Hepatitis E Virus.
Biology
Classification
Genome
Sequence
Structure
Journal
Advances in experimental medicine and biology
ISSN: 0065-2598
Titre abrégé: Adv Exp Med Biol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0121103
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2023
2023
Historique:
medline:
26
5
2023
pubmed:
24
5
2023
entrez:
24
5
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Since the sequence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) was determined from a patient with enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in 1989, similar sequences have been isolated from many different animals, including pigs, wild boars, deer, rabbits, bats, rats, chicken, and trout. All of these sequences have the same genomic organization, which contains open reading frames (ORFs) 1, 2, and 3, although their genomic sequences are variable. Some have proposed that they be classified as new family, Hepeviridae, which would be further divided into different genera and species according to their sequence variability. The size of these virus particles generally ranged from 27 to 34 nm. However, HEV virions produced in cell culture differ in structure from the viruses found in feces. Those from cell culture have a lipid envelope and either lack or have a little ORF3, whereas the viruses isolated from feces lack a lipid envelope but have ORF3 on their surfaces. Surprisingly, most of the secreted ORF2 proteins from both these sources are not associated with HEV RNA.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37223855
doi: 10.1007/978-981-99-1304-6_1
doi:
Substances chimiques
Lipids
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1-13Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Références
Khuroo MS (1980) Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Possibility of another human hepatitis virus distinct from post-transfusion non-A, non-B type. Am J Med 68(6):818–824
pubmed: 6770682
doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(80)90200-4
Wong DC, Purcell RH, Sreenivasan MA, Prasad SR, Pavri KM (1980) Epidemic and endemic hepatitis in India: evidence for a non-A, non-B hepatitis virus aetiology. Lancet 2(8200):876–879
pubmed: 6107544
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92045-0
De Cock KM, Bradley DW, Sandford NL, Govindarajan S, Maynard JE, Redeker AG (1987) Epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis in patients from Pakistan. Ann Intern Med 106(2):227–230
pubmed: 3099621
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-106-2-227
Kane MA (1984) Epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis in Nepal. Recovery of a possible etiologic agent and transmission studies in marmosets. JAMA 252(22):3140–3145
pubmed: 6438353
doi: 10.1001/jama.1984.03350220046029
Myint H, Soe MM, Khin T, Myint TM, Tin KM (1985) A clinical and epidemiological study of an epidemic of non-A non-B hepatitis in Rangoon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34(6):1183–1189
doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.1183
Zhuang H (1991) [Advances in the research on non-A, non-B hepatitis in China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 12(6):377–379
Hussaini SH, Skidmore SJ, Richardson P, Sherratt LM, Cooper BT, O’Grady JG (1997) Severe hepatitis E infection during pregnancy. J Viral Hepat 4(1):51–54
pubmed: 9031065
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2893.1997.00123.x
Reyes GR, Purdy MA, Kim JP, Luk KC, Young LM, Fry KE et al (1990) Isolation of a cDNA from the virus responsible for enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science 247(4948):1335–1339
pubmed: 2107574
doi: 10.1126/science.2107574
Reyes GR, Yarbough PO, Tam AW, Purdy MA, Huang CC, Kim JS et al (1991) Hepatitis E virus (HEV): the novel agent responsible for enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. Gastroenterol Jpn 26(suppl 3):142–147
pubmed: 1909254
doi: 10.1007/BF02779285
Tam AW, Smith MM, Guerra ME, Huang CC, Bradley DW, Fry KE et al (1991) Hepatitis E virus (HEV): molecular cloning and sequencing of the full-length viral genome. Virology 185(1):120–131
pubmed: 1926770
doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90760-9
Huang CC, Nguyen D, Fernandez J, Yun KY, Fry KE, Bradley DW et al (1992) Molecular cloning and sequencing of the Mexico isolate of hepatitis E virus (HEV). Virology 191(2):550–558
pubmed: 1448913
doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90230-M
Bi SL, Purdy MA, McCaustland KA, Margolis HS, Bradley DW (1993) The sequence of hepatitis E virus isolated directly from a single source during an outbreak in China. Virus Res 28(3):233–247
pubmed: 8346669
doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(93)90024-H
Buisson Y, Grandadam M, Nicand E, Cheval P, van Cuyck-Gandre H, Innis B et al (2000) Identification of a novel hepatitis E virus in Nigeria. J Gen Virol 81(pt 4):903–909
pubmed: 10725415
doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-4-903
Chatterjee R, Tsarev S, Pillot J, Coursaget P, Emerson SU, Purcell RH (1997) African strains of hepatitis E virus that are distinct from Asian strains. J Med Virol 53(2):139–144
pubmed: 9334924
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199710)53:2<139::AID-JMV5>3.0.CO;2-A
Gouvea V, Snellings N, Popek MJ, Longer CF, Innis BL (1998) Hepatitis E virus: complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a Nepali isolate. Virus Res 57(1):21–26
pubmed: 9833882
doi: 10.1016/S0168-1702(98)00079-3
Meng J, Cong M, Dai X, Pillot J, Purdy MA, Fields HA et al (1999) Primary structure of open reading frame 2 and 3 of the hepatitis E virus isolated from Morocco. J Med Virol 57(2):126–133
pubmed: 9892396
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199902)57:2<126::AID-JMV7>3.0.CO;2-O
Tsarev SA, Binn LN, Gomatos PJ, Arthur RR, Monier MK, van Cuyck-Gandre H et al (1999) Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis E virus isolates from Egypt. J Med Virol 57(1):68–74
pubmed: 9890424
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199901)57:1<68::AID-JMV10>3.0.CO;2-E
Tsarev SA, Emerson SU, Reyes GR, Tsareva TS, Legters LJ, Malik IA et al (1992) Characterization of a prototype strain of hepatitis E virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89(2):559–563
pubmed: 1731327
pmcid: 48278
doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.2.559
van Cuyck-Gandre H, Zhang HY, Tsarev SA, Clements NJ, Cohen SJ, Caudill JD et al (1997) Characterization of hepatitis E virus (HEV) from Algeria and Chad by partial genome sequence. J Med Virol 53(4):340–347
pubmed: 9407381
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199712)53:4<340::AID-JMV5>3.0.CO;2-7
Schlauder GG, Dawson GJ, Erker JC, Kwo PY, Knigge MF, Smalley DL et al (1998) The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a novel hepatitis E virus isolated from a patient with acute hepatitis reported in the United States. J Gen Virol 79(pt 3):447–456
pubmed: 9519822
doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-79-3-447
Meng XJ, Purcell RH, Halbur PG, Lehman JR, Webb DM, Tsareva TS et al (1997) A novel virus in swine is closely related to the human hepatitis E virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:9860
pubmed: 9275216
pmcid: 23282
doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.18.9860
Wang Y, Ling R, Erker JC, Zhang H, Li H, Desai S et al (1999) A divergent genotype of hepatitis E virus in Chinese patients with acute hepatitis. J Gen Virol 80(pt 1):169–177
pubmed: 9934699
doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-1-169
Wang Y, Zhang H, Ling R, Li H, Harrison TJ (2000) The complete sequence of hepatitis E virus genotype 4 reveals an alternative strategy for translation of open reading frames 2 and 3. J Gen Virol 81(pt 7):1675–1686
pubmed: 10859372
Payne CJ, Ellis TM, Plant SL, Gregory AR, Wilcox GE (1999) Sequence data suggests big liver and spleen disease virus (BLSV) is genetically related to hepatitis E virus. Vet Microbiol 68(1–2):119–125
pubmed: 10501168
doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00067-X
Haqshenas G, Shivaprasad HL, Woolcock PR, Read DH, Meng XJ (2001) Genetic identification and characterization of a novel virus related to human hepatitis E virus from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in the United States. J Gen Virol 82(pt 10):2449–2462
pubmed: 11562538
doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-10-2449
Zhao C, Ma Z, Harrison TJ, Feng R, Zhang C, Qiao Z et al (2009) A novel genotype of hepatitis E virus prevalent among farmed rabbits in China. J Med Virol 81(8):1371–1379
pubmed: 19551838
doi: 10.1002/jmv.21536
Ma H, Zheng L, Liu Y, Zhao C, Harrison TJ, Ma Y et al (2010) Experimental infection of rabbits with rabbit and genotypes 1 and 4 hepatitis E viruses. PLoS One 5(2):e9160
pubmed: 20161794
pmcid: 2820092
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009160
Cossaboom CM, Cordoba L, Sanford BJ, Pineyro P, Kenney SP, Dryman BA et al (2012) Cross-species infection of pigs with a novel rabbit, but not rat, strain of hepatitis E virus isolated in the United States. J Gen Virol 93(pt 8):1687–1695
pubmed: 22535776
pmcid: 3541760
doi: 10.1099/vir.0.041509-0
Izopet J, Dubois M, Bertagnoli S, Lhomme S, Marchandeau S, Boucher S et al (2012) Hepatitis E virus strains in rabbits and evidence of a closely related strain in humans, France. Emerg Infect Dis 18(8):1274–1281
pmcid: 3414036
doi: 10.3201/eid1808.120057
Yugo DM, Meng XJ (2013) Hepatitis E virus: foodborne, waterborne and zoonotic transmission. Int J Environ Res Public Health 10(10):4507–4533
pubmed: 24071919
pmcid: 3823334
doi: 10.3390/ijerph10104507
Johne R, Plenge-Bonig A, Hess M, Ulrich RG, Reetz J, Schielke A (2010) Detection of a novel hepatitis E-like virus in faeces of wild rats using a nested broad-spectrum RT-PCR. J Gen Virol 91(pt 3):750–758
pubmed: 19889929
doi: 10.1099/vir.0.016584-0
Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Melegari I, Sarchese V, Robetto S, Marsilio F et al (2016) Detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in goats. Virus Res 225:69–72
pubmed: 27647265
doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.008
Huang F, Li Y, Yu W, Jing S, Wang J, Long F et al (2016) Excretion of infectious hepatitis E virus into milk in cows imposes high risks of zoonosis. Hepatology 64(2):350–359
pubmed: 27286751
doi: 10.1002/hep.28668
Li S, Liu M, Cong J, Zhou Y, Miao Z (2017) Detection and characterization of hepatitis E virus in goats at Slaughterhouse in Tai’an region, China. Biomed Res Int 2017:3723650
pubmed: 29379797
pmcid: 5742876
doi: 10.1155/2017/3723650
Yan B, Zhang L, Gong L, Lv J, Feng Y, Liu J et al (2016) Hepatitis E virus in yellow cattle, Shandong, Eastern China. Emerg Infect Dis 22(12):2211–2212
pubmed: 27869603
pmcid: 5189148
doi: 10.3201/eid2212.160641
Sato Y, Sato H, Naka K, Furuya S, Tsukiji H, Kitagawa K et al (2011) A nationwide survey of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in wild boars in Japan: identification of boar HEV strains of genotypes 3 and 4 and unrecognized genotypes. Arch Virol 156(8):1345–1358
pubmed: 21475985
doi: 10.1007/s00705-011-0988-x
Takahashi K, Kitajima N, Abe N, Mishiro S (2004) Complete or near-complete nucleotide sequences of hepatitis E virus genome recovered from a wild boar, a deer, and four patients who ate the deer. Virology 330(2):501–505
pubmed: 15567444
doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.10.006
Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Sato H, Sato Y, Jirintai, Nagashima S et al (2011) Analysis of the full-length genome of a hepatitis E virus isolate obtained from a wild boar in Japan that is classifiable into a novel genotype. J Gen Virol 92(pt 4):902–908
pubmed: 21228128
doi: 10.1099/vir.0.029470-0
Neumann S, Hackl SS, Piepenschneider M, Vina-Rodriguez A, Dremsek P, Ulrich RG et al (2016) Serologic and molecular survey of hepatitis E virus in German deer populations. J Wildl Dis 52(1):106–113
pubmed: 26528571
doi: 10.7589/2014-12-282
Thiry D, Mauroy A, Saegerman C, Licoppe A, Fett T, Thomas I et al (2017) Belgian wildlife as potential zoonotic reservoir of hepatitis E virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 64(3):764–773
pubmed: 26518619
doi: 10.1111/tbed.12435
Hammerschmidt F, Schwaiger K, Dahnert L, Vina-Rodriguez A, Hoper D, Gareis M et al (2017) Hepatitis E virus in wild rabbits and European brown hares in Germany. Zoonoses Public Health 64(8):612–622
pubmed: 28371421
doi: 10.1111/zph.12355
Batts W, Yun S, Hedrick R, Winton J (2011) A novel member of the family Hepeviridae from cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii). Virus Res 158(1-2):116–123
pubmed: 21458509
doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.03.019
Drexler JF, Seelen A, Corman VM, Fumie Tateno A, Cottontail V, Melim Zerbinati R et al (2012) Bats worldwide carry hepatitis E virus-related viruses that form a putative novel genus within the family Hepeviridae. J Virol 86(17):9134–9147
pubmed: 22696648
pmcid: 3416139
doi: 10.1128/JVI.00800-12
Raj VS, Smits SL, Pas SD, Provacia LB, Moorman-Roest H, Osterhaus AD et al (2012) Novel hepatitis E virus in ferrets, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 18(8):1369–1370
pubmed: 22840220
pmcid: 3414025
doi: 10.3201/eid1808.111659
Woo PC, Lau SK, Teng JL, Tsang AK, Joseph M, Wong EY et al (2014) New hepatitis E virus genotype in camels, the Middle East. Emerg Infect Dis 20(6):1044–1048
pubmed: 24856611
pmcid: 4036782
doi: 10.3201/eid2006.140140
Xi JN, Graham DY, Wang KN, Estes MK (1990) Norwalk virus genome cloning and characterization. Science 250(4987):1580–1583
pubmed: 2177224
doi: 10.1126/science.2177224
Green KY, Ando T, Balayan MS, Berke T, Clarke IN, Estes MK et al (2000) Taxonomy of the caliciviruses. J Infect Dis 181(suppl 2):S322–S330
pubmed: 10804145
doi: 10.1086/315591
Koonin EV, Gorbalenya AE, Purdy MA, Rozanov MN, Reyes GR, Bradley DW (1992) Computer-assisted assignment of functional domains in the nonstructural polyprotein of hepatitis E virus: delineation of an additional group of positive-strand RNA plant and animal viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89(17):8259–8263
pubmed: 1518855
pmcid: 49897
doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.17.8259
Emerson SU, Nguyen H, Graff J, Stephany DA, Brockington A, Purcell RH (2004) In vitro replication of hepatitis E virus (HEV) genomes and of an HEV replicon expressing green fluorescent protein. J Virol 78(9):4838–4846
pubmed: 15078965
pmcid: 387676
doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.9.4838-4846.2004
Smith DB, Simmonds P, Members of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses Study Group, Jameel S, Emerson SU, Harrison TJ et al (2014) Consensus proposals for classification of the family Hepeviridae. J Gen Virol 95(pt 10):2223–2232
pubmed: 24989172
pmcid: 4165930
doi: 10.1099/vir.0.068429-0
Purdy MA (2022) ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Hepeviridae 2022. J Gen Virol (In press)
Meng XJ (2010) Hepatitis E virus: animal reservoirs and zoonotic risk. Vet Microbiol 140(3-4):256–265
pubmed: 19361937
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.017
Pavio N, Meng XJ, Renou C (2010) Zoonotic hepatitis E: animal reservoirs and emerging risks. Vet Res 41(6):46
pubmed: 20359452
pmcid: 2865210
doi: 10.1051/vetres/2010018
Geng Y, Zhao C, Song A, Wang J, Zhang X, Harrison TJ et al (2011) The serological prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis E virus in farmed rabbits in China. Infect Genet Evol 11(2):476–482
pubmed: 21232633
doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.12.012
Geng Y, Zhang H, Li J, Huang W, Harrison TJ, Zhao C et al (2013) Comparison of hepatitis E virus genotypes from rabbits and pigs in the same geographic area: no evidence of natural cross-species transmission between the two animals. Infect Genet Evol 13:304–309
pubmed: 23183309
doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.11.006
Lu L, Li C, Hagedorn CH (2006) Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis. Rev Med Virol 16(1):5–36
pubmed: 16175650
doi: 10.1002/rmv.482
Smith JH, Schwedt TJ (2014) Consensus treatment of medication overuse headache in Latin America and Europe. Cephalalgia 34(9):643–644
pubmed: 24523430
doi: 10.1177/0333102414521512
Bradley DW, Purdy MA, Reyes GR (1991) Hepatitis E virus genome. Molecular features, expression of immunoreactive proteins and sequence divergence. J Hepatol 13 suppl 4:S152–S154
pubmed: 1822509
doi: 10.1016/0168-8278(91)90049-H
Reyes GR, Huang CC, Tam AW, Purdy MA (1993) Molecular organization and replication of hepatitis E virus (HEV). Arch Virol Suppl 7:15–25
pubmed: 8219799
doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9300-6_2
Graff J, Torian U, Nguyen H, Emerson SU (2006) A bicistronic subgenomic mRNA encodes both the ORF2 and ORF3 proteins of hepatitis E virus. J Virol 80(12):5919–5926
pubmed: 16731930
pmcid: 1472559
doi: 10.1128/JVI.00046-06
Huang YW, Opriessnig T, Halbur PG, Meng XJ (2007) Initiation at the third in-frame AUG codon of open reading frame 3 of the hepatitis E virus is essential for viral infectivity in vivo. J Virol 81(6):3018–3026
pubmed: 17202216
pmcid: 1866010
doi: 10.1128/JVI.02259-06
Ahola T, Karlin DG (2015) Sequence analysis reveals a conserved extension in the capping enzyme of the alphavirus supergroup, and a homologous domain in nodaviruses. Biol Direct 10:16
pubmed: 25886938
pmcid: 4392871
doi: 10.1186/s13062-015-0050-0
Nan Y, Zhang YJ (2016) Molecular biology and infection of hepatitis E virus. Front Microbiol 7:1419
pubmed: 27656178
pmcid: 5013053
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01419
Parvez MK (2013) Molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus ORF1 gene supports a papain-like cysteine protease (PCP)-domain activity. Virus Res 178(2):553–556
pubmed: 23978667
doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.07.020
Parvez MK (2017) The hepatitis E virus nonstructural polyprotein. Future Microbiol 12:915–924
pubmed: 28686042
doi: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0016
Dosztanyi Z, Chen J, Dunker AK, Simon I, Tompa P (2006) Disorder and sequence repeats in hub proteins and their implications for network evolution. J Proteome Res 5(11):2985–2995
pubmed: 17081050
doi: 10.1021/pr060171o
Kenney SP, Xiang-Jin M (2015) The lysine residues within the human ribosomal protein S17 sequence naturally inserted into the viral nonstructural protein of a unique strain of hepatitis E virus are important for enhanced virus replication. J Virol 89:3793
pubmed: 25609799
pmcid: 4403402
doi: 10.1128/JVI.03582-14
Ankavay M, Montpellier C, Sayed IM, Saliou JM, Wychowski C, Saas L et al (2019) New insights into the ORF2 capsid protein, a key player of the hepatitis E virus lifecycle. Sci Rep 9(1):6243
pubmed: 31000788
pmcid: 6472401
doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42737-2
Montpellier C, Wychowski C, Sayed IM, Meunier JC, Saliou JM, Ankavay M et al (2018) Hepatitis E virus lifecycle and identification of 3 forms of the ORF2 capsid protein. Gastroenterology 154(1):211–223.e218
pubmed: 28958858
doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.09.020
Yin X, Ying D, Lhomme S, Tang Z, Walker CM, Xia N et al (2018) Origin, antigenicity, and function of a secreted form of ORF2 in hepatitis E virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115(18):4773–4778
pubmed: 29669922
pmcid: 5939091
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1721345115
Shiota T, Li T-C, Yoshizaki S et al (2013) The hepatitis E virus capsid C-terminal region is essential for the viral life cycle: implication for viral genome encapsidation and particle stabilization. J Virol 87(10):6031
