Precision nutrition in the context of bariatric surgery.
Bariatric surgery
Deficiencies
Micronutrients
Obesity
Precision nutrition
Protein
Weight loss
Journal
Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
ISSN: 1573-2606
Titre abrégé: Rev Endocr Metab Disord
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 100940588
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
10 2023
10 2023
Historique:
accepted:
28
02
2023
medline:
11
9
2023
pubmed:
18
3
2023
entrez:
17
3
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Bariatric surgery (BS) is the most effective long-term treatment for severe obesity. This review summarizes the main nutritional deficiencies before and after BS, as well as current dietary and supplementation recommendations to avoid them. Likewise, we have reviewed all those aspects that in recent years have been shown to be related to postoperative weight loss (WL) and its subsequent maintenance, such as hormonal changes, dietary patterns, changes in food preference, adherence to recommendations and follow-up, genetic factors and microbiota, among others. Despite all the knowledge, nutritional deficiencies and weight regain after BS are frequent. It is essential to continue studying in this field in order to establish more precise recommendations according to the individual characteristics of patients. It is also a major objective to understand more deeply the role of the factors involved in WL and its maintenance. This will allow the development of precision treatments and nutrition for patients with obesity, optimizing their benefit after BS.
Identifiants
pubmed: 36928810
doi: 10.1007/s11154-023-09794-5
pii: 10.1007/s11154-023-09794-5
pmc: PMC10020075
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
979-991Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s).
Références
Frühbeck G, Busetto L, Dicker D, Yumuk V, Goossens GH, Hebebrand J, et al. The ABCD of obesity: an EASO position statement on a diagnostic term with clinical and scientific implications. Obes Facts. 2019;12(2):131–6.
pubmed: 30844811
pmcid: 6547280
doi: 10.1159/000497124
Catalán V, Avilés-Olmos I, Rodríguez A, Becerril S, Fernández-Formoso JA, Kiortsis D, et al. Time to Consider the “Exposome Hypothesis” in the Development of the Obesity Pandemic. Nutrients. 2022;14(8):1597.
Bray GA, Frühbeck G, Ryan DH, Wilding JPH. Management of obesity. Lancet. 2016;387(10031):1947–56.
pubmed: 26868660
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00271-3
Perdomo CM, Cohen RV, Sumithran P, Clément K, Frühbeck G. Contemporary medical, devide, ans surgical therapies for obesity in adults. Lancet. 2023; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(1022) .
Wolfe B, Kvach E, Eckel R. Treatment of obesity: weight loss and bariatric surgery. Circ Res. 2016;118(11):1844–55.
pubmed: 27230645
pmcid: 4888907
doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.307591
Fried M, Yumuk V, Oppert JM, Scopinaro N, Torres A, Weiner R, et al. Interdisciplinary european guidelines on metabolic and bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2014;24(1):42–55.
pubmed: 24081459
doi: 10.1007/s11695-013-1079-8
Frühbeck G. Bariatric and metabolic surgery: a shift in eligibility and success criteria. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015;11(8):465–77.
pubmed: 26055046
doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.84
Maggard MA, Shugarman LR, Suttorp M, Maglione M, Sugarman HJ, Livingston EH, et al. Clinical guidelines meta-analysis: Surgical treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(7):547–59.
pubmed: 15809466
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-142-7-200504050-00013
Angrisani L, Santonicola A, Iovino P, Formisano G, Buchwald H, Scopinaro N. Bariatric surgery Worldwide 2013. Obes Surg. 2015;25(10):1822–32.
pubmed: 25835983
doi: 10.1007/s11695-015-1657-z
Miras AD, Le Roux CW. Mechanisms underlying weight loss after bariatric surgery. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10(10):575–84.
pubmed: 23835488
doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.119
Mechanick JI, Apovian C, Brethauer S, Garvey WT, Joffe AM, Kim J, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutrition, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of patients undergoing bariatric procedures – 2019 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2020;16(2):175–247.
pubmed: 31917200
doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.10.025
Lupoli R, Lembo E, Saldalamacchia G, Avola CK, Angrisani L, Capaldo B. Bariatric surgery and long-term nutritional issues. World J Diabetes. 2017;8(11):464.
pubmed: 29204255
pmcid: 5700383
doi: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i11.464
Frühbeck G, Caballero AD, Gil MJ. Fundus functionality and ghrelin concentrations after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(3):308–9.
pubmed: 14724316
doi: 10.1056/NEJM200401153500323
De Silva A, Bloom SR. Gut hormones and appetite control: a focus on PYY and GLP-1 as therapeutic targets in obesity. Gut Liver. 2012;6(1):10–20.
pubmed: 22375166
pmcid: 3286726
doi: 10.5009/gnl.2012.6.1.10
Pérez-Pevida B, Escalada J, Miras AD, Frühbeck G. Mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes remission after metabolic surgery. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:9–12.
