The p,p'-DDE disturbs the M1 function without affecting the M2 phenotype nor unstimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages from BALB/c mice.

DDT, a persistent organic pollutant, remains affecting human health worldwide. DDT and its most persistent metabolite (p,p'-DDE) negatively affect the immune response regulation and mechanisms involved in protecting against pathogens Such metabolite decreases the capability to limit intracellular growth of Mycobacterium microti and yeast. However, the effect on unstimulated (M0) and anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2) has been evaluated scanty. Herein, we evaluated the impact of p,p'-DDE at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.125, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 µg/mL) on bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with IFNγ+LPS to M1 or with IL-4 +IL-13 to M2. Thus we study whether the p,p'-DDE induces M0 to a specific phenotype or modulates activation of the macrophage phenotypes and explains, at least partly, the reported effects of p,p'-DDE on the M1 function. The p,p'-DDE did not affect the cell viability of M0 or the macrophage phenotypes. In M1, the p,p'-DDE decreased NO•- production and IL-1β secretion, but increasing cellular ROS and mitochondrial O

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.