bellenger CR, Karavirta L, Thomson RL, Robertson EY, Davison K, Buckley JD. Contextualizing parasympathetic hyperactivity in functionally overreached athletes with perceptions of training tolerance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2016;11:685–92.
pubmed: 26640275
doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0495
Bouaziz T, Makni E, Passelergue P, Tabka Z, Lac G, Moalla W, et al. Multifactorial monitoring of training load in elite rugby sevens players: cortisol/cortisone ratio as a valid tool of training load monitoring. Biol Sport. 2016;33:231–9.
pubmed: 27601777
pmcid: 4993138
doi: 10.5604/20831862.1201812
Flatt AA, Hornikel B, Esco MR. Heart rate variability and psychometric responses to overload and tapering in collegiate sprint-swimmers. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;20:606–10.
pubmed: 27890479
doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.10.017
Myers VR, McKillop AL, Fraser SJ, Abel JM, Wells GD. Physiological and psychological adaptations during taper in competitive swimmers. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2017;12:481–94.
doi: 10.1177/1747954117717878
Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Vegge G, Mujika I. Short-term performance peaking in an elite cross-country mountain biker. J Sports Sci. 2017;35:1392–5.
pubmed: 27476525
doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1215503
Winwood PW, Dudson MK, Wilson D, McLaren-Harrison JKH, Redjkins V, Pritchard HJ, et al. Tapering practices of strongman athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32:118–1196.
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002453
Figueiredo DH, Figueiredo DH, Moreira A, Goncąlves HR, Stanganelli LCR. Effect of overload and tapering on individual heart rate variability, stress tolerance, and intermittent running performance in soccer players during preseason. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33:1222–31.
pubmed: 30908376
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003127
Travis SK, Mizuguchi S, Stone MH, Sands WA, Bazyler CD. Preparing for a national weighlifting championship: a case series. J Strength Cond Res. 2019; p. 1–9.
Wilson D, Bennett EV, Mosewich AD, Faulkner GE, Crocker PRE. “The zipper effect”: Exploring the interrelationship of mental toughness and self-compassion among Canadian elite women athletes. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2019;40:61–70.
doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.09.006
Pritchard HJ, Keogh JW, Winwood PW. Tapering practices of elite CrossFit athletes. Int J Sport Sci Coach. 2020;15:753–61.
doi: 10.1177/1747954120934924
McNair DM, Lorr M, Droppleman LF. Manual for the profile of mood states (revised). San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Services; 1992.
Terry PC, Lane AM, Lane HJ, Keohane L. Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents. J Sports Sci. 1999;17:861–72.
pubmed: 10585166
doi: 10.1080/026404199365425
Bandura A. Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: W.H Freeman and Company; 1997.
Nicholls AR, Polman R, Levy AR, Taylor J, Cobley S. Stressors, coping, and coping effectiveness: Gender, type of sport, and skill differences. J Sports Sci. 2007;25:1521–30.
pubmed: 17852669
doi: 10.1080/02640410701230479
Spielberger CD. Test anxiety inventory: preliminary professional manual. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1980.
Borg G. Simple method for estimation of perceived exertion. In: Borg G, editor. Phys work effort. New York: Pergamon; 1975. p. 39–46.
Foster C. Monitoring training in athletes with reference to overtraining syndrome. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1998;30:1164–8.
doi: 10.1097/00005768-199807000-00023
Gustafsson H, Holmberg HC, Hassmén P. An elite endurance athlete’s recovery from underperformance aided by a multidisciplinary sport science support team. Eur J Sport Sci. 2008;8:267–76.
doi: 10.1080/17461390802195652
Hardy CJ, Rejeski WJ. Not what, but how one feels: The measurement of affect during exercise. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1989;11:304–17.
doi: 10.1123/jsep.11.3.304
Svebak S, Murgatroyd S. Metamotivational dominance. A multimethod validation of reversal theory constructs. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1985;48:107–16.
doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.107
Herrmann M, Baur V, Brandstätter V, Hänggi J, Jäncke L. Being in two minds: the neural basis of experiencing action crises in personal long-term goals. Soc Neurosci. 2014;9:548–61.
pubmed: 24985970
Jackson SA, Csikszentmihalyi M. Flow in sports. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1999.
Hooper SL, Mackinnon LT. Monitoring overtraining in athletes: recommendations. Sport Med. 1995;20:321–7.
doi: 10.2165/00007256-199520050-00003
Schober P, Schwarte LA. Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation. Anesth Analg. 2018;126:1763–8.
pubmed: 29481436
doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864
Kellmann M, Kallus KW. Recovery-stress questionnaire for athletes. In: Kellmann M, Kallus KW, editors. Recover quest user man. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2016. p. 86–134.
Nässi A, Ferrauti A, Meyer T, Pfeiffer M, Kellmann M. Development of two short measures for recovery and stress in sport. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017;17:894–903.
pubmed: 28463598
doi: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1318180
Mujika I, Padilla S. Detraining: loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part II: long term insufficient training stimulus. Sport Med. 2000;30:145–54.
doi: 10.2165/00007256-200030030-00001
Rushall BS. A tool for measuring stress tolerance in elite athletes. J Appl Sport Psychol. 1990;2:51–66.
doi: 10.1080/10413209008406420
Bohnen N, Twijnstra A, Jolles J. Performance in the Stroop color word test in relationship to the persistence of symptoms following mild head injury. Acta Neurol Scand. 1992;85:116–21.
pubmed: 1574984
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1992.tb04009.x
Saw AE, Main LC, Gastin PB. Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2015;50:1–13.
pubmed: 26423706
doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094758
Lindahl J, Stenling A, Lindwall M, Colliandera C. Trends and knowledge base in sport and exercise psychology research: a bibliometric review study. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2015;8:71–94.
doi: 10.1080/1750984X.2015.1019540
Moritz SE, Feltz DL, Fahrbach KR, Mack DE. The relation of self-efficacy measures to sport performance: a meta-analytic review. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000;71:280–94.
pubmed: 10999265
doi: 10.1080/02701367.2000.10608908
Martin JJ, Whalen L. Effective practices of coaching disability sport. Eur J Adapt Phys Act. 2014;7:13–23.
doi: 10.5507/euj.2014.007