Intestinal Damage, Inflammation and Microbiota Alteration during COVID-19 Infection.
ACE2
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
intestinal damages
microbiota
Journal
Biomedicines
ISSN: 2227-9059
Titre abrégé: Biomedicines
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101691304
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
27 Mar 2023
27 Mar 2023
Historique:
received:
19
02
2023
revised:
20
03
2023
accepted:
22
03
2023
medline:
16
5
2023
pubmed:
16
5
2023
entrez:
16
5
2023
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The virus SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for respiratory disorders due to the fact that it mainly infects the respiratory tract using the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. ACE2 receptors are also highly expressed on intestinal cells, representing an important site of entry for the virus in the gut. Literature studies underlined that the virus infects and replicates in the gut epithelial cells, causing gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting and anorexia. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 virus settles into the bloodstream, hyperactivating the platelets and cytokine storms and causing gut-blood barrier damage with an alteration of the gut microbiota, intestinal cell injury, intestinal vessel thrombosis leading to malabsorption, malnutrition, an increasing disease severity and mortality with short and long-period sequelae. This review summarizes the data on how SARS-CoV-2 effects on the gastrointestinal systems, including the mechanisms of inflammation, relationship with the gut microbiota, endoscopic patterns, and the role of fecal calprotectin, confirming the importance of the digestive system in clinical practice for the diagnosis and follow-up of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
The virus SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for respiratory disorders due to the fact that it mainly infects the respiratory tract using the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. ACE2 receptors are also highly expressed on intestinal cells, representing an important site of entry for the virus in the gut. Literature studies underlined that the virus infects and replicates in the gut epithelial cells, causing gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting and anorexia. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 virus settles into the bloodstream, hyperactivating the platelets and cytokine storms and causing gut-blood barrier damage with an alteration of the gut microbiota, intestinal cell injury, intestinal vessel thrombosis leading to malabsorption, malnutrition, an increasing disease severity and mortality with short and long-period sequelae.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
This review summarizes the data on how SARS-CoV-2 effects on the gastrointestinal systems, including the mechanisms of inflammation, relationship with the gut microbiota, endoscopic patterns, and the role of fecal calprotectin, confirming the importance of the digestive system in clinical practice for the diagnosis and follow-up of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37189632
pii: biomedicines11041014
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11041014
pmc: PMC10135602
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Références
Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020 May;47(5):1275-1280
pubmed: 32107577
Biomed Pharmacother. 2021 Jan;133:111064
pubmed: 33378966
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Jul;19(7):1355-1365.e4
pubmed: 33010411
N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 2;383(1):85-88
pubmed: 32348641
Hum Pathol. 2023 Feb;132:39-55
pubmed: 35843340
Gut Microbes. 2022 Jan-Dec;14(1):2018899
pubmed: 35014600
Gastroenterology. 2021 Feb;160(3):809-822.e7
pubmed: 33160965
J Clin Invest. 2020 May 1;130(5):2620-2629
pubmed: 32217835
J Clin Med. 2021 Sep 30;10(19):
pubmed: 34640553
JAMA. 2020 Nov 10;324(18):1899-1901
pubmed: 32970139
Pediatrics. 2016 Jul;138(1):
pubmed: 27354456
Clin Endosc. 2021 Jul;54(4):522-525
pubmed: 33657784
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2021 May;26(3):244-252
pubmed: 33231487
Endoscopy. 2021 Feb;53(2):171-172
pubmed: 33503667
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Jul;18(8):1753-1759.e2
pubmed: 32311512
Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Jun;5(6):525-527
pubmed: 32311321
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Apr;18(4):269-283
pubmed: 33589829
FEBS Lett. 2002 Dec 4;532(1-2):107-10
pubmed: 12459472
J Med Virol. 2022 Jan;94(1):246-252
pubmed: 34460118
Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Nov;15(11):1281-1294
pubmed: 34654347
J Infect Dis. 2012 Dec 15;206(12):1872-7
pubmed: 23033148
