Harnessing the placebo effect to enhance emotion regulation effectiveness and choice.
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
09 02 2023
09 02 2023
Historique:
received:
09
08
2022
accepted:
30
01
2023
entrez:
9
2
2023
pubmed:
10
2
2023
medline:
14
2
2023
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The placebo effect demonstrates how positive expectancies shape the effectiveness of various treatments. Across studies, placebo treatments are interventions (creams, pills, etc.) that are presented to individuals as, and are learned to be, beneficial for them. This study tested whether placebo-induced expectancies can be harnessed to improve individuals' internal emotion regulation attempts. Participants implemented two types of distraction, an emotion regulation strategy involving attentional disengagement, to attenuate fear of pain. In a typical conditioning paradigm, the placebo-distraction was introduced as an effective strategy (verbal suggestion) and was surreptitiously paired with reduced pain (conditioning), whereas the control-distraction was introduced as noneffective and was surreptitiously paired with increased pain. As predicted, we found that during a later test phase, where pain intensity was identical, the placebo-distraction resulted in reduced self-reported fear of pain, relative to the control-distraction. Moreover, we utilized a robust behavioral choice measure, demonstrating increased preferences for the placebo-distraction. We additionally tested whether these effects generalize to a different emotional context of fear of unpleasant pictures. In that context, the placebo-distraction was as effective as the control-distraction, but was substantially preferred. This study demonstrates that the placebo effect can be expanded to include individuals' internal attempts to influence their conditions.
Identifiants
pubmed: 36759537
doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29045-6
pii: 10.1038/s41598-023-29045-6
pmc: PMC9911767
doi:
Types de publication
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
2373Subventions
Organisme : NCCIH NIH HHS
ID : R01 AT010333
Pays : United States
Organisme : NCCIH NIH HHS
ID : R01 AT011347
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s).
Références
Haour, F. Mechanisms of the placebo effect and of conditioning. NeuroImmunoModulation 12, 195–200 (2005).
doi: 10.1159/000085651
pubmed: 15990450
Colloca, L. Placebo, nocebo, and learning mechanisms In Placebo 17–35 (Springer, 2014).
Bingel, U. et al. The effect of treatment expectation on drug efficacy: Imaging the analgesic benefit of the opioid remifentanil. Sci. Transl. Med. 3, 70ra14 (2011).
doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001244
pubmed: 21325618
Schenk, L. A., Sprenger, C., Geuter, S. & Büchel, C. Expectation requires treatment to boost pain relief: An fMRI study. Pain 155, 150–157 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.09.024
pubmed: 24076046
Kube, T. & Rief, W. Are placebo and drug-specific effects additive? Questioning basic assumptions of double-blinded randomized clinical trials and presenting novel study designs. Drug Discov. Today 22, 729–735 (2017).
doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.11.022
pubmed: 27919806
Colloca, L. The placebo effect in pain therapies. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 59, 191–211 (2019).
doi: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021542
pubmed: 30216744
Chiffi, D., Pietarinen, A.-V. & Grecucci, A. Meaning and affect in the placebo effect. J. Med. Philos. A Forum Bioeth. Philos. Med. 46, 313–329 (2021).
Gilam, G., Gross, J. J., Wager, T. D., Keefe, F. J. & Mackey, S. C. What is the relationship between pain and emotion? Bridging constructs and communities. Neuron 107, 17–21 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.024
pubmed: 32562660
pmcid: 7578761
Tracey, I. Getting the pain you expect: Mechanisms of placebo, nocebo and reappraisal effects in humans. Nat. Med. 16, 1277–1283 (2010).
doi: 10.1038/nm.2229
pubmed: 20948533
Voudouris, N. J., Peck, C. L. & Coleman, G. Conditioned response models of placebo phenomena: Further support. Pain 38, 109–116 (1989).
doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(89)90080-8
pubmed: 2780058
Colloca, L. & Benedetti, F. How prior experience shapes placebo analgesia. Pain 124, 126–133 (2006).
doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.04.005
pubmed: 16701952
Wager, T. D. & Atlas, L. Y. The neuroscience of placebo effects: Connecting context, learning and health. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 16, 403–418 (2015).
doi: 10.1038/nrn3976
pubmed: 26087681
pmcid: 6013051
Atlas, L. Y. & Wager, T. D. Expectancies and beliefs: Insights from cognitive neuroscience. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 359–381 (2013).
