Not just in the past: Racist and sexist biases still permeate biology, anthropology, medicine, and education.

Western-centrism anatomy anthropology biology scientific biases

Journal

Evolutionary anthropology
ISSN: 1520-6505
Titre abrégé: Evol Anthropol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 9306331

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
Apr 2023
Historique:
revised: 07 03 2023
received: 15 03 2022
accepted: 10 03 2023
medline: 14 4 2023
pubmed: 5 4 2023
entrez: 4 4 2023
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

In the past decades, it has been increasingly recognized that some areas of science, such as anthropology, have been plagued by racist, Western-centric, and/or sexist biases. Unfortunately, an acculturation process to racism and sexism has been occurring for generations leading to systemic inequities that will take a long time to disappear. Here, we highlight the existence of current examples of racism, Western-centrism and sexism within: (1) the most popular anatomical atlases used in biological, anthropological and medical education; (2) prominent natural history museums and World Heritage Sites; (3) biological and anthropological scientific research publications; and (4) popular culture and influential children's books and educational materials concerning human biology and evolution.

Identifiants

pubmed: 37014801
doi: 10.1002/evan.21978
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

67-82

Informations de copyright

© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Références

Athreya S, Ackermann RR. 2019. Colonialism and narratives of human origins in Asia and Africa. In Interrogating Human Origins (Routledge, New York, 2019), pp. 72-95.
Blakey ML. 2021. Understanding racism in physical (biological) anthropology. Am J Physic Anthropol 175:316-325.
Bolnick DA, Smith RW, Fuentes A. 2019. How academic diversity is transforming scientific knowledge in biological anthropology. Am Anthropol 2:464.
Clancy KB, Davis JL. 2019. Soylent is people, and WEIRD is white: Biological anthropology, whiteness, and the limits of the WEIRD. Annual Rev Anthropol 48:169-186.
Fuentes A, Ackermann RR, Athreya S, Bolnick D, Lasisi T, Lee SH, McLean SA, Nelson R. 2019. AAPA statement on race and racism. Am J Phys Anthropol 169:400-402.
Nelson RG. 2021. The sex in your violence: patriarchy and power in anthropological world building and everyday life. Curr Anthropol 62:S92-S102.
Saini A. 2017. Inferior-how science got women wrong, and the new research that's rewriting the story. Beacon Press, Boston.
Saini A. 2019. Superior: the return of race science. Beacon Press, Boston.
Diogo R. 2020. Quasi-religious belief in Darwin and Darwinism: ‘straw-men’ scientist believers everywhere. Current Molecular Biology Reports 6:16-31.
Fuentes A. 2021a. The Descent of Man, 150 years on. Science 372:769.
Fuentes A. 2021b. On the races of man. In A most interesting problem: what Darwin's Descent of Man got right and wrong about human evolution (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2021), pp. 144-161.
Rutherford A. 2021. How should we address Charles Darwin's complicated legacy? The Guardian, February 13, 2021.
Samuel A., et al. (2021). Science Textbook Survey Report (August 31, 2021). The citizen science lab (www.thecitizensciencelab.org).
Whiten W., Bodmer B. Charlesworth, et al. 2021. Response to Fuentes’ “The Descent of Man, 150 years on”. Science E-letter, June 6, 2021.
Diogo R. 2021. Meaning of life, human nature, and delusions-how tales about love, sex, races, Gods and progress affect our lives and Earth's splendor (Springer, New York, 2021).
Lovejoy AO. 1936. The great chain of being: a study of the history of an idea. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Browne J. Charles Darwin voyaging (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1995).
Browne J. Charles Darwin-the power of place (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2003).
C. Darwin, On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life (J. Murray, London, 1859).
C. Darwin, The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex (J. Murray, London, 1871).
C. Darwin, The expression of the emotions in man and animals (J. Murray, London, 1872).
C. Darwin, The structure and distribution of coral reefs (Smith Elder and Co., London, 1842).
C. Darwin, Geological observations on the volcanic islands, visited during the voyage of HMS Beagle (Smith Elder and Co., London, 1844).
Diogo R. 2018. Links between the discovery of primates and anatomical comparisons with humans, the chain of being, our place in nature, and racism. J Morphol 279:472-493.
Cunningham A. 1997. The anatomical Renaissance: the resurrection of the anatomical projects of the ancients. Scolar Press, Aldershot.
