Proprioceptors in extraocular muscles.
Golgi tendon organs
eye muscle
muscle spindles
palisade endings
proprioception
Journal
Experimental physiology
ISSN: 1469-445X
Titre abrégé: Exp Physiol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9002940
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
03 Mar 2023
03 Mar 2023
Historique:
received:
22
11
2022
accepted:
07
02
2023
entrez:
4
3
2023
pubmed:
5
3
2023
medline:
5
3
2023
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
What is the topic of this review? This review aims to evaluate the literature on proprioceptors and particular nerve specializations (palisade endings) in mammalian extraocular muscles (EOMs) and to reconsider current knowledge of their structure and function. What advances does it highlight? Classical proprioceptors (muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs) are absent in the EOMs of most mammals. Instead, palisade endings are present in most mammalian EOMs. For many years, palisade endings were considered to be sensory but recent studies show that they combine sensory and motor features. The functional significance of palisade endings is still debated. Proprioception is the sense that lets us perceive the location, movement and action of the body parts. The proprioceptive apparatus includes specialized sense organs (proprioceptors) which are embedded in the skeletal muscles. The eyeballs are moved by six pairs of eye muscles and binocular vision depends on fine-tuned coordination of the optical axes of both eyes. Although experimental studies indicate that the brain has access to eye position information, both classical proprioceptors (muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organ) are absent in the extraocular muscles of most mammalian species. This paradox of monitoring extraocular muscle activity in the absence of typical proprioceptors seemed to be resolved when a particular nerve specialization (the palisade ending) was detected in the extraocular muscles of mammals. In fact, for decades there was consensus that palisade endings were sensory structures that provide eye position information. The sensory function was called into question when recent studies revealed the molecular phenotype and the origin of palisade endings. Today we are faced with the fact that palisade endings exhibit sensory as well as motor features. This review aims to evaluate the literature on extraocular muscle proprioceptors and palisade endings and to reconsider current knowledge of their structure and function.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
ID : P15478
Organisme : Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
ID : P20881
Organisme : Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
ID : P32463-B
Organisme : Materials were also supported by projects
ID : PGC2018-094654-B-100
Organisme : Materials were also supported by projects
ID : PID2021-124300NB-I00
Organisme : MCIN/AEI FEDER 'A way of making Europe' and by project P20_00529 Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria y Conocimiento, Junta de Andalucía-FEDER. P.M.C. is a 'Margarita Salas' fellow of the Universidad de SevillaMaterials were also supported by projects
Informations de copyright
© 2023 The Authors. Experimental Physiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Physiological Society.
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