Benedetti, F. & Amanzio, M. The neurobiology of placebo analgesia: From endogenous opioids to cholecystokinin. Prog. Neurobiol. 52, 109–125 (1997).
doi: 10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00006-3
pubmed: 9185235
Colloca, L. & Benedetti, F. Placebos and painkillers: Is mind as real as matter?. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 545–552 (2005).
doi: 10.1038/nrn1705
pubmed: 15995725
Price, D. D., Finniss, D. G. & Benedetti, F. AR Further. Annu. Rev. Psychol 59, 565–590 (2008).
doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.113006.095941
Wager, T. D. The neural bases of placebo effects in pain. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 14, 175–179 (2005).
doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00359.x
Gross, J. J. The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 2, 271–299 (1998).
doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
Gross, J. J. Emotion regulation: Taking stock and moving forward. Emotion 13, 359–365 (2013).
doi: 10.1037/a0032135
pubmed: 23527510
Van Dillen, L. F. & Koole, S. L. Clearing the mind: A working memory model of distraction from negative mood. Emotion 7, 715–723 (2007).
doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.715
pubmed: 18039038
Sheppes, G. & Gross, J. J. Is timing everything? Temporal considerations in emotion regulation. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 15, 319–331 (2011).
doi: 10.1177/1088868310395778
pubmed: 21233326
Sheppes, G. Transcending the “good & bad” and “here & now” in emotion regulation: Costs and benefits of strategies across regulatory stages, in Advances in experimental social psychology. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 61, 185–236 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2019.09.003
Sheppes, G. & Meiran, N. Better late than never? On the dynamics of online regulation of sadness using distraction and cognitive reappraisal. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 33, 1518–1532 (2007).
doi: 10.1177/0146167207305537
pubmed: 17933748
Shafir, R. & Sheppes, G. When knowledge is (not) power-the influence of anticipatory information on subsequent emotion regulation: Neural and behavioral evidence. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 147, 1225 (2018).
doi: 10.1037/xge0000452
pubmed: 30070578
Shafir, R., Schwartz, N., Blechert, J. & Sheppes, G. Emotional intensity influences pre-implementation and implementation of distraction and reappraisal. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 10, 1329–1337 (2015).
doi: 10.1093/scan/nsv022
pubmed: 25700568
pmcid: 4590533
Kanske, P., Heissler, J., Schönfelder, S., Bongers, A. & Wessa, M. How to regulate emotion? Neural networks for reappraisal and distraction. Cereb. Cortex 21, 1379–1388 (2011).
doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhq216
pubmed: 21041200
McRae, K. et al. The neural bases of distraction and reappraisal. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 22, 248–262 (2010).
doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21243
pubmed: 19400679
pmcid: 4136451
Sheppes, G., Brady, W. J. & Samson, A. C. In (visual) search for a new distraction: The efficiency of a novel attentional deployment versus semantic meaning regulation strategies. Front. Psychol. 5, 346–346 (2014).
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00346
pubmed: 24808871
pmcid: 4009415
Meyer, B., Yuen, K. S. L., Saase, V. & Kalisch, R. The functional role of large-scale brain network coordination in placebo-induced anxiolysis. Cereb. Cortex 29, 3201–3210 (2019).
doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhy188
pubmed: 30124792
Meyer, B. et al. Neural mechanisms of placebo anxiolysis. J. Neurosci. 35, 7365–7373 (2015).
