Hypotheses in urban ecology: building a common knowledge base.

Wikidata conceptual network ecological theory hypothesis network knowledge visualisation map of science research synthesis urban biology

Journal

Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
ISSN: 1469-185X
Titre abrégé: Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc
Pays: England
ID NLM: 0414576

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
10 2023
Historique:
revised: 31 03 2023
received: 21 06 2022
accepted: 04 04 2023
medline: 5 9 2023
pubmed: 19 4 2023
entrez: 19 04 2023
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Urban ecology is a rapidly growing research field that has to keep pace with the pressing need to tackle the sustainability crisis. As an inherently multi-disciplinary field with close ties to practitioners and administrators, research synthesis and knowledge transfer between those different stakeholders is crucial. Knowledge maps can enhance knowledge transfer and provide orientation to researchers as well as practitioners. A promising option for developing such knowledge maps is to create hypothesis networks, which structure existing hypotheses and aggregate them according to topics and research aims. Combining expert knowledge with information from the literature, we here identify 62 research hypotheses used in urban ecology and link them in such a network. Our network clusters hypotheses into four distinct themes: (i) Urban species traits & evolution, (ii) Urban biotic communities, (iii) Urban habitats and (iv) Urban ecosystems. We discuss the potentials and limitations of this approach. All information is openly provided as part of an extendable Wikidata project, and we invite researchers, practitioners and others interested in urban ecology to contribute additional hypotheses, as well as comment and add to the existing ones. The hypothesis network and Wikidata project form a first step towards a knowledge base for urban ecology, which can be expanded and curated to benefit both practitioners and researchers.

Identifiants

pubmed: 37072921
doi: 10.1111/brv.12964
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

1530-1547

Informations de copyright

© 2023 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society.

Références

*Adams, J. M., Fang, W., Callaway, R. M., Cipollini, D. & Newell, E. (2009). A cross-continental test of the enemy release hypothesis: leaf herbivory on Acer platanoides (L.) is three times lower in North America than in its native Europe. Biological Invasions 11, 1005-1016.
Adler, F. R. & Tanner, C. J. (2013). Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Principles for the Built Environment. Cambridge University Press, New York.
*Ahn, Y. Y., Bagrow, J. P. & Lehmann, S. (2010). Link communities reveal multiscale complexity in networks. Nature 466, 761-764.
Alberti, M. (2008). Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems. Springer, New York.
Alberti, M. (2015). Eco-evolutionary dynamics in an urbanizing planet. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30, 114-126.
*Alberti, M., Correa, C., Marzluff, J. M., Hendry, A. P., Palkovacs, E. P., Gotanda, K. M., Hunt, V. M., Apgar, T. M. & Zhou, Y. (2017a). Global urban signatures of phenotypic change in animal and plant populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 114, 8951-8956.
Alberti, M., Marzluff, J. & Hunt, V. M. (2017b). Urban driven phenotypic changes: empirical observations and theoretical implications for eco-evolutionary feedback. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, 20160029.
Alberti, M. & Marzluff, J. M. (2004). Ecological resilience in urban ecosystems: linking urban patterns to human and ecological functions. Urban Ecosystems 7, 241-265.
Aronson, M. F., Nilon, C. H., Lepczyk, C. A., Parker, T. S., Warren, P. S., Cilliers, S. S., Goddard, M. A., Hahs, A. K., Herzog, C. & Katti, M. (2016). Hierarchical filters determine community assembly of urban species pools. Ecology 97, 2952-2963.
Atwood, T. C., Weeks, H. P. & Gehring, T. M. (2004). Spatial ecology of coyotes along a suburban-to-rural gradient. The Journal of Wildlife Management 68, 1000-1009.
Bai, X., Elmqvist, T., Frantzeskaki, N., McPhearson, T., Simon, D., Maddox, D., Watkins, M., Romero-Lankao, P., Parnell, S., Griffith, C. & Roberts, D. (2018). New integrated urban knowledge for the cities we want. In The Urban Planet: Knowledge Towards Sustainable Cities (eds T. Elmqvist, X. Bai, N. Frantzeskaki, C. Griffith, D. Maddox, T. McPhearson, S. Parnell, P. Romero-Lankao, D. Simon and M. Watkins), pp. 462-482. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Battin, J. (2004). When good animals love bad habitats: ecological traps and the conservation of animal populations. Conservation Biology 18, 1482-1491.
Berthon, K., Thomas, F. & Bekessy, S. (2021). The role of ‘nativeness’ in urban greening to support animal biodiversity. Landscape and Urban Planning 205, 103959.
Betts, M. G., Hadley, A. S., Frey, D. W., Frey, S. J. K., Gannon, D., Harris, S. H., Kim, H., Kormann, U. G., Leimberger, K., Moriarty, K., Northrup, J. M., Phalan, B., Rousseau, J. S., Stokely, T. D., Valente, J. J., et al. (2021). When are hypotheses useful in ecology and evolution? Ecology and Evolution 11, 5762-5776.
Blair, R. B. (1996). Land use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient. Ecological Applications 6, 506-519.
Blair, R. B. (2001). Birds and butterflies along urban gradients in two ecoregions of the United States: is urbanization creating a homogeneous fauna? In Biotic Homogenization (eds J. L. Lockwood and M. L. McKinney), pp. 33-56. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
Bleicher, S. S. (2017). The landscape of fear conceptual framework: definition and review of current applications and misuses. PeerJ 5, e3772.
Bollen, J., Van de Sompel, H., Hagberg, A., Bettencourt, L., Chute, R., Rodriguez, M. A. & Balakireva, L. (2009). Clickstream data yields high-resolution maps of science. PLoS One 4, e4803.
*Bonier, F. (2012). Hormones in the city: endocrine ecology of urban birds. Hormones and Behavior 61, 763-772.
*Bonier, F., Martin, P. R. & Wingfield, J. C. (2007). Urban birds have broader environmental tolerance. Biology Letters 3, 670-673.
*Bonnington, C., Gaston, K. J. & Evans, K. L. (2015). Ecological traps and behavioural adjustments of urban songbirds to fine-scale spatial variation in predator activity. Animal Conservation 18, 529-538.
Borden, J. B. & Flory, S. L. (2021). Urban evolution of invasive species. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 19, 184-191.
Börner, K. (2010). Atlas of Science: Visualizing What we Know. MIT Press, Cambridge.
Breuste, J. & Qureshi, S. (2011). Urban sustainability, urban ecology and the Society for Urban Ecology (SURE). Urban Ecosystems 14, 313-317.
Brown, J. S., Laundré, J. W. & Gurung, M. (1999). The ecology of fear: optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions. Journal of Mammalogy 80, 385-399.
*Burghardt, K. T., Tallamy, D. W. & Gregory Shriver, W. (2009). Impact of native plants on bird and butterfly biodiversity in suburban landscapes. Conservation Biology 23, 219-224.
Cadenasso, M. L. & Pickett, S. T. A. (2008). Urban principles for ecological landscape design and maintenance: scientific fundamentals. Cities and the Environment (CATE) 1, 4.
Catterall, C. P., Cousin, J. A., Piper, S. & Johnson, G. (2010). Long-term dynamics of bird diversity in forest and suburb: decay, turnover or homogenization? Diversity and Distributions 16, 559-570.
*Churcher, P. B. & Lawton, J. H. (1987). Predation by domestic cats in an English village. Journal of Zoology 212, 439-455.
*Clauset, A. M. E. J. & Newman, C. M. (2004). Finding community structure in very large networks. Physical Review 70, 066111.
Collins, J. P., Kinzig, A., Grimm, N. B., Fagan, W. F., Hope, D., Wu, J. & Borer, E. T. (2000). A new urban ecology: modeling human communities as integral parts of ecosystems poses special problems for the development and testing of ecological theory. American Scientist 88, 416-425.
*Concepción, E. D., Moretti, M., Altermatt, F., Nobis, M. P. & Obrist, M. K. (2015). Impacts of urbanisation on biodiversity: the role of species mobility, degree of specialisation and spatial scale. Oikos 124, 1571-1582.
Connell, J. H. (1978). Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs: high diversity of trees and corals is maintained only in a nonequilibrium state. Science 199, 1302-1310.
*Croci, S., Butet, A., Georges, A., Aguejdad, R. & Clergeau, P. (2008). Small urban woodlands as biodiversity conservation hot-spot: a multi-taxon approach. Landscape Ecology 23, 1171-1186.
Crooks, K. R. & Soulé, M. E. (1999). Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature 400, 563-566.
Danneels, K. (2018). Historicizing ecological urbanism: Paul Duvigneaud, the Brussels agglomeration and the influence of ecology on urbanism (1970-2016). In On Reproduction. Re-Imagining the Political Ecology of Urbanism. Urbanism & Urbanization Conference Proceedings (eds M. Dehaene and D. Peleman), pp. 343-356. Ghent University, Gent.
*Davis, A. M. & Glick, T. F. (1978). Urban ecosystems and Island biogeography. Environmental Conservation 5, 299-304.
*Debinski, D. M. & Holt, R. D. (2000). A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments. Conservation Biology 14, 342-355.
Des Roches, S., Brans, K. I., Lambert, M. R., Rivkin, L. R., Savage, A. M., Schell, C. J., Correa, C., De Meester, L., Diamond, S. E., Grimm, N. B., Harris, N. C., Govaert, L., Hendry, A. P., Johnson, M. T. J., Munshi-South, J., et al. (2021). Socio-eco-evolutionary dynamics in cities. Evolutionary Applications 14, 248-267.
