Gender, education expansion and intergenerational educational mobility around the world.
Journal
Nature human behaviour
ISSN: 2397-3374
Titre abrégé: Nat Hum Behav
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101697750
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
04 2023
04 2023
Historique:
received:
18
05
2022
accepted:
01
02
2023
medline:
17
5
2023
pubmed:
9
3
2023
entrez:
8
3
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The extent to which people's social status is associated with their parents' status has far-reaching implications for the openness of and stratification in society. Whereas most research focused on the father-child association in advanced economies, less is known about the role mothers play in intergenerational mobility, particularly in a global context. We assembled a dataset of 1.79 million individuals born in 1956-1990 across 106 societies to examine the global patterns of intergenerational educational mobility and how they vary with education expansion and changes in parents' educational pairing. With education expansion, father-child associations in educational status become weaker and mother-child associations become stronger. With the prevalence of hypogamous parents (mother more educated), mother-child associations are stronger, but father-child associations are weaker. With the prevalence of hypergamous parents (father more educated), mother-daughter associations are weaker. Our global evidence calls for a gender-sensitive understanding of how education expansion matters for intergenerational mobility.
Identifiants
pubmed: 36890352
doi: 10.1038/s41562-023-01545-5
pii: 10.1038/s41562-023-01545-5
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
583-595Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
Références
Torche, F. Analyses of intergenerational mobility: an interdisciplinary review. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 657, 37–62 (2015).
doi: 10.1177/0002716214547476
Morgan, A. C. et al. Socioeconomic roots of academic faculty. Nat. Hum. Behav. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01425-4 (2022).
doi: 10.1038/s41562-022-01425-4
pubmed: 36038774
pmcid: 9755046
Breen, R. & Jonsson, J. O. Explaining change in social fluidity: educational equalization and educational expansion in twentieth‐century Sweden. Am. J. Sociol. 112, 1775–1810 (2007).
doi: 10.1086/508790
Fischer, C. S. & Hout, M. Century of Difference: How America Changed in the Last One Hundred Years (Russell Sage Foundation, 2006).
Song, X. & Mare, R. D. Short-term and long-term educational mobility of families: a two-sex approach. Demography 54, 145–173 (2017).
pubmed: 28058636
doi: 10.1007/s13524-016-0540-4
Case, A. & Deaton, A. The great divide: education, despair, and death. Annu. Rev. Econ. 14, 1–21 (2022).
doi: 10.1146/annurev-economics-051520-015607
Dotti Sani, G. M. & Treas, J. Educational gradients in parents’ child-care time across countries, 1965–2012. J. Marriage Fam. 78, 1083–1096 (2016).
doi: 10.1111/jomf.12305
Oreopoulos, P. & Salvanes, K. G. Priceless: the nonpecuniary benefits of schooling. J. Econ. Perspect. 25, 159–184 (2011).
doi: 10.1257/jep.25.1.159
Psacharopoulos, G. & Patrinos, H. A. Returns to investment in education: a decennial review of the global literature. Educ. Econ. 26, 445–458 (2018).
doi: 10.1080/09645292.2018.1484426
Subramanian, S. V., Huijts, T. & Avendano, M. Self-reported health assessments in the 2002 World Health Survey: how do they correlate with education? Bull. World Health Organ. 88, 131–138 (2010).
pubmed: 20428370
doi: 10.2471/BLT.09.067058
Torche, F. in Social Mobility in Developing Countries (eds Iversen, V. et al.) 139–171 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2021).
Barone, C. & Ruggera, L. Educational equalization stalled? Trends in inequality of educational opportunity between 1930 and 1980 across 26 European nations. Eur. Soc. 20, 1–25 (2018).
doi: 10.1080/14616696.2017.1290265
Shavit, Y. & Blossfeld, H.-P. Persistent Inequality: Changing Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries (Westview Press, 1993).
Power, C. The Power of Education: Education for All, Development, Globalisation and UNESCO (Springer, 2014).
Narayan, A. et al. Fair Progress? Economic Mobility Across Generations Around the World (World Bank, 2018).
