Application of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles in drug delivery.

Exosomes are one type of extracellular vesicles with size ranging from 30 to 150 nm, which are involved in intercellular communication by transporting specific proteins, nucleic acids, and low molecular weight metabolites. The size and competence of exosomes to transfer biological materials to recipient cells have made them suitable for biomedical use. Therefore, exosomes have been studied as drug delivery systems for various diseases due to low immunogenicity, preferred tumor homing, innate and acquired targetability, and stability. They are secreted by almost all cells from multivesicular endosomes and retrieved in all body fluids including bile, saliva, blood, lymph, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, milk, and