Diamond, S. E., Chick, L. D., Perez, A., Strickler, S. A. & Martin, R. A. (2018). Evolution of thermal tolerance and its fitness consequences: parallel and non-parallel responses to urban heat islands across three cities. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, 20180036.
Diamond, S. E. & Martin, R. A. (2021). Evolution in cities. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 52, 519-540.
*Donnelly, R. & Marzluff, J. M. (2004). Importance of reserve size and landscape context to urban bird conservation. Conservation Biology 18, 733-745.
Dooling, S., Graybill, J. & Greve, A. (2007). Response to Young and Wolf: goal attainment in urban ecology research. Urban Ecosystems 10, 339-347.
*Elek, Z. & Lövei, G. L. (2007). Patterns in ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages along an urbanisation gradient in Denmark. Acta Oecologica 32, 104-111.
*Elton, C. S. (1933). The Ecology of Animals. Methuen, London.
*Elton, C. S. (1958). The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. Methuen, London.
Enders, M., Havemann, F., Ruland, F., Bernard-Verdier, M., Catford, J. A., Gómez-Aparicio, L., Haider, S., Heger, T., Kueffer, C., Kühn, I., Meyerson, L. A., Musseau, C., Novoa, A., Ricciardi, A., Sagouis, A., et al. (2020). A conceptual map of invasion biology: integrating hypotheses into a consensus network. Global Ecology and Biogeography 29, 978-991.
Enders, M., Hütt, M.-T. & Jeschke, J. M. (2018). Drawing a map of invasion biology based on a network of hypotheses. Ecosphere 9, e02146.
Eötvös, C. B., Magura, T. & Lövei, G. L. (2018). A meta-analysis indicates reduced predation pressure with increasing urbanization. Landscape and Urban Planning 180, 54-59.
Erxleben, F., Günther, M., Krötzsch, M., Mendez, J. & Vrandečić, D. (2014). Introducing Wikidata to the linked data web. In The Semantic Web - ISWC 2014, pp. 50-65. Springer International Publishing, Cham.
Evans, K. L., Chamberlain, D. E., Hatchwell, B. J., Gregory, R. D. & Gaston, K. J. (2011). What makes an urban bird? Global Change Biology 17, 32-44.
*Evans, T. S. & Lambiotte, R. (2009). Line graphs, link partitions, and overlapping communities. Physical Review E 80, 016105.
*Faeth, S. H., Warren, P. S., Shochat, E. & Marussich, W. A. (2005). Trophic dynamics in urban communities. BioScience 55, 399-407.
Fischer, J. D., Cleeton, S. H., Lyons, T. P. & Miller, J. R. (2012). Urbanization and the predation paradox: the role of trophic dynamics in structuring vertebrate communities. BioScience 62, 809-818.
*Fischer, J. D., Schneider, S. C., Ahlers, A. A. & Miller, J. R. (2015). Categorizing wildlife responses to urbanization and conservation implications of terminology. Conservation Biology 29, 1246-1248.
Forman, R. T. T. (2016). Urban ecology principles: are urban ecology and natural area ecology really different? Landscape Ecology 31, 1653-1662.
*Fortunato, S. (2010). Community detection in graphs. Physics Reports 486, 75-174.
*Gaublomme, E., Hendrickx, F., Dhuyvetter, H. & Desender, K. (2008). The effects of forest patch size and matrix type on changes in carabid beetle assemblages in an urbanized landscape. Biological Conservation 141, 2585-2596.
Gering, J. C. & Blair, R. B. (1999). Predation on artificial bird nests along an urban gradient: predatory risk or relaxation in urban environments? Ecography 22, 532-541.
Giere, R. N., Bickle, J. & Mauldin, R. (2005). Understanding Scientific Reasoning, Fifth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Belmont.
*Gläser, J., Glänzel, W. & Scharnhorst, A. (2017). Same data - different results? Towards a comparative approach to the identification of thematic structures in science. Scientometrics 111, 981-998.
Gloor, S., Bontadina, F., Hegglin, D., Deplazes, P. & Breitenmoser, U. (2001). The rise of urban fox populations in Switzerland. Mammalian Biology 66, 155-164.
Grime, J. P. (1973). Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. Nature 242, 344-347.
Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X. & Briggs, J. M. (2008). Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319, 756-760.
Grimm, N. B., Grove, J. G., Pickett, S. T. & Redman, C. L. (2000). Integrated approaches to long-term studies of urban ecological systems: urban ecological systems present multiple challenges to ecologists - pervasive human impact and extreme heterogeneity of cities, and the need to integrate social and ecological approaches, concepts, and theory. BioScience 50, 571-584.
Groffman, P. M., Cavender-Bares, J., Bettez, N. D., Grove, J. M., Hall, S. J., Heffernan, J. B., Hobbie, S. E., Larson, K. L., Morse, J. L. & Neill, C. (2014). Ecological homogenization of urban USA. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12, 74-81.
Grogan, P. (2005). The use of hypotheses in ecology. Bulletin of the British Ecological Society 36, 43-47.
*Grossart, H. P., Van den Wyngaert, S., Kagami, M., Wurzbacher, C., Cunliffe, M. & Rojas-Jimenez, K. (2019). Fungi in aquatic ecosystems. Nature Reviews Microbiology 17, 339-354.
Guetté, A., Gaüzère, P., Devictor, V., Jiguet, F. & Godet, L. (2017). Measuring the synanthropy of species and communities to monitor the effects of urbanization on biodiversity. Ecological Indicators 79, 139-154.
*Haeupler, H. & Schönfelder, P. (1975). Arealkundliche Gesichtspunkte im Rahmen der Kartierung der Flora Mitteleuropas in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 88, 451-468.
*Hahs, A. K., McDonnell, M. J., McCarthy, M. A., Vesk, P. A., Corlett, R. T., Norton, B. A., Clemants, S. E., Duncan, R. P., Thompson, K., Schwartz, M. W. & Williams, N. S. (2009). A global synthesis of plant extinction rates in urban areas. Ecology Letters 12, 1165-1173.
*Hale, R., Coleman, R., Pettigrove, V. & Swearer, S. E. (2015). Identifying, preventing and mitigating ecological traps to improve the management of urban aquatic ecosystems. Journal of Applied Ecology 52, 928-939.
Havemann, F. (2021). Topics as clusters of citation links to highly cited sources: the case of research on international relations. Quantitative Science Studies 2, 204-223.
Havemann, F., Gläser, J. & Heinz, M. (2017). Memetic search for overlapping topics based on a local evaluation of link communities. Scientometrics 111, 1089-1118.
Heger, T., Aguilar-Trigueros, C. A., Bartram, I., Braga, R. R., Dietl, G. P., Enders, M., Gibson, D. J., Gómez-Aparicio, L., Gras, P. & Jax, K. (2021). The hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach: a synthesis method for enhancing theory development in ecology and evolution. BioScience 71, 337-349.
Heger, T., Jeschke, J. M., Febria, C., Kollmann, J., Murphy, S., Rochefort, L., Shackelford, N., Temperton, V. M. & Higgs, E. (2022). Mapping and assessing the knowledge base of ecological restoration. Restoration Ecology e13676.
Helden, A. J. & Leather, S. R. (2004). Biodiversity on urban roundabouts-Hemiptera, management and the species-area relationship. Basic and Applied Ecology 5, 367-377.
*Hendry, A. P., Farrugia, T. J. & Kinnison, M. T. (2008). Human influences on rates of phenotypicchange in wild animal populations. Molecular Ecology 17, 20-29.
*Hölker, F., Wolter, C., Perkin, E. K. & Tockner, K. (2010). Light pollution as a biodiversity threat. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25, 681-682.
*Hopkins, G. R., Gaston, K. J., Visser, M. E., Elgar, M. A. & Jones, T. M. (2018). Artificial light at night as a driver of evolution across urban-rural landscapes. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 16, 472-479.
*Horváth, R., Magura, T. & Tóthmérész, B. (2012). Ignoring ecological demands masks the real effect of urbanization: a case study of ground-dwelling spiders along a rural-urban gradient in a lowland forest in Hungary. Ecological Research 27, 1069-1077.
