Longitudinal monitoring of mRNA-vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
B cell
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
T cell
antibody
booster
longitudinal
vaccination
Journal
Frontiers in immunology
ISSN: 1664-3224
Titre abrégé: Front Immunol
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101560960
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2023
2023
Historique:
received:
10
10
2022
accepted:
06
01
2023
entrez:
6
2
2023
pubmed:
7
2
2023
medline:
8
2
2023
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Worldwide vaccination campaigns significantly reduced mortality caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and diminished the devastating effects of the pandemic. The first approved vaccines are based on novel mRNA technology and elicit potent immune responses offering high levels of protection from severe disease. Here we longitudinally assessed adaptive immune responses during a 12-month follow-up period after the initial immunization with 2 doses of mRNA vaccines and after the booster dose in blood and saliva. Our findings demonstrate a rapid waning of the anti-spike IgG titers between months 3 and 6 after the initial vaccination (1.7- and 2.5-fold decrease in plasma and saliva, respectively; P<0.0001). Conversely, the frequency of spike-specific memory B cells increased during this period (2.4-fold increase; P<0.0001) while the frequency of spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells remained stable for all assessed functions: cytotoxicity, IFNγ, IL-2, and TNFα expression. Booster vaccination significantly improved the antibody response in plasma and saliva, with the most profound changes observed in the neutralization capacity against the currently circulating omicron variant (25.6-fold increase; P<0.0001). The positive effect of booster vaccination was also evident for spike-specific IgG+ memory B cell (2.4-fold increase; P<0.0001) and cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses (1.7- and 1.9-fold increase respectively; P<0.05). Collectively, our findings offer a detailed insight into the kinetics of adaptive immune response following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and underline the beneficial effects of a booster vaccination.
Sections du résumé
Background
Worldwide vaccination campaigns significantly reduced mortality caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and diminished the devastating effects of the pandemic. The first approved vaccines are based on novel mRNA technology and elicit potent immune responses offering high levels of protection from severe disease.
Methods
Here we longitudinally assessed adaptive immune responses during a 12-month follow-up period after the initial immunization with 2 doses of mRNA vaccines and after the booster dose in blood and saliva.
Results
Our findings demonstrate a rapid waning of the anti-spike IgG titers between months 3 and 6 after the initial vaccination (1.7- and 2.5-fold decrease in plasma and saliva, respectively; P<0.0001). Conversely, the frequency of spike-specific memory B cells increased during this period (2.4-fold increase; P<0.0001) while the frequency of spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells remained stable for all assessed functions: cytotoxicity, IFNγ, IL-2, and TNFα expression. Booster vaccination significantly improved the antibody response in plasma and saliva, with the most profound changes observed in the neutralization capacity against the currently circulating omicron variant (25.6-fold increase; P<0.0001). The positive effect of booster vaccination was also evident for spike-specific IgG+ memory B cell (2.4-fold increase; P<0.0001) and cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses (1.7- and 1.9-fold increase respectively; P<0.05).
Conclusions
Collectively, our findings offer a detailed insight into the kinetics of adaptive immune response following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and underline the beneficial effects of a booster vaccination.
Identifiants
pubmed: 36742295
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1066123
pmc: PMC9893859
doi:
Substances chimiques
COVID-19 Vaccines
0
Immunoglobulin G
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1066123Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2023 Monzon-Posadas, Zorn, Peters, Baum, Proksch, Schlüter, Menting, Pušnik and Streeck.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors declare no competing interests. The idea, the plan, the concept, the protocol, the conduct, the data analysis, and the writing of the manuscript of this study were independent of any third parties, including the funding agency.
Références
Nat Med. 2022 Mar;28(3):477-480
pubmed: 35046572
Microorganisms. 2022 Apr 21;10(5):
pubmed: 35630302
Nat Immunol. 2022 Feb;23(2):186-193
pubmed: 35105982
Sci Immunol. 2022 Dec 23;7(78):eadd3899
pubmed: 36318037
Nat Commun. 2022 Jan 10;13(1):80
pubmed: 35013199
Nat Commun. 2021 Oct 15;12(1):6032
pubmed: 34654808
EBioMedicine. 2022 Jan;75:103788
pubmed: 34954658
Gene Rep. 2022 Jun;27:101549
pubmed: 35165664
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Mar;1098:288-311
pubmed: 17435136
Nat Med. 2021 Nov;27(11):2032-2040
pubmed: 34588689
Sci Rep. 2022 Feb 16;12(1):2628
pubmed: 35173254
Nat Commun. 2022 Mar 28;13(1):1614
pubmed: 35347129
Science. 2021 Dec 03;374(6572):abm0829
pubmed: 34648302
J Virol. 2022 Aug 10;96(15):e0076022
pubmed: 35862718
Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Dec;9(12):1356-1358
pubmed: 34688435
Nat Commun. 2022 Jun 10;13(1):3357
pubmed: 35688805
Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Jul;22(7):1002-1010
pubmed: 35405090
Lancet Microbe. 2022 Jan;3(1):e4-e5
pubmed: 34901896
Sci Immunol. 2022 Nov 18;7(77):eabq7647
pubmed: 35943359
Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Dec 31;10(1):
pubmed: 35062724
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021 Mar;19(3):155-170
pubmed: 33116300
Nature. 2021 Sep;597(7875):268-273
pubmed: 34320609
Cell Host Microbe. 2022 Mar 9;30(3):400-408.e4
pubmed: 35134333
N Engl J Med. 2022 Apr 21;386(16):1532-1546
pubmed: 35249272
N Engl J Med. 2021 Dec 9;385(24):e84
pubmed: 34614326
Nature. 2021 Aug;596(7870):109-113
pubmed: 34182569
Immunity. 2021 Sep 14;54(9):2133-2142.e3
pubmed: 34453880
Nat Microbiol. 2022 Aug;7(8):1161-1179
pubmed: 35798890
Nat Rev Immunol. 2022 May;22(5):267-269
pubmed: 35414124
Vaccines (Basel). 2018 Dec 14;6(4):
pubmed: 30558246
N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 4;384(5):403-416
pubmed: 33378609
Front Immunol. 2017 Feb 23;8:194
pubmed: 28280496
Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Sep;22(9):1313-1320
pubmed: 35658998
Nat Rev Immunol. 2021 Feb;21(2):83-100
pubmed: 33353987
J Clin Invest. 2021 May 17;131(10):
pubmed: 33822770
EBioMedicine. 2022 Apr;78:103944
pubmed: 35465948
Nature. 2021 Dec;600(7889):408-418
pubmed: 34880490
N Engl J Med. 2022 Jul 7;387(1):86-88
pubmed: 35731894
N Engl J Med. 2021 Oct 14;385(16):1474-1484
pubmed: 34320281
Eur J Immunol. 2004 Nov;34(11):2977-85
pubmed: 15384078
EBioMedicine. 2022 Mar;77:103904
pubmed: 35248996
Sci Immunol. 2021 Apr 15;6(58):
pubmed: 33858945
EMBO Mol Med. 2022 May 9;14(5):e15326
pubmed: 35393790
N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 31;383(27):2603-2615
pubmed: 33301246
N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 17;383(25):2439-2450
pubmed: 33053279
Nat Med. 2022 May;28(5):1042-1049
pubmed: 35241844
Nature. 2022 Jul;607(7917):128-134
pubmed: 35447027