Stigmasterol isolated from Azadirachta indica flowers attenuated glutamate-induced neurotoxicity via downregulation of the Cdk5/p35/p25 signaling pathway in the HT-22 cells.
Cdk5/p35/p25 signaling pathway
Glutamate
Neuronal apoptosis
Soybean polysaccharides with chitosan
Stigmasterol
Journal
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
ISSN: 1618-095X
Titre abrégé: Phytomedicine
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 9438794
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
May 2023
May 2023
Historique:
received:
26
07
2022
revised:
04
12
2022
accepted:
22
02
2023
pubmed:
11
3
2023
medline:
28
3
2023
entrez:
10
3
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, was elevated in the brain of neurodegenerative disease (ND) patients. The excessive glutamate induces Ca We investigated the effect of stigmasterol, a compound isolated from Azadirachta indica (AI) flowers, on ameliorating glutamate-induced neuronal apoptosis in the HT-22 cells. To further understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of stigmasterol, we investigated the effect of stigmasterol on Cdk5 expression, which was aberrantly expressed in glutamate-treated cells. Cell viability, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence are employed. Stigmasterol significantly inhibited glutamate-induced neuronal cell death via attenuating ROS production, recovering mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and ameliorating mitophagy aberration by decreasing mitochondria/lysosome fusion and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I. In addition, stigmasterol treatment downregulated glutamate-induced Cdk5, p35, and p25 expression via enhancement of Cdk5 degradation and Akt phosphorylation. Although stigmasterol demonstrated neuroprotective effects on inhibiting glutamate-induced neurotoxicity, the efficiency of stigmasterol is limited due to its poor water solubility. We conjugated stigmasterol to soluble soybean polysaccharides with chitosan nanoparticles to overcome the limitations. We found that the encapsulated stigmasterol increased water solubility and enhanced the protective effect on attenuating the Cdk5/p35/p25 signaling pathway compared with free stigmasterol. Our findings illustrate the neuroprotective effect and the improved utility of stigmasterol in inhibiting glutamate-induced neurotoxicity.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, was elevated in the brain of neurodegenerative disease (ND) patients. The excessive glutamate induces Ca
PURPOSE
OBJECTIVE
We investigated the effect of stigmasterol, a compound isolated from Azadirachta indica (AI) flowers, on ameliorating glutamate-induced neuronal apoptosis in the HT-22 cells.
STUDY DESIGN
METHODS
To further understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of stigmasterol, we investigated the effect of stigmasterol on Cdk5 expression, which was aberrantly expressed in glutamate-treated cells. Cell viability, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence are employed.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Stigmasterol significantly inhibited glutamate-induced neuronal cell death via attenuating ROS production, recovering mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and ameliorating mitophagy aberration by decreasing mitochondria/lysosome fusion and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I. In addition, stigmasterol treatment downregulated glutamate-induced Cdk5, p35, and p25 expression via enhancement of Cdk5 degradation and Akt phosphorylation. Although stigmasterol demonstrated neuroprotective effects on inhibiting glutamate-induced neurotoxicity, the efficiency of stigmasterol is limited due to its poor water solubility. We conjugated stigmasterol to soluble soybean polysaccharides with chitosan nanoparticles to overcome the limitations. We found that the encapsulated stigmasterol increased water solubility and enhanced the protective effect on attenuating the Cdk5/p35/p25 signaling pathway compared with free stigmasterol.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings illustrate the neuroprotective effect and the improved utility of stigmasterol in inhibiting glutamate-induced neurotoxicity.
Identifiants
pubmed: 36898255
pii: S0944-7113(23)00086-7
doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154728
pii:
doi:
Substances chimiques
Stigmasterol
99WUK5D0Y8
Glutamic Acid
3KX376GY7L
Neuroprotective Agents
0
Reactive Oxygen Species
0
tau Proteins
0
Water
059QF0KO0R
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
154728Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.