Inkpen, S. A. (2017). Demarcating nature, defining ecology: creating a rationale for the study of nature's “primitive conditions”. Perspectives on Science 25, 355-392.
Isaksson, C. (2015). Urbanization, oxidative stress and inflammation: a question of evolving, acclimatizing or coping with urban environmental stress. Functional Ecology 29, 913-923.
Ives, C. D., Lentini, P. E., Threlfall, C. G., Ikin, K., Shanahan, D. F., Garrard, G. E., Bekessy, S. A., Fuller, R. A., Mumaw, L. & Rayner, L. (2016). Cities are hotspots for threatened species. Global Ecology and Biogeography 25, 117-126.
*Jackson, M. T. (1966). Effects of microclimate on spring flowering phenology. Ecology 47, 407-415.
James, A. R. & Stuart-Smith, A. K. (2000). Distribution of caribou and wolves in relation to linear corridors. The Journal of Wildlife Management 64, 154-159.
Jeschke, J. M. & Heger, T. (eds) (2018). Invasion Biology: Hypotheses and Evidence. CABI, Wallingford.
Jeschke, J. M., Heger, T., Kraker, P., Schramm, M., Kittel, C. & Mietchen, D. (2021). Towards an open, zoomable atlas for invasion science and beyond. NeoBiota 68, 5-19.
Jeschke, J. M., Keesing, F. & Ostfeld, R. S. (2013). Novel organisms: comparing invasive species, GMOs, and emerging pathogens. Ambio 42, 541-548.
Jeschke, J. M., Lokatis, S., Bartram, I. & Tockner, K. (2019). Knowledge in the dark: scientific challenges and ways forward. Facets 4(1), 423-441.
Jeschke, J. M. & Strayer, D. L. (2006). Determinants of vertebrate invasion success in Europe and North America. Global Change Biology 12, 1608-1619.
*Johnson, L. J. & Tricker, P. J. (2010). Epigenomic plasticity within populations: its evolutionary significance and potential. Heredity 105, 113-121.
Johnson, M. T. & Munshi-South, J. (2017). Evolution of life in urban environments. Science 358, eaam8327.
Keane, R. M. & Crawley, M. J. (2002). Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17, 164-170.
Kinzig, A. P., Warren, P., Martin, C., Hope, D. & Katti, M. (2005). The effects of human socioeconomic status and cultural characteristics on urban patterns of biodiversity. Ecology and Society 10, 23.
Klausnitzer, B. (1987). Ökologie der Großstadtfauna. G. Fischer, Jena.
Klavans, R. & Boyack, K. W. (2009). Toward a consensus map of science. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 60, 455-476.
*Knapp, S. (2010). Urbanization causes shifts of Species' trait state frequencies - a large scale analysis. In Plant Biodiversity in Urbanized Areas, pp. 13-29. Vieweg Teubner, Wiesbaden.
Knight, R. L., Grout, D. J. & Temple, S. A. (1987). Nest-defense behavior of the American crow in urban and rural areas. Condor 89, 175-177.
Kowarik, I. (1988). Zum menschlichen Einfluβ auf Flora und Vegetation. Theoretische Konzepte und ein Quantifizierungsansatz am Beispiel von Berlin (West). Landschaftsentwicklung und Umweltforschung 56, 1-280.
*Kowarik, I. (1990). Some responses of flora and vegetation to urbanization in Central Europe. In Urban Ecology (eds H. Sukopp, S. Hejny and I. Kowarik), pp. 45-74. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.
Kowarik, I. (2008). On the role of alien species in urban flora and vegetation. In Urban Ecology. An International Perspective on the Interaction between Humans and Nature (eds J. M. Marzluff, E. Shulenberger, W. Endlicher, M. Alberti, G. Bradley, C. Ryan, U. Simon and C. ZumBrunnen), pp. 321-338. Springer, Boston.
Kowarik, I. (2020). Herbert Sukopp - an inspiring pioneer in the field of urban ecology. Urban Ecosystems 23, 445-455.
Kühn, I., Brandl, R. & Klotz, S. (2004). The flora of German cities is naturally species rich. Evolutionary Ecology Research 6, 749-764.
Kühn, I., Wolf, J. & Schneider, A. (2017). Is there an urban effect in alien plant invasions? Biological Invasions 19, 3505-3513.
Kunick, W. (1974). Veränderungen von Flora und Vegetation einer Grosstadt dargestellt am Beispiel von Berlin (West). Doctoral dissertation: Technische Universität Berlin.
Kurvers, R. H. & Hoelker, F. (2015). Bright nights and social interactions: a neglected issue. Behavioral Ecology 26, 334-339.
*Kuussaari, M., Toivonen, M., Heliölä, J., Pöyry, J., Mellado, J., Ekroos, J., Hyyryläinen, V., Vähä-Piikkiö, I. & Tiainen, J. (2021). Butterfly species' responses to urbanization: differing effects of human population density and built-up area. Urban Ecosystems 24, 515-527.
Lahr, E. C., Dunn, R. R. & Frank, S. D. (2018). Getting ahead of the curve: cities as surrogates for global change. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, 20180643.
*Lampe, U., Reinhold, K. & Schmoll, T. (2014). How grasshoppers respond to road noise: developmental plasticity and population differentiation in acoustic signalling. Functional Ecology 28, 660-668.
Laundré, J. W., Hernández, L. & Ripple, W. J. (2010). The landscape of fear: ecological implications of being afraid. The Open Ecology Journal 3, 1-7.
*Leibold, M. A., Holyoak, M., Mouquet, N., Amarasekare, P., Chase, J. M., Hoopes, M. F., Holt, R. D., Shurin, J. B., Law, R., Tilman, D., Loreau, M. & Gonzalez, A. (2004). The metacommunity concept: a framework for multi-scale community ecology. Ecology Letters 7, 601-613.
Leydesdorff, L., Carley, S. & Rafols, I. (2013). Global maps of science based on the new web-of-science categories. Scientometrics 94, 589-593.
Linkola, K. (1916). Studien über den Einfluss der Kultur auf die Flora in den Gegenden nördlich vom Ladogasee. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 45, 429-492.
*Lockwood, J. L., Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T. (2005). The role of propagule pressure in explaining species invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20, 223-228.
Lokatis, S. & Jeschke, J. M. (2022). Urban biotic homogenization: approaches and knowledge gaps. Ecological Applications 32, e2703.
*Lososová, Z., Chytrý, M., Kühn, I., Hájek, O., Horáková, V., Pyšek, P. & Tichý, L. (2006). Patterns of plant traits in annual vegetation of man-made habitats in Central Europe. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 8, 69-81.
*Lowry, H., Lill, A. & Wong, B. B. (2013). Behavioural responses of wildlife to urban environments. Biological Reviews 88, 537-549.
Luck, G. W. (2007). A review of the relationships between human population density and biodiversity. Biological Reviews 82, 607-645.
Lundholm, J. T. & Richardson, P. J. (2010). Habitat analogues for reconciliation ecology in urban and industrial environments. Journal of Applied Ecology 47, 966-975.
*MacArthur, R. H. & MacArthur, J. W. (1961). On bird species diversity. Ecology 42, 594-598.
MacArthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton & Oxford.
MacGregor-Fors, I. (2011). Misconceptions or misunderstandings? On the standardization of basic terms and definitions in urban ecology. Landscape and Urban Planning 100, 347-349.
Mader, H.-J. (1984). Animal habitat isolation by roads and agricultural fields. Biological Conservation 29, 81-96.
Magle, S. B., Hunt, V. M., Vernon, M. & Crooks, K. R. (2012). Urban wildlife research: past, present, and future. Biological Conservation 155, 23-32.
*Magura, T., Tóthmérész, B. & Lövei, G. L. (2006). Body size inequality of carabids along an urbanisation gradient. Basic and Applied Ecology 7, 472-482.
*Magura, T., Tóthmérész, B. & Molnár, T. (2004). Changes in carabid beetle assemblages along an urbanisation gradient in the city of Debrecen, Hungary. Landscape Ecology 19, 747-759.
