High atmospheric metal enrichment for a Saturn-mass planet.
Journal
Nature
ISSN: 1476-4687
Titre abrégé: Nature
Pays: England
ID NLM: 0410462
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jun 2023
Jun 2023
Historique:
received:
18
11
2022
accepted:
20
03
2023
medline:
2
6
2023
pubmed:
28
3
2023
entrez:
27
3
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Atmospheric metal enrichment (that is, elements heavier than helium, also called 'metallicity') is a key diagnostic of the formation of giant planets
Identifiants
pubmed: 36972686
doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05984-y
pii: 10.1038/s41586-023-05984-y
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
43-46Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
Références
Pollack, J. B. et al. Formation of the giant planets by concurrent accretion of solids and gas. Icarus 124, 62 (1996).
doi: 10.1006/icar.1996.0190
Fortney, J. J. et al. A framework for characterizing the atmospheres of low-mass low-density transiting planets. Astrophys. J. 775, 80 (2013).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/775/1/80
Venturini, J., Alibert, Y. & Benz, W. Planet formation with envelope enrichment: new insights on planetary diversity. Astron. Astrophys. 596, A90 (2016).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201628828
Thorngren, D. P., Fortney, J. J., Murray-Clay, R. A. & Lopez, E. D. The mass-metallicity relation for giant planets. Astrophys. J. 831, 64 (2016).
doi: 10.3847/0004-637X/831/1/64
Sato, B. et al. The N2K Consortium. II. A transiting hot Saturn around HD 149026 with a large dense core. Astrophys. J. 633, 465 (2005).
doi: 10.1086/449306
Charbonneau, D. et al. Transit photometry of the core-dominated planet HD 149026b. Astrophys. J. 636, 445 (2006).
doi: 10.1086/497959
Winn, J. N., Henry, G. W., Torres, G. & Holman, M. J. Five new transits of the super-Neptune HD 149026b. Astrophys. J. 675, 1531 (2008).
doi: 10.1086/527032
Nutzman, P. et al. A precise estimate of the radius of the exoplanet HD 149026b from Spitzer photometry. Astrophys. J. 692, 229 (2009).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/692/1/229
Carter, J. A., Winn, J. N., Gilliland, R. & Holman, M. J. Near-infrared transit photometry of the exoplanet HD 149026b. Astrophys. J. 696, 241 (2009).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/696/1/241
Guillot, T. et al. Giant planets from the inside-out. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.04100 (2022).
Thorngren, D. P. & Fortney, J. J. Bayesian analysis of hot-Jupiter radius anomalies: evidence for Ohmic dissipation? Astron. J. 155, 214 (2018).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aaba13
Thorngren, D. & Fortney, J. J. Connecting giant planet atmosphere and interior modeling: constraints on atmospheric metal enrichment. Astrophys. J. 874, L31 (2019).
doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab1137
Greene, T. P. et al. λ = 2.4 to 5 μm spectroscopy with the James Webb Space Telescope NIRCam instrument. J. Astronom. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 3, 035001 (2017).
doi: 10.1117/1.JATIS.3.3.035001
Bell, T. J. et al. Eureka!: an end-to-end pipeline for JWST time-series observations. J. Open Source Softw. 7, 4503 (2022).
doi: 10.21105/joss.04503
Ahrer, E.-A. et al. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRCam, Nature 614, 653–658 (2023).
Rigby, J. et al. The science performance of JWST as characterized in commissioning. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 135, 048001 (2023).
Zhang, M. et al. Phase curves of WASP-33b and HD 149026b and a new correlation between phase curve offset and irradiation temperature. Astron. J. 155, 83 (2018).
Stevenson, K. B. et al. Transit and eclipse analyses of the exoplanet HD 149026b using BLISS mapping. Astrophys. J. 754, 136 (2012).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/754/2/136
JWST Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Team. Identification of carbon dioxide in an exoplanet atmosphere. Nature 614, 649–652 (2023).
