Tumor microenvironment and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in bladder cancer: Cytokines in the game?
bladder cancer
cytokines/chemokines
epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
immune cells
tumor microenvironment (TME)
Journal
Frontiers in molecular biosciences
ISSN: 2296-889X
Titre abrégé: Front Mol Biosci
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101653173
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2022
2022
Historique:
received:
14
10
2022
accepted:
22
11
2022
entrez:
26
1
2023
pubmed:
27
1
2023
medline:
27
1
2023
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Bladder cancer (BlCa) is a highly immunogenic cancer. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the standard treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients and, recently, second-line immunotherapies have arisen to treat metastatic BlCa patients. Understanding the interactions between tumor cells, immune cells and soluble factors in bladder tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial. Cytokines and chemokines released in the TME have a dual role, since they can exhibit both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory potential, driving infiltration and inflammation, and also promoting evasion of immune system and pro-tumoral effects. In BlCa disease, 70-80% are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, while 20-30% are muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) at the time of diagnosis. However, during the follow up, about half of treated NMIBC patients recur once or more, with 5-25% progressing to muscle-invasive bladder cancer, which represents a significant concern to the clinic. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one biological process associated with tumor progression. Specific cytokines present in bladder TME have been related with signaling pathways activation and EMT-related molecules regulation. In this review, we summarized the immune landscape in BlCa TME, along with the most relevant cytokines and their putative role in driving EMT processes, tumor progression, invasion, migration and metastasis formation.
Identifiants
pubmed: 36699696
doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1070383
pii: 1070383
pmc: PMC9868260
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Pagination
1070383Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2023 Martins-Lima, Chianese, Benedetti, Altucci, Jerónimo and Correia.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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