Mannan, R. W. & Boal, C. W. (2000). Home range characteristics of male Cooper's hawks in an urban environment. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 112, 21-27.
*Maurer, R. (1974). The beetle and spider fauna of meadows affected by traffic pollution. Oecologia 14, 327-351.
McClure, H. E. (1989). What characterizes an urban bird? Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology 21, 178-192.
McDonnell, M. J. & Hahs, A. K. (2008). The use of gradient analysis studies in advancing our understanding of the ecology of urbanizing landscapes: current status and future directions. Landscape Ecology 23, 1143-1155.
*McDonnell, M. J. & Hahs, A. K. (2015). Adaptation and adaptedness of organisms to urban environments. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 46, 261-280.
McDonnell, M. J. & Niemelä, J. (2011). The history of urban ecology. In Urban Ecology: Patterns, Processes, and Applications (eds J. Niemelä, J. H. Breuste, G. Guntenspergen, N. E. McIntyre, T. Elmqvist and P. James), pp. 34-49. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
*McGlynn, T. P., Meineke, E. K., Bahlai, C. A., Li, E., Hartop, E. A., Adams, B. J. & Brown, B. V. (2019). Temperature accounts for the biodiversity of a hyperdiverse group of insects in urban Los Angeles. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286, 20191818.
*McIntyre, N. E. (2000). Ecology of urban arthropods: a review and a call to action. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93, 825-835.
McIntyre, N. E., Knowles-Yanez, K. & Hope, D. (2008). Urban ecology as an interdisciplinary field: differences in the use of “urban” between the social and natural sciences. In Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature (eds J. M. Marzluff, E. Shulenberger, W. Endlicher, M. Alberti, G. Bradley, C. Ryan, U. Simon and C. ZumBrunnen), pp. 49-65. Springer, Boston.
*McKinney, M. L. (2002). Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation. BioScience 52, 883-890.
McKinney, M. L. (2006). Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological Conservation 127, 247-260.
*McKinney, M. L. (2008). Effects of urbanization on species richness: a review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosystems 11, 161-176.
McPhearson, T., Haase, D., Kabisch, N. & Gren, Å. (2016a). Advancing understanding of the complex nature of urban systems. Ecological Indicators 70, 566-573.
McPhearson, T., Pickett, S. T. A., Grimm, N. B., Niemelä, J., Alberti, M., Elmqvist, T., Weber, C., Haase, D., Breuste, J. & Qureshi, S. (2016b). Advancing urban ecology toward a science of cities. BioScience 66, 198-212.
Miles, L. S., Rivkin, L. R., Johnson, M. T., Munshi-South, J. & Verrelli, B. C. (2019). Gene flow and genetic drift in urban environments. Molecular Ecology 28, 4138-4151.
*Møller, A. P., Díaz, M., Flensted-Jensen, E., Grim, T., Ibáñez-Álamo, J. D., Jokimäki, J., Mänd, R., Markó, G. & Tryjanowski, P. (2015). Urbanized birds have superior establishment success in novel environments. Oecologia 178, 943-950.
Morton, E. S. (1975). Ecological sources of selection on avian sounds. The American Naturalist 109, 17-34.
Nakagawa, S., Dunn, A. G., Lagisz, M., Bannach-Brown, A., Grames, E. M., Sánchez-Tójar, A., O'Dea, R., Noble, D. W. A., Westgate, M. J., Arnold, P. A., Barrow, S., Bethel, A., Cooper, E., Foo, Y. Z., Geange, S. R., et al. (2020). A new ecosystem for evidence synthesis. Nature Ecology & Evolution 4, 498-501.
*Neri, F., Cotta, C. & Moscato, P. (eds) (2012). Handbook of Memetic Algorithms. Springer, Berlin.
*Newman, M. (2006). Finding community structure using the eigenvectors of matrices. Physical Review E 74, 36104.
Newman, M. E. & Girvan, M. (2004). Finding and evaluating community structure in networks. Physical Review E 69, 26113.
Nielsen, F. Å., Mietchen, D. & Willighagen, E. (2017). Scholia, Scientometrics and Wikidata, The Semantic Web: ESWC 2017 Satellite Events. ESWC 2017. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science 10577 (eds E. Blomqvist, K. Hose, H. Paulheim, A. Ławrynowicz, F. Ciravegna and O. Hartig), pp. 237-259. Springer, Cham.
Nielsen, F. Å., Mietchen, D. & Willighagen, E. (2018). Geospatial data and Scholia. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Geospatial Linked Data (GeoLD2018), pp. 34-40. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Heraklion.
Niemelä, J. (1999). Is there a need for a theory of urban ecology? Urban Ecosystems 3, 57-65.
Nilsen, E. B., Bowler, D. E. & Linnell, J. D. (2020). Exploratory and confirmatory research in the open science era. Journal of Applied Ecology 57, 842-847.
*Numberger, D., Zoccarato, L., Woodhouse, J., Ganzert, L., Sauer, S., Márquez, J. R. G., Domisch, S., Grossart, H. P. & Greenwood, A. D. (2022). Urbanization promotes specific bacteria in freshwater microbiomes including potential pathogens. Science of the Total Environment 845, 157321.
Nuorteva, P. (1963). Synanthropy of blowflies (Dipt., Calliphoridae) in Finland. Annales Entomologici Fennici 29, 1-49.
Nuorteva, P. (1971). The synanthropy of birds as an expression of the ecological cycle disorder caused by urbanization. Annales Zoologici Fennici 8, 547-553.
Oberndorfer, E., Lundholm, J., Bass, B., Coffman, R. R., Doshi, H., Dunnett, N., Gaffin, S., Köhler, M., Liu, K. K. & Rowe, B. (2007). Green roofs as urban ecosystems: ecological structures, functions, and services. BioScience 57, 823-833.
Palacio, F. X. (2020). Urban exploiters have broader dietary niches than urban avoiders. Ibis 162, 42-49.
Parajuli, A., Grönroos, M., Siter, N., Puhakka, R., Vari, H. K., Roslund, M. I., Jumpponen, A., Nurminen, N., Laitinen, O. H., Hyöty, H., Rajaniemi, J. & Sinkkonen, A. (2018). Urbanization reduces transfer of diverse environmental microbiota indoors. Frontiers in Microbiology 9, 1-13.
Parris, K. M. (2018). Existing ecological theory applies to urban environments. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 14, 201-208.
Perring, M. P., Manning, P., Hobbs, R. J., Lugo, A. E., Ramalho, C. E. & Standish, R. J. (2013a). Novel urban ecosystems and ecosystem services. In Novel Ecosystems: Intervening in the New Ecological World Order (eds R. J. Hobbs, E. S. Higgs and C. Hall), pp. 310-325. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
*Perring, M. P., Standish, R. J. & Hobbs, R. J. (2013b). Incorporating novelty and novel ecosystems into restoration planning and practice in the 21st century. Ecological Processes 2, 1-8.
*Petchey, O. L., Evans, K. L., Fishburn, I. S. & Gaston, K. J. (2007). Low functional diversity and no redundancy in British avian assemblages. Journal of Animal Ecology 76, 977-985.
Peter, C. & Swilling, M. (2012). Sustainable, Resource Efficient Cities - Making it Happen!United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), Nairobi.
Pickett, S. T., Burch, W. R., Dalton, S. E., Foresman, T. W., Grove, J. M. & Rowntree, R. (1997). A conceptual framework for the study of human ecosystems in urban areas. Urban Ecosystems 1, 185-199.
Pickett, S. T. & Cadenasso, M. L. (2017). How many principles of urban ecology are there? Landscape Ecology 32, 699-705.
Pickett, S. T., Kolasa, J. & Jones, C. G. (2010). Ecological Understanding: The Nature of Theory and the Theory of Nature. Elsevier, San Diego & London.
Pickett, S. T. A. & Cadenasso, M. L. (2012). Urban ecology. In Ecological Systems: Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology (ed. R. Leemans), pp. 273-301. Springer, New York.
Planillo, A., Kramer-Schadt, S., Buchholz, S., Gras, P., von der Lippe, M. & Radchuk, V. (2021). Arthropod abundance modulates bird community responses to urbanization. Diversity and Distributions 27, 34-49.
*Pons, P. & Latapy, M. (2006). Computing communities in large networks using random walks. Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications 10, 191-218.
Popkin, G. (2022). Urban oasis. Science 378, 466-469.
Potapov, P., Hansen, M. C., Laestadius, L., Turubanova, S., Yaroshenko, A., Thies, C., Smith, W., Zhuravleva, I., Komarova, A. & Minnemeyer, S. (2017). The last frontiers of wilderness: tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013. Science Advances 3, e1600821.
Potgieter, L. J. & Cadotte, M. W. (2020). The application of selected invasion frameworks to urban ecosystems. NeoBiota 62, 365-386.
Pouyat, R. V., Russell-Anelli, J., Yesilonis, I. D. & Groffman, P. M. (2002). Soil carbon in urban forest ecosystems. In The Potential of US Forest Soils to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect (eds J. M. Kimble, R. Lal, R. Birdsey and L. S. Heath), pp. 347-362. CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York & Washington, DC.
Povolný, D. (1962). Versuch einer Klärung des Begriffes der Synanthropie von Tieren. Folia Zoologica 25, 105-112.
*Prange, S., Gehrt, S. D. & Wiggers, E. P. (2004). Influences of anthropogenic resources on raccoon (Procyon lotor) movements and spatial distribution. Journal of Mammalogy 85, 483-490.
*Prugh, L. R., Stoner, C. J., Epps, C. W., Bean, W. T., Ripple, W. J., Laliberte, A. S. & Brashares, J. S. (2009). The rise of the mesopredator. BioScience 59, 779-791.
Pyšek, P. (1989). On the richness of Central European urban flora. Preslia 61, 329-334.
Pyšek, P., Jarošík, V., Hulme, P. E., Kühn, I., Wild, J., Arianoutsou, M., Bacher, S., Chiron, F., Didžiulis, V. & Essl, F. (2010). Disentangling the role of environmental and human pressures on biological invasions across Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107, 12157-12162.
Ramadier, T. (2004). Transdisciplinarity and its challenges: the case of urban studies. Futures 36, 423-439.
*Rapport, D. J., Regier, H. A. & Hutchinson, T. C. (1985). Ecosystem behavior under stress. The American Naturalist 125, 617-640.
Raupp, M. J., Shrewsbury, P. M. & Herms, D. A. (2010). Ecology of herbivorous arthropods in urban landscapes. Annual Review of Entomology 55, 19-38.
*Rikli, M. (1903). Die Anthropochoren und der Formenkreis des Nasturtium palustre (Leyss.) DC. Berichte der Zürcherischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 13, 71-82.
Riley, S. P., Brown, J. L., Sikich, J. A., Schoonmaker, C. M. & Boydston, E. E. (2014). Wildlife friendly roads: the impacts of roads on wildlife in urban areas and potential remedies. In Urban Wildlife Conservation: Theory and Practice (eds R. A. McCleery, C. E. Moorman and M. N. Peterson), pp. 323-360. Springer, New York, Heidelberg, Dordrecht & London.
*Rodriguez, L. (2006). Can invasive species facilitate native species? Evidence of how, when, and why these impacts occur. Biological Invasions 8, 927-939.
Roetzer, T., Wittenzeller, M., Haeckel, H. & Nekovar, J. (2000). Phenology in Central Europe-differences and trends of spring phenophases in urban and rural areas. International Journal of Biometeorology 44, 60-66.
Rondinini, C. & Doncaster, C. (2002). Roads as barriers to movement for hedgehogs. Functional Ecology 16, 504-509.
Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W., Hammer, S. A. & Mehrotra, S. (2010). Cities lead the way in climate-change action. Nature 467, 909-911.
Ruiz-Calderon, J. F., Cavallin, H., Song, S. J., Novoselac, A., Pericchi, L. R., Hernandez, J. N., Rios, R., Branch, O. H., Pereira, H. & Paulino, L. C. (2016). Walls talk: microbial biogeography of homes spanning urbanization. Science Advances 2, e1501061.
Saari, S., Richter, S., Higgins, M., Oberhofer, M., Jennings, A. & Faeth, S. H. (2016). Urbanization is not associated with increased abundance or decreased richness of terrestrial animals-dissecting the literature through meta-analysis. Urban Ecosystems 19, 1251-1264.
*Saarisalo-Taubert, A. (1963). Die Flora in ihrer Beziehung zur Siedlung und Siedlungsgeschichte in den südfinnischen Städten Porvoo, pp. 19-24. Loviisa und Hamina. Springer, Dordrecht.
Sachs, J. D., Schmidt-Traub, G., Mazzucato, M., Messner, D., Nakicenovic, N. & Rockström, J. (2019). Six transformations to achieve the sustainable development goals. Nature Sustainability 2, 805-814.
Santini, L., González-Suárez, M., Russo, D., Gonzalez-Voyer, A., von Hardenberg, A. & Ancillotto, L. (2019). One strategy does not fit all: determinants of urban adaptation in mammals. Ecology Letters 22, 365-376.
Sattler, T., Duelli, P., Obrist, M., Arlettaz, R. & Moretti, M. (2010). Response of arthropod species richness and functional groups to urban habitat structure and management. Landscape Ecology 25, 941-954.
Schlaepfer, M. A., Runge, M. C. & Sherman, P. W. (2002). Ecological and evolutionary traps. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17, 474-480.
Scholz, C., Firozpoor, J., Kramer-Schadt, S., Gras, P., Schulze, C., Kimmig, S. E. & Ortmann, S. (2020). Individual dietary specialization in a generalist predator: a stable isotope analysis of urban and rural red foxes. Ecology and Evolution 10, 8855-8870.
Schwarz, A. & Jax, K. (2011). Etymology and original sources of the term “ecology”. In Ecology Revisited: Reflecting on Concepts, Advancing Science (eds A. Schwarz and K. Jax), pp. 145-147. Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht.
Seabrook, W. A. & Dettmann, E. B. (1996). Roads as activity corridors for cane toads in Australia. The Journal of Wildlife Management 60, 363-368.
*Senar, J. C., Conroy, M. J., Quesada, J. & Mateos-Gonzalez, F. (2014). Selection based on the size of the black tie of the great tit may be reversed in urban habitats. Ecology and Evolution 4, 2625-2632.
Sepp, T., McGraw, K. J. & Giraudeau, M. (2020). Urban sexual selection. In Urban Evolutionary Biology (eds M. Szulkin, J. Munshi-South and A. Charmantier), pp. 234-252. Oxford University Press, USA.
Shackleton, C. M., Cilliers, S. S., du Toit, M. J. & Davoren, E. (2021). The need for an urban ecology of the global South. In Urban Ecology in the Global South (eds C. M. Shackleton, S. S. Cilliers, E. Davoren and M. J. du Toit), pp. 1-26. Springer, Cham.
Shapiro, A. M. (2002). The Californian urban butterfly fauna is dependent on alien plants. Diversity and Distributions 8, 31-40.
Shochat, E. (2004). Credit or debit? Resource input changes population dynamics of city-slicker birds. Oikos 106, 622-626.
Shochat, E., Lerman, S. B., Anderies, J. M., Warren, P. S., Faeth, S. H. & Nilon, C. H. (2010). Invasion, competition, and biodiversity loss in urban ecosystems. BioScience 60, 199-208.
Shochat, E., Warren, P. S., Faeth, S. H., McIntyre, N. E. & Hope, D. (2006). From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21(4), 186-191.
*Shwartz, A., Strubbe, D., Butler, C. J., Matthysen, E. & Kark, S. (2009). The effect of enemy-release and climate conditions on invasive birds: a regional test using the rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) as a case study. Diversity and Distributions 15, 310-318.
*Slabbekoorn, H. & Peet, M. (2003). Birds sing at a higher pitch in urban noise. Nature 424, 267.
*Soga, M. & Koike, S. (2013). Mapping the potential extinction debt of butterflies in a modern city: implications for conservation priorities in urban landscapes. Animal Conservation 16, 1-11.
*Sol, D., Bartomeus, I. & Griffin, A. S. (2012). The paradox of invasion in birds: competitive superiority or ecological opportunism? Oecologia 169, 553-564.
Sol, D., Gonzalez-Lagos, C., Moreira, D., Maspons, J. & Lapiedra, O. (2014). Urbanisation tolerance and the loss of avian diversity. Ecology Letters 17, 942-950.
Sol, D., Lapiedra, O. & Ducatez, S. (2020). Cognition and adaptation to urban. In Urban Evolutionary Biology (eds M. Szulkin, J. Munshi-South and A. Charmantier), pp. 253-266. Oxford University Press, USA.
Sorace, A. (2002). High density of bird and pest species in urban habitats and the role of predator abundance. Ornis Fennica 79, 60-71.
Sorace, A. & Gustin, M. (2009). Distribution of generalist and specialist predators along urban gradients. Landscape and Urban Planning 90, 111-118.
Spiliotopoulou, M. & Roseland, M. (2020). Urban sustainability: from theory influences to practical agendas. Sustainability 12, 7245.
Start, D., Barbour, M. A. & Bonner, C. (2020). Urbanization reshapes a food web. Journal of Animal Ecology 89, 808-816.
Stearns, F. & Montag, T. (eds) (1975). The Urban Ecosystem: A Holistic Approach. Community Development Series 14. Halsted Press, Stroudsburg.
*Stillfried, M., Gras, P., Börner, K., Göritz, F., Painer, J., Röllig, K., Wenzler, M., Hofer, H., Ortmann, S. & Kramer-Schadt, S. (2017). Secrets of success in a landscape of fear: urban wild boar adjust risk perception and tolerate disturbance. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 5, 1-12.
Sukopp, H. (1969). Der Einfluss des Menschen auf die Vegetation. Vegetatio 17, 360-371.
Sukopp, H. (1998). Urban ecology-scientific and practical aspects. In Urban Ecology (eds J. Breuste, H. Feldmann and O. Uhlmann), pp. 3-16. Springer, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Sukopp, H. (2008). On the early history of urban ecology in Europe. In Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature (eds J. M. Marzluff, E. Shulenberger, W. Endlicher, M. Alberti, G. Bradley, C. Ryan, U. Simon and C. ZumBrunnen), pp. 79-97. Springer, Boston.
Sukopp, H., Numata, M. & Huber, A. (eds) (1995). Urban Ecology as the Basis of Urban Planning. Balogh Scientific Books, Amsterdam.
*Sumasgutner, P., Nemeth, E., Tebb, G., Krenn, H. W. & Gamauf, A. (2014). Hard times in the city-attractive nest sites but insufficient food supply lead to low reproduction rates in a bird of prey. Frontiers in Zoology 11, 1-13.
*Tallamy, D. W. (2004). Do alien plants reduce insect biomass? Conservation Biology 18, 1689-1692.
Tanner, C. J., Adler, F. R., Grimm, N. B., Groffman, P. M., Levin, S. A., Munshi-South, J., Pataki, D. E., Pavao-Zuckerman, M. & Wilson, W. G. (2014). Urban ecology: advancing science and society. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12, 574-581.
Thellung, A. (1919). Zur Terminologie der Adventiv-und Ruderalfloristik. Allgemeine Botanische Zeitschrift 24, 36-42.
Tomialojc, L. (1982). Synurbanization of birds and the prey-predator relations. In Animals in Urban Environment: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Occasion of the 60th Anniversary of the Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences (eds M. Luniak, B. Pisarski and Z. Wydawnictwo), pp. 131-137. Warszawa-Jabłonna 22-24 October 1979.
Tóthmérész, B., Máthé, I., Balázs, E. & Magura, T. (2011). Responses of carabid beetles to urbanization in Transylvania (Romania). Landscape and Urban Planning 101, 330-337.
Uchida, K., Suzuki, K. K., Shimamoto, T., Yanagawa, H. & Koizumi, I. (2019). Decreased vigilance or habituation to humans? Mechanisms on increased boldness in urban animals. Behavioral Ecology 30, 1583-1590.
UN-Habitat (2017). New Urban Agenda. United Nations.
UN-Habitat (2020). World cities report 2020: the value of sustainable urbanization. In United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). United Nations.
*Vilisics, F. & Hornung, E. (2009). Urban areas as hot-spots for introduced and shelters for native isopod species. Urban Ecosystems 12, 333-345.
*von der Lippe, M., Bullock, J. M., Kowarik, I., Knopp, T. & Wichmann, M. (2013). Human-mediated dispersal of seeds by the airflow of vehicles. PLoS One 8, e52733.
von der Lippe, M. & Kowarik, I. (2007). Long-distance dispersal of plants by vehicles as a driver of plant invasions. Conservation Biology 21, 986-996.
von der Lippe, M. & Kowarik, I. (2008). Do cities export biodiversity? Traffic as dispersal vector across urban-rural gradients. Diversity and Distributions 14, 18-25.
Vrandečić, D. & Krötzsch, M. (2014). Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledgebase. Communications of the ACM 57, 78-85.
Waagmeester, A., Stupp, G., Burgstaller-Muehlbacher, S., Good, B. M., Griffith, M., Griffith, O. L., Hanspers, K., Hermjakob, H., Hudson, T. S., Hybiske, K., Keating, S. M., Manske, M., Mayers, M., Mietchen, D., Mitraka, E., et al. (2020). Science forum: Wikidata as a knowledge graph for the life sciences. eLife 9, e52614.
Walters, S. M. (1970). The next twenty years. In The Flora of a Changing Britain (ed. F. Perring), pp. 136-141. Classey, Hampton.
*Wandeler, P., Funk, S. M., Largiader, C. R., Gloor, S. & Breitenmoser, U. (2003). The city-fox phenomenon: genetic consequences of a recent colonization of urban habitat. Molecular Ecology 12, 647-656.
Watson, J. E. M., Shanahan, D. F., Di Marco, M., Allan, J., Laurance, W. F., Sanderson, E. W., Mackey, B. & Venter, O. (2016). Catastrophic declines in wilderness areas undermine global environment targets. Current Biology 26, 2929-2934.
*Way, J. M. (1977). Roadside verges and conservation in Britain: a review. Biological Conservation 12, 65-74.
Weiland, U. & Richter, M. (2011). Urban ecology - brief history and present challenges. In Applied Urban Ecology: A Global Framework (eds M. Richter and U. Weiland), pp. 1-11. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., Blomberg, N., Boiten, J.-W., da Silva Santos, L. B., Bourne, P. E., Bouwman, J., Brookes, A. J., Clark, T., Crosas, M., Dillo, I., et al. (2016). The FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data 3, 1-9.
Williams, N. S., Lundholm, J. & Scott MacIvor, J. (2014). Do green roofs help urban biodiversity conservation? Journal of Applied Ecology 51, 1643-1649.
Winchell, K. M., Battles, A. C. & Moore, T. Y. (2020). Terrestrial locomotor evolution in urban environments. In Urban Evolutionary Biology, pp. 197-216. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
*Wittig, R. & Durwen, K. J. (1981). Das ökologische Zeigerwertspektrum der spontanen Flora von Großstädten im Vergleich zum Spektrum ihres Umlandes. Natur und Landschaft 56, 12-16.
Wolf, J. M., Jeschke, J. M., Voigt, C. C. & Itescu, Y. (2022). Urban affinity and its associated traits: a global analysis of bats. Global Change Biology 28, 5667-5682.
Wolfram, M., Frantzeskaki, N. & Maschmeyer, S. (2016). Cities, systems and sustainability: status and perspectives of research on urban transformations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 22, 18-25.
Wright, J. D., Burt, M. S. & Jackson, V. L. (2012). Influences of an urban environment on home range and body mass of Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana). Northeastern Naturalist 19, 77-86.
Wu, J. (2014). Urban ecology and sustainability: the state-of-the-science and future directions. Landscape and Urban Planning 125, 209-221.
Young, R. F. & Wolf, S. A. (2006). Goal attainment in urban ecology research: a bibliometric review 1975-2004. Urban Ecosystems 9, 179-193.
*Zacharias, F. (1972). Blühphaseneintritt an Straßenbäumen (insbesondere Tilia × euchlora Koch) und Temperaturverteilung in Westberlin. Doctoral dissertation: Freie Universität Berlin.

