Daisy-shaped liquid bridges in foam-filled granular packings.

Many applications of liquid foams use them to fill the porosity of various granular media. How is the liquid distributed in such foam-filled systems, in which the geometry of the bubble assembly can be strongly constrained by pore confinement? We study how the liquid is distributed in a grain packing filled with liquid foam, as a function of both liquid content and bubble-to-grain size ratio. Moreover, Surface Evolver simulations are carried out at the scale of a single bubble confined into a tetrahedral pore. We reveal that foam-filled granular assemblies exhibit a robust pendular-like regime, which is reminiscent of the pendular regime in unsaturated media. The main difference is that here the liquid bridges are daisy-shaped, i.e. with a liquid core bounded by bubbly petals. A simple theoretical model is proposed to describe the foam liquid bridges between contacting grains. In the case of large bubbles, the model is compared with the Surface Evolver simulation. The model is also applied to the case of wall liquid bridge, which is compared with the experimental observation. Beyond their geometrical characteristics, the presence of these liquid bridges, which can represent almost 25% of the liquid contained in the porosity, makes it possible to imagine a new approach (binder foam-based) to bind granular assemblies and turn them to solid materials.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Olivier Pitois reports financial support was provided by European Space Agency.