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00641
McCarty TR, Jirapinyo P, Thompson CC. Effect of sleeve gastrectomy on ghrelin, GLP-1, PYY, and GIP gut hormones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2020;272(1):72–80.
pubmed: 31592891
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003614
Tuero C, Valenti V, Rotellar F, Landecho MF, Cienfuegos JA, Frühbeck G. Revisiting the ghrelin changes following bariatric and metabolic surgery. Obes Surg. 2020;30(7):2763–80.
pubmed: 32323063
doi: 10.1007/s11695-020-04601-5
Alabduljabbar K, Al-Najim W, le Roux CW. Food preferences after bariatric surgery: a review update. Intern Emerg Med. 2022; ahead of print.
Heusschen L, Berendsen AAM, Balvers MGJ, Deden LN, De Vries JHM, Hazebroek EJ. Relative validity of a short screener to assess diet quality in patients with severe obesity before and after bariatric surgery. Public Health Nutr. 2022;25(10):2731–41.
doi: 10.1017/S1368980022001501
Kuin C, den Ouden F, Brandts H, Deden L, Hazebroek E, van Borren M, et al. Treatment of severe protein malnutrition after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2019;29(10):3095–102.
pubmed: 31264177
doi: 10.1007/s11695-019-04035-8
Guillet C, Masgrau A, Mishellany-Dutour A, Blot A, Caille A, Lyon N, et al. Bariatric surgery affects obesity-related protein requirements. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020;40:392–400.
pubmed: 33183568
doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.06.007
Gasmi A, Bjørklund G, Mujawdiya PK, Semenova Y, Peana M, Dosa A, et al. Micronutrients deficiences in patients after bariatric surgery. Eur J Nutr. 2022;61(1):55–67.
pubmed: 34302218
doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02619-8
Aasheim ET, Hofsø D, Hjelmesœth J, Birkeland KI, Bøhmer T. Vitamin status in morbidly obese patients: a cross-sectional study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(2):362–9.
pubmed: 18258626
doi: 10.1093/ajcn/87.2.362
Ernst B, Thurnheer M, Schmid SM, Schultes B. Evidence for the necessity to systematically assess micronutrient status prior to bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2009;19(1):66–73.
pubmed: 18491197
doi: 10.1007/s11695-008-9545-4
Aills L, Blankenship DR, Buffington JDR, Ph C. ASMBS Guidelines ASMBS Allied Health Nutritional Guidelines for the Surgical weight loss patient Allied Health Sciences Section Ad Hoc Nutrition Committee: Nutrition care. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4(5 Suppl):73–108.
doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2008.03.002
Garvey T, Hurley DL, Mcmahon M, Heinberg LJ, Ph D, Kushner R, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the Perioperative Nutritional. Obesity. 2013;21(0 1):1–27.
Thorell A, MacCormick AD, Awad S, Reynolds N, Roulin D, Demartines N, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in bariatric surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) Society Recommendations. World J Surg. 2016;40(9):2065–83.
pubmed: 26943657
doi: 10.1007/s00268-016-3492-3
Busetto L, Dicker D, Azran C, Batterham RL, Farpour-Lambert N, Fried M, et al. Practical recommendations of the obesity management task force of the European Association for the study of obesity for the post-bariatric surgery Medical Management. Obes Facts. 2018;10(6):597–632.
doi: 10.1159/000481825
Zarshenas N, Tapsell LC, Neale EP, Batterham M, Talbot ML. The relationship between bariatric surgery and diet quality: a systematic review. Obes Surg. 2020;30(5):1768–92.
pubmed: 31940138
doi: 10.1007/s11695-020-04392-9
Argyrakopoulou G, Konstantinidou SK, Dalamaga M, Kokkinos A. Nutritional deficiencies before and after bariatric surgery: Prevention and treatment. Curr Nutr Rep. 2022;11(2):95–101.
pubmed: 35174473
doi: 10.1007/s13668-022-00400-9
Kalani A, Bami H, Tiboni M, Jaeschke R, Adachi JD, Lau AN. The effect of bariatric surgery on serum 25-OH vitamin D levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Sci Pract. 2017;3(3):319–32.
