Prediction of underlying atrial fibrillation in patients with a cryptogenic stroke: results from the NOR-FIB Study.
Atrial fibrillation
Biomarkers
Cryptogenic stroke
ICM
Prediction scores
Predictors
Journal
Journal of neurology
ISSN: 1432-1459
Titre abrégé: J Neurol
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 0423161
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Aug 2023
Aug 2023
Historique:
received:
04
03
2023
accepted:
19
03
2023
medline:
17
7
2023
pubmed:
10
5
2023
entrez:
10
5
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Atrial fibrillation (AF) detection and treatment are key elements to reduce recurrence risk in cryptogenic stroke (CS) with underlying arrhythmia. The purpose of the present study was to assess the predictors of AF in CS and the utility of existing AF-predicting scores in The Nordic Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke (NOR-FIB) Study. The NOR-FIB study was an international prospective observational multicenter study designed to detect and quantify AF in CS and cryptogenic transient ischaemic attack (TIA) patients monitored by the insertable cardiac monitor (ICM), and to identify AF-predicting biomarkers. The utility of the following AF-predicting scores was tested: AS5F, Brown ESUS-AF, CHA In univariate analyses increasing age, hypertension, left ventricle hypertrophy, dyslipidaemia, antiarrhythmic drugs usage, valvular heart disease, and neuroimaging findings of stroke due to intracranial vessel occlusions and previous ischemic lesions were associated with a higher likelihood of detected AF. In multivariate analysis, age was the only independent predictor of AF. All the AF-predicting scores showed significantly higher score levels for AF than non-AF patients. The STAF and the SURF scores provided the highest sensitivity and negative predictive values, while the AS5F and SURF reached an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) > 0.7. Clinical risk scores may guide a personalized evaluation approach in CS patients. Increasing awareness of the usage of available AF-predicting scores may optimize the arrhythmia detection pathway in stroke units.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Atrial fibrillation (AF) detection and treatment are key elements to reduce recurrence risk in cryptogenic stroke (CS) with underlying arrhythmia. The purpose of the present study was to assess the predictors of AF in CS and the utility of existing AF-predicting scores in The Nordic Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke (NOR-FIB) Study.
METHOD
METHODS
The NOR-FIB study was an international prospective observational multicenter study designed to detect and quantify AF in CS and cryptogenic transient ischaemic attack (TIA) patients monitored by the insertable cardiac monitor (ICM), and to identify AF-predicting biomarkers. The utility of the following AF-predicting scores was tested: AS5F, Brown ESUS-AF, CHA
RESULTS
RESULTS
In univariate analyses increasing age, hypertension, left ventricle hypertrophy, dyslipidaemia, antiarrhythmic drugs usage, valvular heart disease, and neuroimaging findings of stroke due to intracranial vessel occlusions and previous ischemic lesions were associated with a higher likelihood of detected AF. In multivariate analysis, age was the only independent predictor of AF. All the AF-predicting scores showed significantly higher score levels for AF than non-AF patients. The STAF and the SURF scores provided the highest sensitivity and negative predictive values, while the AS5F and SURF reached an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) > 0.7.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
Clinical risk scores may guide a personalized evaluation approach in CS patients. Increasing awareness of the usage of available AF-predicting scores may optimize the arrhythmia detection pathway in stroke units.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37162578
doi: 10.1007/s00415-023-11680-8
pii: 10.1007/s00415-023-11680-8
pmc: PMC10344988
doi:
Types de publication
Observational Study
Multicenter Study
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
4049-4059Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s).