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4793-14.2015
pubmed: 25972166
pmcid: 6705432
Świder, K., Bąbel, P., Wronka, E., van Rijn, C. M. & Oosterman, J. M. Placebo analgesia induced by verbal suggestion in the context of experimentally induced fear and anxiety. PLoS One 14, e0222805 (2019).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222805
pubmed: 31550290
pmcid: 6759192
Shafir, R., Zucker, L. & Sheppes, G. Turning o ff hot feelings: Down-regulation of sexual desire using distraction and situation-focused reappraisal. Biol. Psychol. 137, 116–124 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.07.007
pubmed: 30030166
Matthews, M., Webb, T. L., Shafir, R., Snow, M. & Sheppes, G. Identifying the determinants of emotion regulation choice: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Cogn. Emot. 35, 1056–1084 (2021).
doi: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1945538
pubmed: 34165040
Scheibe, S., Sheoppes, G. & Staudinger, U. M. Distract or rappraise? Age-related differences in emotion-regulation choice. Emotion 15, 677–681 (2015).
doi: 10.1037/a0039246
pubmed: 25961143
Shabat, M., Shafir, R. & Sheppes, G. Flexible emotion regulatory selection when coping with COVID-19-related threats during quarantine. Sci. Rep. 11, 1–10 (2021).
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00716-6
Sheppes, G. et al. Emotion regulation choice: A conceptual framework and supporting evidence. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 143, 163–181 (2014).
doi: 10.1037/a0030831
pubmed: 23163767
Sheppes, G., Scheibe, S., Suri, G. & Gross, J. J. Emotion-regulation choice. Psychol. Sci. 22, 1391–1396 (2011).
doi: 10.1177/0956797611418350
pubmed: 21960251
Zhang, W., Qin, S., Guo, J. & Luo, J. A follow-up fMRI study of a transferable placebo anxiolytic effect. Psychophysiology 48, 1119–1128 (2011).
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01178.x
pubmed: 21332487
Zhang, W. & Luo, J. The transferable placebo effect from pain to emotion: Changes in behavior and EEG activity. Psychophysiology 46, 626–634 (2009).
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00786.x
pubmed: 19298627
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M. & Cuthbert, B. N. International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report, A-8 (2008).
Dan-Glauser, E. S. & Scherer, K. R. The Geneva affective picture database (GAPED): A new 730-picture database focusing on valence and normative significance. Behav. Res. Methods 43, 468–477 (2011).
doi: 10.3758/s13428-011-0064-1
pubmed: 21431997
Wessa, M. et al. EmoPicS: Subjektive und psychophysiologische Evaluation neuen Bildmaterials für die klinisch-biopsychologische Forschung. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Supplementum (2010).
Marchewka, A., Zurawski, L., Jednoróg, K. & Grabowska, A. The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS): Introduction to a novel, standardized, wide-range, high-quality, realistic picture database. Behav. Res. Methods 46, 596–610 (2014).
doi: 10.3758/s13428-013-0379-1
pubmed: 23996831
Campbell, J. I. D. & Thompson, V. A. MorePower 6.0 for ANOVA with relational confidence intervals and Bayesian analysis. Behav. Res. Methods 44, 1255–1265 (2012).
doi: 10.3758/s13428-012-0186-0
pubmed: 22437511
Greenhouse, S. W. & Geisser, S. On methods in the analysis of profile data. Psychometrika 24, 95–112 (1959).
doi: 10.1007/BF02289823
Shafir, R., Olson, E. & Colloca, L. The neglect of sex: A call to action for including sex as a biological variable in placebo and nocebo research. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 106734 (2022).
Schienle, A., Übel, S. & Wabnegger, A. When opposites lead to the same: A direct comparison of explicit and implicit disgust regulation via fMRI. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 12, 445–451 (2017).
doi: 10.1093/scan/nsw144
pubmed: 27665000
Zhang, W., Guo, J., Zhang, J. & Luo, J. Neural mechanism of placebo effects and cognitive reappraisal in emotion regulation. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 40, 364–373 (2013).
doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.10.020
pubmed: 23123362
Buhle, J. T., Stevens, B. L., Friedman, J. J. & Wager, T. D. Distraction and placebo: Two separate routes to pain control. Psychol. Sci. 23, 246–253 (2012).
doi: 10.1177/0956797611427919
pubmed: 22261568
Ford, B. Q. & Gross, J. J. Emotion regulation: Why beliefs matter. Can. Psychol. 59, 1–14 (2018).
doi: 10.1037/cap0000142
Tamir, M. & Mauss, I. B. Social cognitive factors in emotion regulation: Implications for well-being. Emotion Regulation and Well-being 31–47 (2011).