pubmed: 29071108
pmcid: 5598026
doi: 10.1002/osp4.113
Wamberg L, Christiansen T, Paulsen SK, Fisker S, Rask P, Rejnmark L, et al. Expression of vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes in human adipose tissue - the effect of obesity and diet-induced weight loss. Int J Obes. 2013;37(5):651–7.
doi: 10.1038/ijo.2012.112
Busetto L, Dicker D, Azran C, Batterham RL, Farpour-lambert N, Fried M, et al. Practical recommendations of the obesity management task force of the European Association for the study of obesity for the post-bariatric surgery medical management. Obes Facts. 2017;10:597–632.
pubmed: 29207379
pmcid: 5836195
doi: 10.1159/000481825
Steenackers N, Gesquiere I, Matthys C. The relevance of dietary protein after bariatric surgery: what do we know? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2018;21(1):58–63.
pubmed: 29035973
doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000437
Bertoni L, Valentini R, Zattarin A, Belligoli A, Bettini S, Vettor R, et al. Assessment of protein intake in the first three months after sleeve gastrectomy in patients with severe obesity. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):771.
doi: 10.3390/nu13030771
Ito MK, Gonçalves VSS, Faria SLCM, Moizé V, Porporatti AL, Guerra ENS, et al. Effect of protein intake on the protein status and lean mass of post-bariatric surgery patients: a systematic review. Obes Surg. 2017;27(2):502–12.
pubmed: 27844254
doi: 10.1007/s11695-016-2453-0
Moizé V, Andreu A, Rodríguez L, Flores L, Ibarzabal A, Lacy A, et al. Protein intake and lean tissue mass retention following bariatric surgery. Clin Nutr. 2013;32(4):550–5.
pubmed: 23200926
doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.11.007
Abdulsalam F, Ali HI, Altinoz A, Nimeri A. The effect of protein consumption on fat-free mass, fat mass, and weight loss 1 year after sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2021;31(11):4741–8.
pubmed: 34426908
doi: 10.1007/s11695-021-05565-w
Estrade A, Montastier E, Turnin MC, Buisson JC, du Rieu MC, Tuyeras G, et al. An application may help improve protein consumption after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2019;29(6):1982–3.
pubmed: 30880355
doi: 10.1007/s11695-019-03816-5
Alshamari S, Aly Elsherif M, Hanna F, El Akhal L, Abid H, Elhag W. The effect of protein supplements on weight loss, body composition, protein status, and micronutrients post laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG): a Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT). Ann Med Surg. 2022;74:103220. (December 2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103220
Bjørklund G, Peana M, Pivina L, Dosa A, Aaseth J, Semenova Y, et al. Iron deficiency in obesity and after bariatric surgery. Biomolecules. 2021;11(5):1–15.
doi: 10.3390/biom11050613
Kwon Y, Ha J, Lee YH, Kim D, Lee CM, Kim JH et al. Comparative risk of anemia and related micronutrient deficiencies after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy in patients with obesity: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Obes Rev. 2022;23(4).
Majumder S, Soriano J, Louie Cruz A, Dasanu CA. Vitamin B12 deficiency in patients undergoing bariatric surgery: preventive strategies and key recommendations. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9(6):1013–9.
pubmed: 24091055
doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.04.017
Von Drygalski A, Andris DA. Invited review: Anemia after bariatric surgery: more than just iron deficiency. Nutr Clin Pract. 2009;24(2):217–26.
doi: 10.1177/0884533609332174
Weng TC, Chang CH, Dong YH, Chang YC, Chuang LM. Anaemia and related nutrient deficiencies after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2015;5(7):1–11.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006964
Chakhtoura MT, Nakhoul NN, Shawwa K, Mantzoros C, El Hajj Fuleihan GA. Hypovitaminosis D in bariatric surgery: a systematic review of observational studies. Metabolism. 2016;65(4):574–85.
pubmed: 26805016
doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.12.004
Schafer AL. Vitamin D and intestinal calcium transport after bariatric surgery. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2017;173(415):202–10.
pubmed: 28027914
doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.12.012
Carrasco F, Basfi-Fer K, Rojas P, Csendes A, Papapietro K, Codoceo J, et al. Calcium absorption may be affected after either sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in premenopausal women: a 2-y prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108(1):24–32.
pubmed: 29878034
doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy071
Wu KC, Cao S, Weaver CM, King NJ, Patel S, Kingman H, Sellmeyer DE, McCauley K, Li D, Lynch SV, Kim TY, Black DM, Shafer MM, Özçam M, Lin DL, Rogers SJ, Stewart L, Carter JT. Posselt AM SA. Prebiotic to improve calcium absorption in postmenopausal women after gastric bypass: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(4):1053–64.
pubmed: 34888663
doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab883
Valderas JP, Velasco S, Solari S, Liberona Y, Viviani P, Maiz A, et al. Increase of bone resorption and the parathyroid hormone in postmenopausal women in the long-term after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2009;19(8):1132–8.
pubmed: 19517199
doi: 10.1007/s11695-009-9890-y
El-Kadre LJ, Savassi-Rocha PR, De Almeida Tinoco AC, Tinoco RC. Calcium metabolism in pre- and postmenopausal morbidly obese women at baseline and after laparoscopic Roux-En-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2004;14(8):1062–6.
pubmed: 15479594
doi: 10.1381/0960892041975505
Heusschen L, Berendsen AAM, Deden LN, Hazebroek EJ, Aarts EO. Nutritional deficiencies 3 years after sleeve gastrectomy can be limited by a specialized multivitamin supplement. Obes Surg. 2022;32(11):3561–70.
pubmed: 36018421
pmcid: 9613574
doi: 10.1007/s11695-022-06256-w
Gómez-Ambrosi J, Andrada P, Valentí V, Rotellar F, Silva C, Catalán V, et al. Dissociation of body mass index, excess weight loss and body fat percentage trajectories after 3 years of gastric bypass: relationship with metabolic outcomes. Int J Obes. 2017;41(9):1379–87.
doi: 10.1038/ijo.2017.134
Tam CS, Redman LM, Greenway F, LeBlanc KA, Haussmann MG, Ravussin E. Energy metabolic adaptation and cardiometabolic improvements one year after gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, and gastric band. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(10):3755–64.
pubmed: 27490919
pmcid: 6459006
doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-1814
El Ansari W, Elhag W. Weight regain and insufficient weight loss after bariatric surgery: definitions, prevalence, mechanisms, predictors, prevention and management strategies, and knowledge gaps—a scoping review. Obes Surg. 2021;31(4):1755–66.
pubmed: 33555451
pmcid: 8012333
doi: 10.1007/s11695-020-05160-5
Santo MA, Riccioppo D, Pajecki D, Kawamoto F, Cleva R, De, Antonangelo L et al. Weight regain after gastric bypass: Influence of gut hormones.Obes Surg. 2016;919–25.
Greenway FL. Physiological adaptations to weight loss and factors favouring weight regain. Int J Obes. 2015;39(8):1188–96.
doi: 10.1038/ijo.2015.59
Frühbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Salvador J. Leptin‐induced lipolysis opposes the tonic inhibition of endogenous adenosine in white adipocytes. FASEB J. 2001;15(2):333–40.
pubmed: 11156949
doi: 10.1096/fj.00-0249com
Frühbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J. Modulation of the leptin-induced white adipose tissue lipolysis by nitric oxide. Cell Signal. 2001;13(11):827–33.
pubmed: 11583918
doi: 10.1016/S0898-6568(01)00211-X
Poulain-Godefroy O, Lecoeur C, Pattou F, Frühbeck G, Froguel P. Inflammation is associated with a decrease of lipogenic factors in omental fat in women. Am J Physiol - Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008;295(1):1–7.
doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00926.2007
Frühbeck G, Catalán V, Rodríguez A, Gómez-Ambrosi J. Adiponectin-leptin ratio: a promising index to estimate adipose tissue dysfunction. Relation with obesity-associated cardiometabolic risk. Adipocyte. 2018;7(1):57–62.
pubmed: 29205099
doi: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1402151
Frühbeck G, Catalán V, Rodríguez A, Ramírez B, Becerril S, Salvador J, et al. Adiponectin-leptin ratio is a functional biomarker of adipose tissue inflammation. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):454.
doi: 10.3390/nu11020454
Ağbaba N, Özcan BAÖG. Determining the relationship of diet quality with weight change, body mass index, and depression in women who had undergone sleeve gastrectomy: a cross-sectional descriptive study. Rev Esp Nutr Humana y Diet. 2021;25(4):384–93.
