Probiotics in Functional Dyspepsia.

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common disorder in everyday clinical practice identified nowadays as a multi-factorial, difficult to treat condition with a significant burden on patients' quality of life (QoL) and healthcare systems worldwide. Despite its high prevalence in the general population, the precise etiology of the disorder remains elusive, with its pathophysiological spectrum evolving over time, including variable potential mechanisms, i.e., impaired gastric accommodation, gastric motor disorders, hypersensitivity to gastric distention, disorders of the brain-gut axis, as well as less evident ones, i.e., altered duodenal microbiota composition and genetic susceptibility. In light of these implications, a definitive, universal treatment that could be beneficial for all FD patients is not available yet. Recently, probiotics have been suggested to be an effective therapeutic option that could alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), potentially due to anti-inflammatory properties or by modulating the complex bidirectional interactions between gastrointestinal microbiota and host crosstalk; however, their impact on the multiple aspects of FD remains ambiguous. In this review, we aim to summarize all currently available evidence for the efficacy of probiotics as a novel therapeutic approach for FD.