Mayr E. 1976. Evolution and the diversity of life: selected essays. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Netter, F. H. 1. (2019). Atlas of human anatomy (Seventh edition). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
Tank P, Grant J, 2013. Grant's dissector. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Campbell R, Vinas G, Henneberg M, Diogo R. 2021. Visual depictions of our evolutionary past: a broad case study concerning the need for quantitative methods of soft tissue reconstruction and art-science collaborations. Frontiers Ecol Evol 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.639048
Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. The evolution of human skin coloration. J Hum Evol. 2000;39(1):57-106.
Bethencourt F. 2013. Racisms - from the crusades to the twentieth century. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Diogo R. 2010. Comparative anatomy, anthropology and archaeology as case studies on the influence of human biases in natural sciences: the origin of ‘humans’, of ‘behaviorally modern humans’ and of ‘fully civilized humans’. Open Anat J 2:86-97.
Kendy IX. 2016. Stamped from the beginning - the definitive history of racist ideas in America. Nation Books, New York.
Kevles DJ. 1995. In the name of eugenics - genetics and the uses of human heredity. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Williams R. 2013. Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965. Penguin Books, New York.
Moser S. 1998. Ancestral images-the iconography of human origins. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
Holland J. 2012. A brief history of mysogyny-the world's oldest prejudice. Constable & Robinson Ltd., London.
Patou-Mathis M. 2020. L'homme préhistorique est aussi une femme-Une histoire de l'invisibilité des femmes. Allary, Paris.
García-Campos C, Martinén-Torres M, Modesto-Mata M, Martín-Francés L, Martínez de Pinillos M, Bermúdez de Castro JM. 2021. Indicators of sexual dimorphism in Homo antecessor permanent canines. J Anthropol Sci 99:1-18.
Kelly RL. 2013. The lifeways of hunter-gatherers-the foraging spectrum. Cambridge Press, Cambridge.
Hrdy SB. 2009. Mothers and others-the evolutionary origins of mutual understanding. Belknap Press, Cambridge.
Bahuchet S. 2014. Cultural diversity of African pygmies. In Hunter-gatherers of the congo basin: cultures, histories, and biology of African pygmies (Hewlett BS, ed.). Transaction Publishers, London, p. 1-29.
Haas R, Watson J, Buonasera T, et al. 2020. Female hunters of the early Americas. Sci Adv 6: eabd0310.
Martínez-Sevilla F, Arqués M, Jordana X, et al. 2020. Who painted that? The authorship of Schematic rock art at the Los Machos rockshelter in southern Iberia. Antiquity 94:1133-1151.
Lull V, Rihuete C, Risch R, Bonora Soriano B, Beltrán E, Morador M, Molero C, Moreno Gil A, Oliart C, Velasco Felipe C, Andúgar L, Haak W, Villalba-Mouco V, Micó R (2021). Emblems and spaces of power during the Argaric Bronze Age at La Almoloya, Murcia. Antiquity 95:328-348.
Pavlicev M, Wagner G. 2016. The evolutionary origin of female orgasm. J Exp Zool B 326:326-337.
Diogo R. 2019. Sex at Dusk, Sex at Dawn, Selfish Genes: How old-dated evolutionary ideas are used to defend fallacious misogynistic views on sex evolution. J Social Sci Human 5:350-367.
Puts DA, Dawood K, Welling LLM. 2012. Why women have orgasms: an evolutionary analysis. Arch Sexual Behav 41:1127-1143.
Wibowo E, Wassersug RJ. 2016. Multiple orgasms in men-what we know so far. Sex Med Rev 4:136-48.
Mah K, Binik YM. 2001. The nature of human orgasm: a critical review of major trends. Clin Psychol Rev 21:823-856.
Mah K, Binik YM. 2002. Do all orgasms feel alike? Evaluating a two-dimensional model of the orgasm experience across gender and sexual context. J Sex Res 39:104-113.
Ackerman D. 1994. Natural history of love. Random House, New York.
Browning F. 2017a. Survival secrets: what is about women that makes them more resilient than men. Calif Mag Cal Alumni Assoc UC Berkeley, April 29, 2018.
Browning F. 2017b. The fate of gender: nature, nurture, and the human future. Bloomsbury, New York.
Gould SJ. 1981. The mismeasure of man. W. W. Norton & Company, New York.
Brantlinger P. 2003. Dark vanishings: discourse on the extinction of primitive races, 1800-1930. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

Auteurs

Rui Diogo (R)

Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, District of Columbia, Washington, USA.

Adeyemi Adesomo (A)

Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, District of Columbia, Washington, USA.

Kimberly S Farmer (KS)

Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, District of Columbia, Washington, USA.

Rachel J Kim (RJ)

Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, District of Columbia, Washington, USA.

Fatimah Jackson (F)

Department of Biology, Howard University, District of Columbia, Washington, USA.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH