COVID-19 and liver injury: Pathophysiology, risk factors, outcome and management in special populations.
COVID-19
Chronic liver disease
Liver injury
Liver transplant
Management
SARS-CoV-2
Journal
World journal of hepatology
ISSN: 1948-5182
Titre abrégé: World J Hepatol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101532469
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
27 Apr 2023
27 Apr 2023
Historique:
received:
28
09
2022
revised:
05
02
2023
accepted:
20
03
2023
medline:
19
5
2023
pubmed:
19
5
2023
entrez:
19
5
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is an ongoing health concern. In addition to affecting the respiratory system, COVID-19 can potentially damage other systems in the body, leading to extra-pulmonary manifestations. Hepatic manifestations are among the common consequences of COVID-19. Although the precise mechanism of liver injury is still questionable, several mechanisms have been hypothesized, including direct viral effect, cytokine storm, hypoxic-ischemic injury, hypoxia-reperfusion injury, ferroptosis, and hepatotoxic medications. Risk factors of COVID-19-induced liver injury include severe COVID-19 infection, male gender, advanced age, obesity, and underlying diseases. The presentations of liver involvement comprise abnormalities in liver enzymes and radiologic findings, which can be utilized to predict the prognosis. Increased gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels with hypoalbuminemia can indicate severe liver injury and anticipate the need for intensive care units' hospitalization. In imaging, a lower liver-to-spleen ratio and liver computed tomography attenuation may indicate a more severe illness. Furthermore, chronic liver disease patients are at a higher risk for severe disease and death from COVID-19. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease had the highest risk of advanced COVID-19 disease and death, followed by metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and cirrhosis. In addition to COVID-19-induced liver injury, the pandemic has also altered the epidemiology and pattern of some hepatic diseases, such as alcoholic liver disease and hepatitis B. Therefore, it warrants special vigilance and awareness by healthcare professionals to screen and treat COVID-19-associated liver injury accordingly.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37206656
doi: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i4.441
pmc: PMC10190688
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Pagination
441-459Informations de copyright
©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
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