Références
Yaghi S, Bernstein RA, Passman R, Okin PM, Furie KL (2017) Cryptogenic stroke: research and practice. Circ Res 120(3):527–540. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308447
doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308447
pubmed: 28154102
Tsivgoulis G, Triantafyllou S, Palaiodimou L, Grory BM, Deftereos S, Köhrmann M, Dilaveris P, Ricci B, Tsioufis K, Cutting S, Magiorkinis G, Krogias C, Schellinger PD, Dardiotis E, Rodriguez-Campello A, Cuadrado-Godia E, Aguiar de Sousa D, Sharma M, Gladstone DJ, Sanna T, Wachter R, Furie KL, Alexandrov AV, Yaghi S, Katsanos AH (2022) Prolonged cardiac monitoring and stroke recurrence: a meta-analysis. Neurology 98(19):e1942–e1952. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000200227
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200227
pubmed: 35264426
Sposato LA, Andrade J (2022) Prolonged cardiac monitoring for atrial fibrillation detection after stroke: in search of the elusive sweet spot. Neurology 98(19):781–783. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000200333
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200333
pubmed: 35264425
Lu Y, Diao SS, Huang SJ, Zhao JJ, Ye MF, Yao FR, Kong Y, Xu Z (2021) Insertable cardiac monitors for detection of atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke: a meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 42(10):4139–4148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05104-6
doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05104-6
pubmed: 33528671
Cuadrado-Godia E, Benito B, Ois A, Vallès E, Rodríguez-Campello A, Giralt-Steinhauer E, Cabrera S, Alcalde O, Jiménez-López J, Jiménez-Conde J, Martí-Almor J, Roquer J (2020) Ultra-early continuous cardiac monitoring improves atrial fibrillation detection and prognosis of patients with cryptogenic stroke. Eur J Neurol 27(2):244–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14061
doi: 10.1111/ene.14061
pubmed: 31424609
Rubiera M, Aires A, Antonenko K, Lémeret S, Nolte CH, Putaala J, Schnabel RB, Tuladhar AM, Werring DJ, Zeraatkar D, Paciaroni M (2022) European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guideline on screening for subclinical atrial fibrillation after stroke or transient ischaemic attack of undetermined origin. Eur Stroke J 7(3):VI. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873221099478
doi: 10.1177/23969873221099478
pubmed: 36082257
pmcid: 9446336
Cameron A, Cheng HK, Lee RP, Doherty D, Hall M, Khashayar P, Lip GYH, Quinn T, Abdul-Rahim A, Dawson J (2021) Biomarkers for atrial fibrillation detection after stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 97(18):e1775–e1789. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000012769
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012769
pubmed: 34504030
Ratajczak-Tretel B, Lambert AT, Johansen H, Halvorsen B, Bjerkeli V, Russell D, Sandset EC, Ihle-Hansen H, Eriksen E, Næss H, Novotny V, Khanevski AN, Truelsen TC, Idicula T, Ægidius KL, Tobro H, Krogseth SB, Ihle-Hansen H, Hagberg G, Kruuse C, Arntzen K, Bakkejord GK, Villseth M, Nakstad I, Eldøen G, Shafiq R, Gulsvik A, Kurz M, Rezai M, Sømark J, Tingvoll SH, Jonassen C, Ingebrigtsen S, Steffensen LH, Kremer C, Atar D, Aamodt AH (2019) Atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke and transient ischaemic attack—the Nordic Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke (NOR-FIB) Study: Rationale and design. Eur Stroke J 4(2):172–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/2396987319837089
doi: 10.1177/2396987319837089
pubmed: 31259265
pmcid: 6591764
Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, Picard MH, Roman MJ, Seward J, Shanewise J, Solomon S, Spencer KT, Sutton M, Stewart W, American Society of Echocardiography’s Nomenclature and Standards Committee; Task Force on Chamber Quantification; American College of Cardiology Echocardiography Committee; American Heart Association; European Association of Echocardiography, European Society of Cardiology. Recommendations for chamber quantification (2006) Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J Echocardiogr 7(2):79–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euje.2005.12.014
doi: 10.1016/j.euje.2005.12.014
pubmed: 16458610
Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Goldstein SA, Kuznetsova T, Lancellotti P, Muraru D, Picard MH, Rietzschel ER, Rudski L, Spencer KT, Tsang W, Voigt JU (2015) Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 28(1):1-39.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003
doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003
pubmed: 25559473
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Falk V, González-Juanatey JR, Harjola VP, Jankowska EA, Jessup M, Linde C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Parissis JT, Pieske B, Riley JP, Rosano GMC, Ruilope LM, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH, van der Meer P, ESC Scientific Document Group (2016) 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 37(27):2129–2200. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128