World J Gastroenterol. 2022 Dec 7;28(45):6328-6344
pubmed: 36533107
Med. 2022 Jun 10;3(6):371-387.e9
pubmed: 35434682
Annu Rev Virol. 2016 Sep 29;3(1):237-261
pubmed: 27578435
Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2020 Jul 24;48(7):539-545
pubmed: 32159318
PLoS One. 2021 Jun 23;16(6):e0253293
pubmed: 34161373
Inflammopharmacology. 2023 Feb;31(1):171-206
pubmed: 36600055
Gastroenterology. 2021 Jun;160(7):2621-2622
pubmed: 32553760
J Crohns Colitis. 2020 Sep 16;14(9):1334-1336
pubmed: 32215548
Microorganisms. 2019 Jan 10;7(1):
pubmed: 30634578
Gut. 2020 Jun;69(6):1002-1009
pubmed: 32213556
Br J Nutr. 2014 Jul 14;112(1):41-54
pubmed: 24780623
Front Immunol. 2021 Feb 24;12:635471
pubmed: 33717181
World J Gastroenterol. 2021 Jun 21;27(23):3303-3316
pubmed: 34163113
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020 May 12;26(6):797-808
pubmed: 32333601
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Sep;18(10):2375-2377
pubmed: 32480008
Gut. 2020 May;69(5):841-851
pubmed: 31409604
Gastroenterology. 2021 Jun;160(7):2435-2450.e34
pubmed: 33676971
Nutrients. 2022 Jan 10;14(2):
pubmed: 35057455
Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):2875-2884
pubmed: 36369765
Virus Res. 2020 Aug;285:198018
pubmed: 32430279
Gastroenterology. 2020 Jul;159(1):81-95
pubmed: 32251668
Gastroenterology. 2022 Aug;163(2):495-506.e8
pubmed: 35508284
J Clin Med. 2022 Jun 28;11(13):
pubmed: 35807040
Biomed Pharmacother. 2021 Nov;143:112108
pubmed: 34560539
Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021 Jan;28(1):865-869
pubmed: 33424377
Gastroenterology. 2020 Aug;159(2):481-491.e3
pubmed: 32425234
Sci Rep. 2016 Dec 16;6:35598
pubmed: 27982031
Dig Liver Dis. 2020 Nov;52(11):1231-1233
pubmed: 33060042
Autoimmun Rev. 2021 Aug;20(8):102865
pubmed: 34118455
Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 Feb 1;116(2):306-310
pubmed: 33009054
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2021 May;72(3):293-299
pubmed: 32787470
World J Gastroenterol. 2022 Dec 21;28(47):6689-6701
pubmed: 36620345
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 May 21;526(1):135-140
pubmed: 32199615
Cell Mol Immunol. 2020 Jun;17(6):613-620
pubmed: 32203189
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021 May;40(5):905-919
pubmed: 33389262
BMC Gastroenterol. 2021 May 7;21(1):205
pubmed: 33962582
Biomed Res Int. 2019 Apr 23;2019:3950628
pubmed: 31179321
Front Immunol. 2021 Sep 07;12:636966
pubmed: 34557180
Heart. 2020 Oct;106(19):1503-1511
pubmed: 32737124
Mayo Clin Proc. 2020 Jun;95(6):1222-1230
pubmed: 32376099
Front Med. 2022 Apr;16(2):263-275
pubmed: 35258762
J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 15;10(4):
pubmed: 33672040
Am J Transl Res. 2021 Oct 15;13(10):10977-10993
pubmed: 34786037
Gastroenterology. 2020 Jul;159(1):350-357
pubmed: 32283100
Cell. 2016 Dec 15;167(7):1897
pubmed: 27984736
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017 Jan;15(1):55-63
pubmed: 27694885
BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2021 Feb;8(1):
pubmed: 33627313
Thorax. 2011 Feb;66(2):151-6
pubmed: 21163807
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020 May;51(9):843-851
pubmed: 32222988
Am J Gastroenterol. 2020 Oct;115(10):1707-1715
pubmed: 32852340
Gastroenterology. 2020 Sep;159(3):944-955.e8
pubmed: 32442562
World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Sep 14;22(34):7735-41
pubmed: 27678355
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Aug 15;23(16):
pubmed: 36012406
Gut. 2021 Apr;70(4):698-706
pubmed: 33431578
J Pathol. 2007 May;212(1):1-11
pubmed: 17464936
Cureus. 2022 Mar 20;14(3):e23333
pubmed: 35464519
Dig Endosc. 2021 May;33(4):577-586
pubmed: 32594570
Gastrointest Endosc. 2021 May;93(5):1060-1064.e1
pubmed: 33039400
Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):271-280.e8
pubmed: 32142651
Dokl Biochem Biophys. 2022 Oct;506(1):206-209
pubmed: 36303053
Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Aug 2;73(3):361-366
pubmed: 32638022
Sci Rep. 2021 Nov 9;11(1):22001
pubmed: 34753964
Trends Food Sci Technol. 2021 Feb;108:187-196
pubmed: 33519087
Am J Surg Pathol. 2022 Jan 1;46(1):89-96
pubmed: 34081038
Cell Microbiol. 2018 Dec;20(12):e12966
pubmed: 30329198
Biomed J. 2020 Aug;43(4):328-333
pubmed: 32387617
Mucosal Immunol. 2019 Jul;12(4):843-850
pubmed: 30976087
Front Med (Lausanne). 2020 Aug 28;7:562
pubmed: 32984389
Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Feb 18;8:640073
pubmed: 33681266
Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2021 May 21;2021:9920981
pubmed: 34094606
Biomed Pharmacother. 2022 Nov;155:113810
pubmed: 36271581
BMC Gastroenterol. 2022 Mar 7;22(1):106
pubmed: 35255816
Gastroenterology. 2020 May;158(6):1831-1833.e3
pubmed: 32142773
Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022 Oct;51:17-27
pubmed: 36184201