Auteurs

Sophie Lokatis (S)

Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany.
Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.

Jonathan M Jeschke (JM)

Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany.
Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany.

Maud Bernard-Verdier (M)

Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany.
Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany.

Sascha Buchholz (S)

Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, Münster, 48149, Germany.

Hans-Peter Grossart (HP)

Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany.
Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Maulbeerallee 2, Potsdam, 14469, Germany.

Frank Havemann (F)

Institut für Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Dorotheenstraße 26, Berlin, 10117, Germany.

Franz Hölker (F)

Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany.
Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany.

Yuval Itescu (Y)

Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany.
Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany.

Ingo Kowarik (I)

Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Rothenburgstr. 12, Berlin, 12165, Germany.

Stephanie Kramer-Schadt (S)

Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Rothenburgstr. 12, Berlin, 12165, Germany.
Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, Berlin, 10315, Germany.

Daniel Mietchen (D)

Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany.
Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Gothenburg, Sweden.

Camille L Musseau (CL)

Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany.
Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany.

Aimara Planillo (A)

Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, Berlin, 10315, Germany.

Conrad Schittko (C)

Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Rothenburgstr. 12, Berlin, 12165, Germany.

Tanja M Straka (TM)

Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Rothenburgstr. 12, Berlin, 12165, Germany.

Tina Heger (T)

Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany.
Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
Technical University of Munich, Restoration Ecology, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, Freising, 85350, Germany.

Articles similaires

Animals Natural Killer T-Cells Mice Adipose Tissue Lipid Metabolism
Lakes Salinity Archaea Bacteria Microbiota
Rivers Turkey Biodiversity Environmental Monitoring Animals
1.00
Iran Environmental Monitoring Seasons Ecosystem Forests

Classifications MeSH