pubmed: 23468481
pmcid: 3648136
doi: 10.1128/JVI.00444-13
Nishiyama T, Umezawa K, Yamada K, Takahashi M, Kunita S, Mulyanto et al (2021) The capsid (ORF2) protein of hepatitis E virus in feces is C-terminally truncated. Pathogens 11(1):24
pubmed: 35055972
pmcid: 8779013
doi: 10.3390/pathogens11010024
Osterman A, Vizoso Pinto MG, Haase R, Nitschko H, Jager S, Sander M et al (2012) Systematic screening for novel, serologically reactive hepatitis E virus epitopes. Virol J 9:28
pubmed: 22269698
pmcid: 3274478
doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-9-28
Yang Y, Lin S, Nan Y, Ma Z, Yang L, Zhang Y (2016) A linear surface epitope in a proline-rich region of ORF3 product of genotype 1 hepatitis E virus. Viruses 8(8):227
pubmed: 27548202
pmcid: 4997589
doi: 10.3390/v8080227
Ahmad I, Holla RP, Jameel S (2011) Molecular virology of hepatitis E virus. Virus Res 161(1):47–58
pubmed: 21345356
doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.02.011
Holla RP, Ahmad I, Ahmad Z, Jameel S (2013) Molecular virology of hepatitis E virus. Semin Liver Dis 33(1):3–14
pubmed: 23564385
doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1338110
Kannan H, Fan S, Patel D, Bossis I, Zhang YJ (2009) The hepatitis E virus open reading frame 3 product interacts with microtubules and interferes with their dynamics. J Virol 83(13):6375–6382
pubmed: 19369329
pmcid: 2698551
doi: 10.1128/JVI.02571-08
Graff J, Nguyen H, Yu C, Elkins WR, St Claire M, Purcell RH et al (2005) The open reading frame 3 gene of hepatitis E virus contains a cis-reactive element and encodes a protein required for infection of macaques. J Virol 79(11):6680–6689
pubmed: 15890906
pmcid: 1112134
doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.11.6680-6689.2005
Nagashima S, Takahashi M, Jirintai TT, Yamada K, Nishizawa T et al (2011) A PSAP motif in the ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus is necessary for virion release from infected cells. J Gen Virol 92(2):269–278
pubmed: 21068219
doi: 10.1099/vir.0.025791-0
Yamada K, Takahashi M, Yu H, Takahashi H, Okamoto H (2009) ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus is essential for virion release from infected cells. J Gen Virol 90(pt 8):1880–1891
pubmed: 19339479
doi: 10.1099/vir.0.010561-0
Nair VP, Anang S, Subramani C, Madhvi A, Bakshi K, Srivastava A et al (2016) Endoplasmic reticulum stress induced synthesis of a novel viral factor mediates efficient replication of genotype-1 hepatitis E virus. PLoS Pathog 12(4):e1005521
pubmed: 27035822
pmcid: 4817972
doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005521
Balayart MS, Andjaparidze AG, Savinskaya SS, Ketiladze ES, Braginsky DM, Savinov AP et al (1983) Evidence for a virus in non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Intervirology 20(1):23–31
doi: 10.1159/000149370
Bradley DW, Krawczynski K, Cook EH Jr, McCaustland KA, Humphrey CD, Spelbring JE et al (1987) Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: serial passage of disease in cynomolgus macaques and tamarins and recovery of disease-associated 27- to 34-nm virus like particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84(17):6277–6281
pubmed: 3114746
pmcid: 299054
doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.17.6277
Kiyoshi H, Daniela B, Eberhard H (2018) Life cycle and morphogenesis of the hepatitis E virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 7:196
Nagashima S, Takahashi M, Kobayashi T, Tanggis NT, Nishiyama T et al (2017) The characterization of the quasi-enveloped hepatitis E virus particles released by the cellular exosomal pathway. J Virol 91:e00822-17
pubmed: 28878075
pmcid: 5660490
doi: 10.1128/JVI.00822-17
Xin Y, Charuta A, Yurong L et al (2016) Distinct entry mechanisms for nonenveloped and quasi-enveloped hepatitis E viruses. J Virol 90:4232
doi: 10.1128/JVI.02804-15