Meyer, J. W., Ramirez, F. O. & Soysal, Y. N. World expansion of mass education, 1870–1980. Sociol. Educ. 65, 128–149 (1992).
doi: 10.2307/2112679
Schofer, E. & Meyer, J. W. The worldwide expansion of higher education in the twentieth century. Am. Sociol. Rev. 70, 898–920 (2005).
doi: 10.1177/000312240507000602
Thornton, A., Dorius, S. F. & Swindle, J. Developmental idealism: the cultural foundations of world development programs. Sociol. Dev. 1, 277–320 (2015).
doi: 10.1525/sod.2015.1.2.277
Azomahou, T. T. & Yitbarek, E. A. Intergenerational Education Mobility in Africa: Has Progress Been Inclusive? (World Bank, 2016).
Blanden, J. & Macmillan, L. Educational inequality, educational expansion and intergenerational mobility. J. Soc. Policy 45, 615–615 (2016).
doi: 10.1017/S0047279416000350
Treiman, D. J. Industrialization and social stratification. Sociol. Inq. 40, 207–234 (1970).
doi: 10.1111/j.1475-682X.1970.tb01009.x
Kuznets, S. Economic growth and income inequality. Am. Econ. Rev. 45, 1–28 (1955).
Meschi, E. & Scervini, F. Expansion of schooling and educational inequality in Europe: the educational Kuznets curve revisited. Oxf. Econ. Pap. 66, 660–680 (2014).
doi: 10.1093/oep/gpt036
Lucas, S. R. Effectively maintained inequality: education transitions, track mobility, and social background effects. Am. J. Sociol. 106, 1642–1690 (2001).
doi: 10.1086/321300
Education at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2021).
Goldscheider, F., Bernhardt, E. & Lappegård, T. The gender revolution: a framework for understanding changing family and demographic behavior. Popul. Dev. Rev. 41, 207–239 (2015).
doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00045.x
Van Bavel, J., Schwartz, C. R. & Esteve, A. The reversal of the gender gap in education and its consequences for family life. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 44, 341–360 (2018).
doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041215
Blanden, J. Cross-country rankings in intergenerational mobility: a comparison of approaches from economics and sociology. J. Econ. Surv. 27, 38–73 (2013).
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6419.2011.00690.x
Breen, R., Luijkx, R., Müller, W. & Pollak, R. Nonpersistent inequality in educational attainment: evidence from eight European countries. Am. J. Sociol. 114, 1475–1521 (2009).
doi: 10.1086/595951
Song, X. et al. Long-term decline in intergenerational mobility in the United States since the 1850s. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 251–258 (2020).
pubmed: 31767745
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1905094116
Breen, R. Education and intergenerational social mobility in the US and four European countries. Oxf. Rev. Econ. Policy 35, 445–466 (2019).
doi: 10.1093/oxrep/grz013
Hertz, T., Tamara, J., Piraino, P., Sibel, S. & Nicole, S. The inheritance of educational inequality: international comparisons and fifty-year trends. B. E. J. Econ. Anal. Policy 7, 1–30 (2007).
van der Weide, R. et al. Intergenerational Mobility Around the World (World Bank, 2021).
Aydemir, A. B. & Yazici, H. Intergenerational education mobility and the level of development. Eur. Econ. Rev. 116, 160–185 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.04.003
Chow, A. & Guppy, N. Intergenerational educational mobility over the past century in Canada. Can. Rev. Sociol. 58, 372–398 (2021).
pubmed: 34397157
doi: 10.1111/cars.12348
Minello, A. & Blossfeld, H.-P. From mother to daughter: changes in intergenerational educational and occupational mobility in Germany. Int. Stud. Sociol. Educ. 24, 65–84 (2014).
doi: 10.1080/09620214.2014.895139
Xie, Y., Dong, H., Zhou, X. & Song, X. Trends in social mobility in postrevolution China. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2117471119 (2022).
pubmed: 35145032
pmcid: 8851453
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2117471119
Beller, E. Bringing intergenerational social mobility research into the twenty-first century: why mothers matter. Am. Sociol. Rev. 74, 507–528 (2009).
doi: 10.1177/000312240907400401
Gerber, T. P. & Hout, M. Educational stratification in Russia during the Soviet period. Am. J. Sociol. 101, 611–660 (1995).
doi: 10.1086/230755
Park, H., Buchmann, C., Choi, J. & Merry, J. J. Learning beyond the school walls: trends and implications. Annu. Rev. Socio. 42, 231–252 (2016).
doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074341
Lareau, A. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life (Univ. of California Press, 2003).