pubmed: 27206819
Tomson TT, Passman R (2015) The Reveal LINQ insertable cardiac monitor. Expert Rev Med Devices 12(1):7–18. https://doi.org/10.1586/17434440.2014.953059
doi: 10.1586/17434440.2014.953059
pubmed: 25154970
Ratajczak-Tretel B, Tancin Lambert A, Al-Ani R, Arntzen K, Bakkejord GK, Bekkeseth HMO, Bjerkeli V, Eldøen G, Gulsvik A, Halvorsen B, Høie GA, Ihle-Hansen H, Ihle-Hansen H, Ingebrigtsen S, Johansen H, Kremer C, Krogseth SB, Kruuse C, Kurz M, Nakstad I, Novotny V, Naess H, Qazi R, Rezai MK, Rørholt DM, Steffensen LH, Sømark J, Tobro H, Truelsen TC, Wassvik L, Ægidius KL, Atar D, Aamodt AH, NOR-FIB study Group (2022) Atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke and TIA patients in The Nordic Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Study (NOR-FIB) Study: main results. Eur Stroke J. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873221123122
doi: 10.1177/23969873221123122
pubmed: 37021182
pmcid: 10069172
Tancin Lambert A, Ratajczak-Tretel B, Al-Ani R, Arntzen K, Bakkejord GK, Bekkeseth HMO, Bjerkeli V, Eldøen G, Gulsvik AK, Halvorsen B, Høie GA, Ihle-Hansen H, Ihle-Hansen H, Ingebrigtsen S, Johansen H, Kremer C, Krogseth SB, Kruuse C, Kurz M, Nakstad I, Novotny V, Naess H, Qazi R, Rezai MK, Rørholt DM, Steffensen LH, Sømark J, Tobro H, Truelsen TC, Wassvik L, Ægidius KL, Pesonen M, de Melis M, Atar D, Aamodt AH, NOR-FIB study Group (2023) Biomarkers predictive of atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Insights from The Nordic Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke (NOR-FIB) Study. Eur J Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15746
doi: 10.1111/ene.15746
pubmed: 36786305
Uphaus T, Weber-Krüger M, Grond M, Toenges G, Jahn-Eimermacher A, Jauss M, Kirchhof P, Wachter R, Gröschel K (2019) Development and validation of a score to detect paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after stroke. Neurology 92(2):e115–e124. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006727
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006727
pubmed: 30530796
Ricci B, Chang AD, Hemendinger M, Dakay K, Cutting S, Burton T, Mac Grory B, Narwal P, Song C, Chu A, Mehanna E, McTaggart R, Jayaraman M, Furie K, Yaghi S (2018) A simple score that predicts paroxysmal atrial fibrillation on outpatient cardiac monitoring after embolic stroke of unknown source. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 27(6):1692–1696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.01.028
doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.01.028
pubmed: 29501269
Liu R, Yang X, Li S, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y (2018) Modified CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores to predict atrial fibrillation in acute ischemic stroke patients. J Clin Neurosci 51:35–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2018.02.016
doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.02.016
pubmed: 29483010
Hsieh CY, Lee CH, Sung SF (2020) Development of a novel score to predict newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation after ischemic stroke: the CHASE-LESS score. Atherosclerosis 295:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.01.003
doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.01.003
pubmed: 31972497
Tischer TS, Schneider R, Lauschke J, Diedrich D, Kundt G, Bänsch D (2015) Prevalence of atrial fibrillation and the HATCH score: Intensified monitoring of patients with high HATCH score. Herz 40(5):803–808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-015-4305-4
doi: 10.1007/s00059-015-4305-4
pubmed: 25939435
Hsieh CY, Lee CH, Wu DP, Sung SF (2018) Prediction of new-onset atrial fibrillation after first-ever ischemic stroke: a comparison of CHADS
doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.03.024
pubmed: 29571030
Kwong C, Ling AY, Crawford MH, Zhao SX, Shah NH (2017) A clinical score for predicting atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Cardiology 138(3):133–140. https://doi.org/10.1159/000476030
doi: 10.1159/000476030
pubmed: 28654919
Zhao SX, Ziegler PD, Crawford MH, Kwong C, Koehler JL, Passman RS (2019) Evaluation of a clinical score for predicting atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke patients with insertable cardiac monitors: results from the CRYSTAL AF study. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 11(12):1756286419842698. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756286419842698
doi: 10.1177/1756286419842698
Suissa L, Bertora D, Lachaud S, Mahagne MH (2009) Score for the targeting of atrial fibrillation (STAF): a new approach to the detection of atrial fibrillation in the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke. Stroke 40(8):2866–2868. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.552679
doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.552679
pubmed: 19461041
Suissa L, Bertora D, Kalle R, Bruno C, Romero G, Mahagne MH (2019) SURF (stroke with underlying risk of atrial fibrillation): proposals for a definition. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 182:43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.04.028
doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.04.028
pubmed: 31078954
Dilaveris PE, Antoniou CK, Caiani EG, Casado-Arroyo R, Climent AΜ, Cluitmans M, Cowie MR, Doehner W, Guerra F, Jensen MT, Kalarus Z, Locati ET, Platonov P, Simova I, Schnabel RB, Schuuring M, Tsivgoulis G, Lumens J (2022) ESC Working Group on e-Cardiology Position Paper: accuracy and reliability of electrocardiogram monitoring in the detection of atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke patients : In collaboration with the Council on Stroke, the European Heart Rhythm Association, and the Digital Health Committee. Eur Heart J Digit Health 3(3):341–358. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjdh/ztac026 . (PMID:36712155;PMCID:PMC9707962)
doi: 10.1093/ehjdh/ztac026
pubmed: 36712155
pmcid: 9707962
Suissa L, Mahagne MH, Lachaud S (2011) Score for the targeting of atrial fibrillation: a new approach to diagnosing paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Cerebrovasc Dis 31(5):442–447. https://doi.org/10.1159/000323852
doi: 10.1159/000323852
pubmed: 21346349
Hsieh CY, Kao HM, Sung KL, Sposato LA, Sung SF, Lin SJ (2022) Validation of risk scores for predicting atrial fibrillation detected after stroke based on an electronic medical record algorithm: a registry-claims-electronic medical record linked data study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 9:888240. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.888240
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.888240
pubmed: 35571191
pmcid: 9098928
Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, Cockroft KM, Gutierrez J, Lombardi-Hill D, Kamel H, Kernan WN, Kittner SJ, Leira EC, Lennon O, Meschia JF, Nguyen TN, Pollak PM, Santangeli P, Sharrief AZ, Smith SC Jr, Turan TN, Williams LS (2021) 2021 Guideline for the Prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 52(7):e364–e467. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000375 . (Epub 2021 May 24. Erratum in: Stroke. 2021 Jul;52(7):e483-e484)
doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000375
pubmed: 34024117
Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, Arbelo E, Bax JJ, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Boriani G, Castella M, Dan GA, Dilaveris PE, Fauchier L, Filippatos G, Kalman JM, La Meir M, Lane DA, Lebeau JP, Lettino M, Lip GYH, Pinto FJ, Thomas GN, Valgimigli M, Van Gelder IC, Van Putte BP, Watkins CL, ESC Scientific Document Group (2021) 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 42(5):373–498. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612
pubmed: 32860505
Delgado V, Di Biase L, Leung M, Romero J, Tops LF, Casadei B, Marrouche N, Bax JJ (2017) Structure and function of the left atrium and left atrial appendage: AF and stroke implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 70(25):3157–3172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.063
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.063
pubmed: 29268928
Blum S, Meyre P, Aeschbacher S, Berger S, Auberson C, Briel M, Osswald S, Conen D (2019) Incidence and predictors of atrial fibrillation progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Rhythm 16(4):502–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.10.022
doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.10.022
pubmed: 30366160
Kato Y, Takahashi S (2022) Atrial cardiopathy and cryptogenic stroke. Front Neurol 13:839398. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.839398
doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.839398
pubmed: 35273560
pmcid: 8901724
Sharobeam A, Churilov L, Parsons M, Donnan GA, Davis SM, Yan B (2020) Patterns of infarction on MRI in patients with acute ischemic stroke and cardio-embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 11:606521. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.606521
doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.606521
pubmed: 33363511
pmcid: 7753023
German DM, Kabir MM, Dewland TA et al (2016) Atrial fibrillation predictors: importance of the electrocardiogram. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 21(1):20–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/anec
doi: 10.1111/anec
pubmed: 26523405
Guichard JB, Guasch E, Roche F, Da Costa A, Mont L (2022) Premature atrial contractions: a predictor of atrial fibrillation and a relevant marker of atrial cardiomyopathy. Front Physiol 13:971691. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.971691
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.971691
pubmed: 36353376
pmcid: 9638131
Ma J, Chen Q, Ma S (2021) Left atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation: mechanisms, clinical evaluation and management. J Cell Mol Med 25(6):2764–2775. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.16350
doi: 10.1111/jcmm.16350
pubmed: 33576189
pmcid: 7957273
Suwa Y, Miyasaka Y, Taniguchi N, Harada S, Nakai E, Shiojima I (2022) Atrial fibrillation and stroke: importance of left atrium as assessed by echocardiography. J Echocardiogr 20(2):69–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12574-021-00561-6
doi: 10.1007/s12574-021-00561-6
pubmed: 35066798
Fonseca AC, Coelho P (2021) Update on biomarkers associated to cardioembolic stroke: a narrative review. Life (Basel) 11(5):448. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11050448
doi: 10.3390/life11050448
pubmed: 34067554
Harpaz D, Bajpai R, Ng GJL, Soljak M, Marks RS, Cheung C, Arumugam TV, Quek AML, Tok AIY, Seet RCS (2021) Blood biomarkers to detect new-onset atrial fibrillation and cardioembolism in ischemic stroke patients. Heart Rhythm 18(6):855–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.01.032
doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.01.032
pubmed: 33561586
Zhang K, Kamtchum-Tatuene J, Li M, Jickling GC (2021) Cardiac natriuretic peptides for diagnosis of covert atrial fibrillation after acute ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Stroke Vasc Neurol 6(1):128–132. https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2020-000440
doi: 10.1136/svn-2020-000440
pubmed: 33004611
Kishore AK, Hossain MJ, Cameron A, Dawson J, Vail A, Smith CJ (2022) Use of risk scores for predicting new atrial fibrillation after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack—a systematic review. Int J Stroke 17(6):608–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/17474930211045880
doi: 10.1177/17474930211045880
pubmed: 34551649
Kneihsl M, Bisping E, Scherr D, Mangge H, Fandler-Höfler S, Colonna I, Haidegger M, Eppinger S, Hofer E, Fazekas F, Enzinger C, Gattringer T (2022) Predicting atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke via a clinical risk score-a prospective observational study. Eur J Neurol 29(1):149–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15102
doi: 10.1111/ene.15102
pubmed: 34519135
Dzeshka MS, Shantsila A, Shantsila E, Lip GYH (2017) Atrial fibrillation and hypertension. Hypertension 70(5):854–861. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.08934
doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.08934
pubmed: 28893897
Bugnicourt JM, Flament M, Guillaumont MP, Chillon JM, Leclercq C, Canaple S, Lamy C, Godefroy O (2013) Predictors of newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke: a cohort study. Eur J Neurol 20(10):1352–1359. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.12017
doi: 10.1111/ene.12017
pubmed: 23121252
Ntaios G, Perlepe K, Lambrou D, Sirimarco G, Strambo D, Eskandari A, Karagkiozi E, Vemmou A, Korompoki E, Manios E, Makaritsis K, Vemmos K, Michel P (2021) Identification of patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source and low risk of new incident atrial fibrillation: the AF-ESUS score. Int J Stroke 16(1):29–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493020925281
doi: 10.1177/1747493020925281
pubmed: 32423317
Muscari A, Barone P, Faccioli L, Ghinelli M, Pastore Trossello M, Puddu GM, Spinardi L, Zoli M (2020) Usefulness of the ACTEL score to predict atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Cardiology 145(3):168–177. https://doi.org/10.1159/000505262
doi: 10.1159/000505262
pubmed: 31991416
Liu LB, Guo YD, Xu AD, Zhong JX, Zhuo WY (2018) Diagnostic value of STAF score in combination with D-dimer in cardioembolism. PLoS ONE 13(10):e0204838. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204838
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204838
pubmed: 30273382
pmcid: 6166956
Skrebelyte-Strøm L, Rønning OM, Dahl FA, Steine K, Kjekshus H (2022) Prediction of occult atrial fibrillation in patients after cryptogenic stroke and transient ischaemic attack: PROACTIA. Europace 24(12):1881–1888. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euac092
doi: 10.1093/europace/euac092
pubmed: 35819199
pmcid: 9733955
Ay H, Furie KL, Singhal A, Smith WS, Sorensen AG, Koroshetz WJ (2005) An evidence-based causative classification system for acute ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 58(5):688–697. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20617
doi: 10.1002/ana.20617
pubmed: 16240340
Bersano A, Kraemer M, Burlina A, Mancuso M, Finsterer J, Sacco S, Salvarani C, Caputi L, Chabriat H, Oberstein SL, Federico A, Lasserve ET, Hunt D, Dichgans M, Arnold M, Debette S, Markus HS (2021) Heritable and non-heritable uncommon causes of stroke. J Neurol 268(8):2780–2807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09836-x
doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09836-x
pubmed: 32318851