Benfer, N., Bardeen, J. R. & Clauss, K. Experimental manipulation of emotion regulation self-efficacy: Effects on emotion regulation ability, perceived effort in the service of regulation, and affective reactivity. J. Context. Behav. Sci. 10, 108–114 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.09.006
Bigman, Y. E., Mauss, I. B., Gross, J. J. & Tamir, M. Yes I can: Expected success promotes actual success in emotion regulation. Cogn. Emot. 30, 1380–1387 (2016).
doi: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1067188
pubmed: 26219200
Thiruchselvam, R., Blechert, J., Sheppes, G., Rydstrom, A. & Gross, J. J. The temporal dynamics of emotion regulation: An EEG study of distraction and reappraisal. Biol. Psychol. 87, 84–92 (2011).
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.02.009
pubmed: 21354262
Kaptchuk, T. J. Open-label placebo: Reflections on a research agenda. Perspect. Biol. Med. 61, 311–334 (2018).
doi: 10.1353/pbm.2018.0045
pubmed: 30293971
Guevarra, D. A. et al. Harnessing placebo effects to regulate emotions (2022).
Grillon, C., Quispe-Escudero, D., Mathur, A. & Ernst, M. Mental fatigue impairs emotion regulation. Emotion 15, 383 (2015).
doi: 10.1037/emo0000058
pubmed: 25706833
pmcid: 4437828
Raio, C. M., Orederu, T. A., Palazzolo, L., Shurick, A. A. & Phelps, E. A. Cognitive emotion regulation fails the stress test. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1, 15139–15144 (2013).
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1305706110
Kinner, V. L., Het, S. & Wolf, O. T. Emotion regulation: Exploring the impact of stress and sex. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8, 397 (2014).
doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00397
pubmed: 25431554
pmcid: 4230035
Joormann, J. & Vanderlind, W. M. Emotion regulation in depression: The role of biased cognition and reduced cognitive control. Clin. Psychol. Sci. 2, 402–421 (2014).
doi: 10.1177/2167702614536163
Bräscher, A.-K., Witthöft, M. & Becker, S. The underestimated significance of conditioning in placebo hypoalgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia. Pain Res. Manag. 2018, 6841985 (2019).
Colloca, L., Petrovic, P., Wager, T. D., Ingvar, M. & Benedetti, F. How the number of learning trials affects placebo and nocebo responses. Pain 151, 430–439 (2010).
doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.08.007
pubmed: 20817355
pmcid: 2955814
Di Blasi, Z., Harkness, E., Ernst, E., Georgiou, A. & Kleijnen, J. Influence of context effects on health outcomes: A systematic review. Lancet 357, 757–762 (2001).
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04169-6
pubmed: 11253970
Moser, J. S., Hartwig, R., Moran, T. P., Jendrusina, A. A. & Kross, E. Neural markers of positive reappraisal and their associations with trait reappraisal and worry. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 123, 91–105 (2014).
doi: 10.1037/a0035817
pubmed: 24661162
Bartley, H., Faasse, K., Horne, R. & Petrie, K. J. You can’t always get what you want: The influence of choice on nocebo and placebo responding. Ann. Behav. Med. 50, 445–451 (2016).
doi: 10.1007/s12160-016-9772-1
pubmed: 26779715
Rose, J. P., Geers, A. L., Rasinski, H. M. & Fowler, S. L. Choice and placebo expectation effects in the context of pain analgesia. J. Behav. Med. 35, 462–470 (2012).
doi: 10.1007/s10865-011-9374-0
pubmed: 21850515
Tang, B., Barnes, K., Geers, A., Livesey, E. & Colagiuri, B. Choice and the placebo effect: A meta-analysis. Ann. Behav. Med. 56, 977–988 (2022).
doi: 10.1093/abm/kaab111
pubmed: 35022650