Craig, L. & Mullan, K. How mothers and fathers share childcare: a cross-national time-use comparison. Am. Sociol. Rev. 76, 834–861 (2011).
doi: 10.1177/0003122411427673
Guryan, J., Hurst, E. & Kearney, M. Parental education and parental time with children. J. Econ. Perspect. 22, 23–46 (2008).
doi: 10.1257/jep.22.3.23
Hays, S. The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood (Yale Univ. Press, 1996).
Jaeger, M. M. Educational mobility across three generations: the changing impact of parental social class, economic, cultural and social capital. Eur. Soc. 9, 527–550 (2007).
doi: 10.1080/14616690701449568
Esteve, A. et al. The end of hypergamy: global trends and implications. Popul. Dev. Rev. 42, 615–625 (2016).
pubmed: 28490820
pmcid: 5421994
doi: 10.1111/padr.12012
Erát, D. Educational assortative mating and the decline of hypergamy in 27 European countries. Demogr. Res. 44, 157–188 (2021).
doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2021.44.7
Eika, L., Mogstad, M. & Zafar, B. Educational assortative mating and household income inequality. J. Polit. Econ. 127, 2795–2835 (2019).
doi: 10.1086/702018
Han, S. W. Is it only a numbers game? A macro-level study of educational hypogamy. Demography 59, 1571–1593 (2022).
pubmed: 35866450
doi: 10.1215/00703370-10126742
Raymo, J. M. & Iwasawa, M. Marriage market mismatches in Japan: an alternative view of the relationship between women’s education and marriage. Am. Sociol. Rev. 70, 801–822 (2005).
doi: 10.1177/000312240507000504
World Population Dashboard (United Nations Population Fund, 2022).
Benavot, A. & Riddle, P. The expansion of primary education, 1870–1940: trends and issues. Sociol. Educ. 61, 191–210 (1988).
doi: 10.2307/2112627
Williams, R. Using the margins command to estimate and interpret adjusted predictions and marginal effects. Stata J. 12, 308–331 (2012).
doi: 10.1177/1536867X1201200209
Hannum, E. & Buchmann, C. Global educational expansion and socio-economic development: an assessment of findings from the social sciences. World Dev. 33, 333–354 (2005).
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.10.001
Duncan, S. & Edwards, R. Single Mothers in International Context: Mothers or Workers? (Routledge, 2013).
World Population Prospects (UN Population Division, 2019).
Barakat, B. & Shields, R. Just another level? Comparing quantitative patterns of global expansion of school and higher education attainment. Demography 56, 917–934 (2019).
pubmed: 31001732
doi: 10.1007/s13524-019-00775-5
Bhatia, A., Krieger, N. & Subramanian, S. V. Learning from history about reducing infant mortality: contrasting the centrality of structural interventions to early 20th-century successes in the United States to their neglect in current global initiatives. Milbank Q. 97, 285–345 (2019).
pubmed: 30883959
pmcid: 6422600
doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.12376
Standard Country or Area Code for Statistical Use (UN Statistics Division, 2023); https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/
Snijders, T. A. & Bosker, R. J. Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling (Sage, 2011).
Frees, E. W. Longitudinal and Panel Data: Analysis and Applications in the Social Sciences (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004).
Mason, C. H. & Perreault, W. D. Collinearity, power, and interpretation of multiple regression analysis. J. Mark. Res. 28, 268–280 (1991).
doi: 10.1177/002224379102800302
Wooldridge, J. M. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (MIT Press, 2010).