Moslehi N, Kamali Z, Golzarand M, Rahimi F, Parvin S. Association between energy and macronutrient intakes and weight change after bariatric surgery: A systematic review and meta analysis.Obes Surg. 2023; ahead of print.
da Silva FBL, Gomes DL, de Carvalho KMB. Poor diet quality and postoperative time are independent risk factors for weight regain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Nutrition. 2016;32(11–12):1250–3.
pubmed: 27544005
doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.01.018
Olbers T, Björkman S, Lindroos A, Maleckas A, Lönn L, Sjöström L, et al. Body composition, dietary intake, and energy expenditure after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic vertical banded gastroplasty: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg. 2006;244(5):715–22.
pubmed: 17060764
pmcid: 1856598
doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000218085.25902.f8
Ammon BS, Bellanger DE, Geiselman PJ, Primeaux SD, Yu Y, Greenway FL. Short-term pilot study of the effect of sleeve gastrectomy on food preference. Obes Surg. 2015;25(6):1094–7.
pubmed: 25808795
pmcid: 4426060
doi: 10.1007/s11695-015-1602-1
Livingstone MBE, Redpath T, Naseer F, Boyd A, Martin M, Finlayson G, et al. Food intake following gastric bypass surgery: patients eat less but do not eat differently. J Nutr. 2022;152(11):2319–32.
pubmed: 36774099
pmcid: 9644182
doi: 10.1093/jn/nxac164
Søndergaard Nielsen M, Rasmussen S, Just Christensen B, Ritz C, le Roux CW, Berg Schmidt J, et al. Bariatric surgery does not affect food preferences, but individual changes in food preferences may predict weight loss. Obesity. 2018;26(12):1879–87.
pubmed: 30421858
doi: 10.1002/oby.22272
Sherf-Dagan S, Hod K, Buch A, Mardy-Tilbor L, Regev Z, Ben-Porat T, et al. Health and nutritional status of vegetarian candidates for bariatric surgery and practical recommendations. Obes Surg. 2018;28(1):152–60.
pubmed: 28699068
doi: 10.1007/s11695-017-2810-7
Donini LM, Busetto L, Bischoff SC, Cederholm T, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Batsis JA, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement. Obes Facts. 2022;15(3):321–35.
pubmed: 35196654
pmcid: 9210010
doi: 10.1159/000521241
Donini LM, Busetto L, Bauer JM, Bischoff S, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, et al. Critical appraisal of definitions and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity based on a systematic review. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(8):2368–88.
pubmed: 31813698
doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.11.024
Park K, Song Y, Lim H. Sarcopenic Obes Horm. 2007;7(2):1–14.
Baad VMA, Bezerra LR, de Holanda NCP, dos Santos ACO, da Silva AAM, Bandeira F et al. Body composition, sarcopenia and physical performance after bariatric surgery: Differences between sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-En-Y gastric bypass.Obes Surg. 2022;3830–8.
Pekař M, Pekařová A, Bužga M, Holéczy P, Marek S. The risk of sarcopenia 24 months after bariatric surgery - assessment by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA): a prospective study. Wideochirurgia I Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne. 2020;15(4):567–73.
Buzza AFB, Machado CA, Pontes F, Sampaio LG, Contador JS, Sampaio CL, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in women at stable weight phase after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2022;66(3):362–71.
pubmed: 35657128
pmcid: 9832848
Nicoletti CF, Cortes-Oliveira C, Pinhel MAS, Nonino CB. Bariatric surgery and precision nutrition. Nutrients. 2017;9(9):974.
doi: 10.3390/nu9090974
Wang DD, Hu FB. Precision nutrition for prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(5):416–26.
pubmed: 29433995
doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30037-8
Wang DD, Nguyen LH, Li Y, Yan Y, Ma W, Rinott E, et al. The gut microbiome modulates the protective association between a Mediterranean diet and cardiometabolic disease risk. Nat Med. 2021;27(2):333–43.
pubmed: 33574608
pmcid: 8186452
doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-01223-3
Coldebella B, Armfield NR, Bambling M, Hansen J, Edirippulige S. The use of telemedicine for delivering healthcare to bariatric surgery patients: a literature review. J Telemed Telecare. 2018;24(10):651–60.
pubmed: 30343656
doi: 10.1177/1357633X18795356
FAO. Dietary guidelines and sustainability [Internet]. 2010. Available from: https://www.fao.org/nutrition/education/food-dietary-guidelines/background/sustainable-dietary-guidelines/en/ . Accessed January 10, 2023.
Willett W, Rockström J, Loken B, Springmann M, Lang T, Vermeulen S, et al. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet. 2019;393(10170):447–92.
pubmed: 30660336
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31788-4