Zhang, M., Chachan, Y., Kempton, E. M.-R. & Knutson, H. A. Forward modeling and retrievals with PLATON, a fast open-source tool. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 131, 034501 (2019).
doi: 10.1088/1538-3873/aaf5ad
Zhang, M., Chachan, Y., Kempton, E. M.-R., Knutson, H. A. & Chang, W. PLATON II: new capabilities and a comprehensive retrieval on HD 189733b transit and eclipse data. Astrophys. J. 899, 27 (2020).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aba1e6
Line, M. R. et al. A systematic retrieval analysis of secondary eclipse spectra. I. A comparison of atmospheric retrieval techniques. Astrophys. J. 775, 137 (2013).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/775/2/137
Taylor, J. et al. Understanding and mitigating biases when studying inhomogeneous emission spectra with JWST. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 493, 4342 (2020).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/staa552
Rustamkulov, Z. et al. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec PRISM. Nature 614, 659–663 (2023).
Alderson, L. et al. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec G395H. Nature 614, 664–669 (2023).
Tsai, S. M. et al. Photochemically produced SO
Baxter, C. et al. A transition between the hot and the ultra-hot Jupiter atmospheres. Astron. Astrophys. 639, A36 (2020).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201937394
Mansfield, M. et al. A unique hot Jupiter spectral sequence with evidence for compositional diversity. Nat. Astron. 5, 1224 (2021).
doi: 10.1038/s41550-021-01455-4
Lodders, K. & Fegley, B. Atmospheric chemistry in giant planets, brown dwarfs, and low-mass dwarf stars. I. Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Icarus 155, 393 (2002).
doi: 10.1006/icar.2001.6740
Zahnle, K., Marley, M. S., Freedman, R. S., Lodders, K. & Fortney, J. J. Atmospheric sulfur photochemistry on hot Jupiters. Astrophys. J. 701, L20 (2009).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/701/1/L20
Moses, J. I. et al. Compositional diversity in the atmospheres of hot Neptunes, with application to GJ 436b. Astrophys. J. 777, 34 (2013).
pubmed: 30842681
pmcid: 6398956
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/777/1/34
Kreidberg, L. et al. A precise water abundance measurement for the hot Jupiter WASP-43b. Astrophys. J. 793, L27 (2014).
doi: 10.1088/2041-8205/793/2/L27
Wakeford, H. R. et al. The complete transmission spectrum of WASP-39b with a precise water constraint. Astron. J. 155, 29 (2018).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aa9e4e
Welbanks, L. et al. Mass-metallicity trends in transiting exoplanets from atmospheric abundances of H
doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab5a89
Tsiaras, A. et al. A population study of gaseous exoplanets. Astron. J 155, 156 (2018).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aaaf75
Fisher, C. & Heng, K. Retrieval analysis of 38 WFC3 transmission spectra and resolution of the normalization degeneracy. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 481, 4698–4727 (2018).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty2550
Pinhas, A., Madhusudhan, N., Gandhi, S. & MacDonald, R. H
doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty2544
Min, M., Ormel, C. W., Chubb, K., Helling, C. & Kawashima, Y. The ARCiS framework for exoplanet atmospheres. Modeling philosophy and retrieval. Astron. Astrophys. 642, A28 (2020).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201937377
Feinstein, A. et al. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRISS. Nature 614, 670–675 (2023).
Ikoma, M., Guillot, T., Genda, H., Tanigawa, T. & Ida, S. On the origin of HD 149026b. Astrophys. J. 650, 1150 (2006).
doi: 10.1086/507088
Broeg, C. & Wuchterl, G. The formation of HD149026b. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 376, L62 (2007).
doi: 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00287.x
Dodson-Robinson, S. E. & Bodenheimer, P. Discovering the growth histories of exoplanets: the Saturn analog HD 149026b. Astrophys. J. 695, L159 (2009).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/L159
Asplund, M., Amarsi, A. M. & Grevesse, N. The chemical make-up of the Sun: a 2020 vision. Astron. Astrophys. 653, A141 (2021).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202140445
Helled, R. et al. Revelations on Jupiter’s formation, evolution and interior: challenges from Juno results. Icarus 378, 114937 (2022).
doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2022.114937
Line, M. et al. A solar C/O and sub-solar metallicity in a hot Jupiter atmosphere. Nature 598, 580 (2021).
pubmed: 34707303
doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03912-6
Stassun, K. G. & Torres, G. Parallax systematics and photocenter motions of benchmark eclipsing binaries in Gaia EDR3. Astrophys. J. 907, L33 (2021).
doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/abdaad
Stassun, K. G. & Torres, G. Eclipsing binaries as benchmarks for trigonometric parallaxes in the Gaia era. Astron. J. 152, 180 (2016).
doi: 10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/180
Stassun, K. G., Collins, K. A. & Gaudi, B. S. Accurate empirical radii and masses of planets and their host stars with Gaia parallaxes. Astron. J. 153, 136 (2017).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aa5df3
Stassun, K. G., Corsaro, E., Pepper, J. A. & Gaudi, B. S. Empirical accurate masses and radii of single stars with TESS and Gaia. Astron. J. 155, 22 (2018).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aa998a
Paunzen, E. A new catalogue of Strömgren-Crawford uvbyβ photometry. Astron. Astrophys. 580, A23 (2015).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201526413
Brewer, J. M., Fischer, D. A., Valenti, J. A. & Piskunov, N. Spectral properties of cool stars: extended abundance analysis of 1,617 planet-search stars. Astrophys. J. Supp. S. 225, 32 (2016).
doi: 10.3847/0067-0049/225/2/32
Schlegel, D. J., Finkbeiner, D. P. & Davis, M. Maps of dust infrared emission for use in estimation of reddening and cosmic microwave background radiation foregrounds. Astrophys. J. 500, 525 (1998).
doi: 10.1086/305772
Torres, G., Andersen, J. & Giménez, A. Accurate masses and radii of normal stars: modern results and applications. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 18, 67 (2010).
doi: 10.1007/s00159-009-0025-1
Findeisen, K., Hillenbrand, L. & Soderblom, D. Stellar activity in the broadband ultraviolet. Astron. J. 142, 23 (2011).
doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/142/1/23
Mamajek, E. E. & Hillenbrand, L. A. Improved age estimation for solar-type dwarfs using activity-rotation diagnostics. Astrophys. J. 687, 1264 (2008).
doi: 10.1086/591785
Chabrier, G., Mazevet, S. & Soubiran, F. A new equation of state for dense hydrogen-helium mixtures. Astrophys. J. 872, 51 (2019).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaf99f
Saumon, D., Chabrier, G. & van Horn, H. M. An equation of state for low-mass stars and giant planets. Astrophys. J. Supp. S. 99, 713 (1995).
doi: 10.1086/192204
González-Cataldo, F., Wilson, H. F. & Militzer, B. Ab initio free energy calculations of the solubility of silica in metallic hydrogen and application to giant planet cores. Astrophys. J. 787, 79 (2014).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/79
Horne, K. An optimal extraction algorithm for CCD spectroscopy. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 98, 609 (1986).
doi: 10.1086/131801
Kreidberg, L. batman: basic transit model calculation in Python. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 127, 1161 (2015).
doi: 10.1086/683602
Foreman-Mackey, D. et al. emcee v3: a Python ensemble sampling toolkit for affine-invariant MCMC. J. Open Source Softw. 4, 1864 (2019).
doi: 10.21105/joss.01864
Cubillos, P. et al. On correlated-noise analyses applied to exoplanet light curves. Astronom. J. 153, 3 (2017).
doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/3
Visscher, C., Lodders, K. & Fegley, B. Atmospheric chemistry in giant planets, brown dwarfs, and low-mass dwarf stars. III. Iron, magnesium, and silicon. Astrophys. J. 716, 1060 (2010).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/716/2/1060