Journal

Neurology
ISSN: 1526-632X
Titre abrégé: Neurology
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401060

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
11 04 2023
Historique:
received: 13 04 2022
accepted: 13 10 2022
medline: 12 4 2023
pubmed: 2 2 2023
entrez: 1 2 2023
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Clinical trials of genotype-targeted treatments in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) traditionally compare treated patients with untreated patients with the same More than 1,600 patient-years of follow-up (>700 patients) were studied from 6 real-world/natural history data sources (UZ Leuven, PRO-DMD-01 shared by CureDuchenne, iMDEX, North Star UK, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the DMD Italian Group), with genotypes classified as amenable to skipping exons 44, 45, 51, or 53, or other skippable, nonsense, and other mutations. Associations between genotype class and 1-year changes in North Star Ambulatory Assessment total score (ΔNSAA) and in 10-m walk/run velocity (Δ10MWR) were studied in each data source with and without adjustment for baseline prognostic factors. The studied genotype classes accounted for approximately 2% of variation in ΔNSAA outcomes after 12 months, whereas other prognostic factors explained >30% of variation in large data sources. Based on a meta-analysis across all data sources, pooled effect estimates for the studied skip-amenable mutation classes were all small in magnitude (<2 units in ΔNSAA total score in 1-year follow up), smaller than clinically important differences in NSAA, and were precisely estimated with standard errors <1 unit after adjusting for nongenotypic prognostic factors. These findings suggest the viability of trial designs incorporating genotypically mixed or unmatched controls for up to 12 months in duration for motor function outcomes, which would ease recruitment challenges and reduce numbers of patients assigned to placebos. Such trial designs, including multigenotype platform trials and hybrid designs, should ensure baseline balance between treatment and control groups for the most important prognostic factors, while accounting for small remaining genotype effects quantified in this study.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Clinical trials of genotype-targeted treatments in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) traditionally compare treated patients with untreated patients with the same
METHODS
More than 1,600 patient-years of follow-up (>700 patients) were studied from 6 real-world/natural history data sources (UZ Leuven, PRO-DMD-01 shared by CureDuchenne, iMDEX, North Star UK, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the DMD Italian Group), with genotypes classified as amenable to skipping exons 44, 45, 51, or 53, or other skippable, nonsense, and other mutations. Associations between genotype class and 1-year changes in North Star Ambulatory Assessment total score (ΔNSAA) and in 10-m walk/run velocity (Δ10MWR) were studied in each data source with and without adjustment for baseline prognostic factors.
RESULTS
The studied genotype classes accounted for approximately 2% of variation in ΔNSAA outcomes after 12 months, whereas other prognostic factors explained >30% of variation in large data sources. Based on a meta-analysis across all data sources, pooled effect estimates for the studied skip-amenable mutation classes were all small in magnitude (<2 units in ΔNSAA total score in 1-year follow up), smaller than clinically important differences in NSAA, and were precisely estimated with standard errors <1 unit after adjusting for nongenotypic prognostic factors.
DISCUSSION
These findings suggest the viability of trial designs incorporating genotypically mixed or unmatched controls for up to 12 months in duration for motor function outcomes, which would ease recruitment challenges and reduce numbers of patients assigned to placebos. Such trial designs, including multigenotype platform trials and hybrid designs, should ensure baseline balance between treatment and control groups for the most important prognostic factors, while accounting for small remaining genotype effects quantified in this study.

Identifiants

pubmed: 36725339
pii: WNL.0000000000201626
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000201626
pmc: PMC10103111
doi:

Types de publication

Meta-Analysis Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e1540-e1554

Subventions

Organisme : Department of Health
Pays : United Kingdom

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

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Auteurs

Francesco Muntoni (F)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

James Signorovitch (J)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. james.signorovitch@analysisgroup.com.

Gautam Sajeev (G)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Henry Lane (H)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Madeline Jenkins (M)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Ibrahima Dieye (I)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Susan J Ward (SJ)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Craig McDonald (C)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Nathalie Goemans (N)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Erik H Niks (EH)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Brenda Wong (B)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Laurent Servais (L)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Volker Straub (V)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Michela Guglieri (M)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Imelda J M de Groot (IJM)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Mary Chesshyre (M)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Cuixia Tian (C)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Adnan Y Manzur (AY)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Eugenio Mercuri (E)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Annemieke Aartsma-Rus (A)

From the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F.M., M.C., A.Y.M.), NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, and Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Analysis Group, Inc. (J.S., G.S., H.L., M.J., I.D.), Boston; The Collaborative Trajectory Analysis Project (J.S., S.J.W.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Pediatrics (C.M.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Child Neurology (N.G.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.H.N.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (B.W.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Center (L.S.), Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom and Neuromuscular Center of Liège (L.S.), Division of Paediatrics, CHU and University of Liège, Belgium; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (V.S., M.G.), Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation (I.J.M.d.G.), Donders Centre of Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (C.T.), and College of Medicine (C.T.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatric Neurology (E.M.), Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Human Genetics (A.A.-R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

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