Abandoning the word Caucasian.
Caucasian
carrier screening
cultural humility
diversity
equity
ethnicity
genetic ancestry
genetic testing
inclusion
justice
race
Journal
Journal of genetic counseling
ISSN: 1573-3599
Titre abrégé: J Genet Couns
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 9206865
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
10 2023
10 2023
Historique:
revised:
21
04
2023
received:
07
09
2022
accepted:
29
04
2023
medline:
23
10
2023
pubmed:
27
5
2023
entrez:
27
5
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Traditionally, the field of genetics has used patient-reported genetic ancestry to assist in risk assessment, calculate detection rates, and understand residual risks for recessive or X-linked genetic diseases. Patient-reported genetic ancestry is useful for variant curation, based on practice guidelines from medical societies. Words used to describe a person's race, ethnicity, and genetic ancestry have changed over the last few centuries, especially in the last few decades. The origin and use of Caucasian to describe people of European ancestry have come into question. With recommendations from the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), among other organizations, the medical and genetics communities are moving away from using this term altogether. The purpose of this article is to review the history of the word Caucasian and to provide evidence that it should be avoided when documenting genetic ancestry in medical records, laboratory forms, and medical research.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
930-936Informations de copyright
© 2023 National Society of Genetic Counselors.
Références
ACOG Committee on Obstetrics. (2007). ACOG Practice Bulletin No 78: Hemoglobinopathies in pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 109(1), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200701000-00055
Allen, G. E. (2011). Eugenics and modern biology: Critiques of eugenics, 1910-1945. Annals of Human Genetics, 75(3), 314-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00649.x
American Psychological Association: APA Style, Racial and Ethnic Identity. (2022). Retrieved from https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/bias-free-language/racial-ethnic-minorities
Anderson, L., & Benbow, H. M. (2009). Christoph Meiners' history of the female sex (1788-1800): The orientalisation of Spain and German nationalism. History of European Ideas, 35(4), 433-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.histeuroideas.2009.07.001
Arjunan, A., Darnes, D. R., Sagaser, K. G., & Svenson, A. B. (2022). Addressing reproductive healthcare disparities through equitable carrier screening: Medical racism and genetic discrimination in United States' history highlights the needs for change in obstetrical genetics care. Societies, 12(2), 33 Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/12/2/33
Baum, B. (2006). The rise and fall of the Caucasian race: A political history of racial identity. New York University Press.
Belen, D. (2018). How cranial shapes led to contemporary ethnic classification: A historical view. Turkish Neurosurgery, 28(3), 490-494. https://doi.org/10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.20821-17.0
Bhopal, R. (2007). The beautiful skull and Blumenbach's errors: The birth of the scientific concept of race. BMJ, 335(7633), 1308-1309. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39413.463958.80
Blumenbach, J. F. (1775). De generis humani varietate nativa. Rosenbuschius.
Blumenbach, J. F. (1787). Einige naturhistorische Bemerkungen bey Gelegenheit einer Schweizerreise, von den Negern. Magazin für das Neueste Aus der Physik Und Naturgeschichte, 4(3), 1-12.
Blumenbach, J. F. (1796). Abbildungen naturhistorischer Gegenstände (Vol. 1). Johann Christian Dieterich.
Braun, L., Fausto-Sterling, A., Fullwiley, D., Hammonds, E. M., Nelson, A., Quivers, W., Reverby, S. M., & Shields, A. E. (2007). Racial categories in medical practice: How useful are they? PLoS Medicine, 4(9), e271. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040271
Brothers, K. B., Bennett, R. L., & Cho, M. K. (2021). Taking an antiracist posture in scientific publications in human genetics and genomics. Genetics in Medicine, 23(6), 1004-1007. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41436-021-01109-w
Cho, M. T., & Guy, C. (2020). Evolving roles of genetic counselors in the clinical laboratory. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 10(10), a036574. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a036574
Committee Opinion No. 690: Carrier screening in the age of genomic medicine. (2017). Obstetrics and Gynecology, 129(3), e35-e40. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001951
Committee Opinion No. 691: Carrier screening for genetic conditions. (2017). Obstetrics and Gynecology, 129(3), e41-e55. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001952
Flanagin, A., Frey, T., Christiansen, S. L., & Bauchner, H. (2021). The reporting of race and ethnicity in medical and science journals: Comments invited. JAMA, 325(11), 1049-1052. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.2104
Freedman, B. J. (1984). For debate…Caucasian. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.), 288(6418), 696-698. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.288.6418.696
Grant, M. (1921). The passing of the great race (4th ed.). Charles Scribner's Sons.
Holubar, K. (1996). What is a caucasian? The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 106(4), 800. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12346434
Keel, T. (2018). Blumenbach's racial science in the light of Christian Supersessionism. In N. G. Rupke, L (Ed.), Johann Friedrich Blumenbach: Race and Natural History, 1750-1850 (1st ed.). Routledge.
Lazarin, G. A., Haque, I. S., Nazareth, S., Iori, K., Patterson, A. S., Jacobson, J. L., Marshall, J. R., Seltzer, W. K., Patrizio, P., Evans, E. A., & Srinivasan, B. S. (2013). An empirical estimate of carrier frequencies for 400+ causal mendelian variants: Results from an ethnically diverse clinical sample of 23,453 individuals. Genetics in Medicine, 15(3), 178-186. https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2012.114
Linnaeus, C. (1740). In J. Langen (Ed.), Systema Naturae, sive regna Tria Naturae (Latin and German). Apud G. Kiesewetter.
Meiners, C. (1785). Grundriß der Geschichte der Menschheit: Lemgo.
Mersha, T. B., & Abebe, T. (2015). Self-reported race/ethnicity in the age of genomic research: Its potential impact on understanding health disparities. Human Genomics, 9, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-014-0023-x
Moses, Y. (2017). Why do we keep using the word “Caucasian”? Sapiens https://www.sapiens.org/column/race/caucasian-terminology-origin/
Mukhopadhyaya, C. C. (2008). Getting rid of the word “Caucasian”. In Pollack (Ed.), Privilege (pp. 12-16). The New Press.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, National Academies Of Sciences Engineeri, Division Of Behavioral And Social Scienc, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Health and Medicine Division, Committee on Population, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on the Use of Race, Ethnicity, and Ancestry as Population Descriptors in Genomics Research. (2023). Using population descriptors in genetics and genomics research: A new framework for an evolving field. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
National Institutes of Health: National Library of Medicine. (2022). Retreived from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
National Society of Genetic Counselors' Definition Task, F, Resta, R., Biesecker, B. B., Bennett, R. L., Blum, S., Hahn, S. E., Strecker, M. N., & Williams, J. L. (2006). A new definition of genetic counseling: National Society of genetic Counselors' task force report. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 15(2), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-005-9014-3
Painter, N. I. (2010). The history of white people. W. W. Norton & Company.
Popejoy, A. B., Ritter, D. I., Crooks, K., Currey, E., Fullerton, S. M., Hindorff, L. A., Koenig, B., Ramos, E. M., Sorokin, E. P., Wand, H., Wright, M. W., Zou, J., Gignoux, C. R., Bonham, V. L., Plon, S. E., Bustamante, C. D., Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) Ancestry and Dive, & Diversity Working, G. (2018). The clinical imperative for inclusivity: Race, ethnicity, and ancestry (REA) in genomics. Human Mutation, 39(11), 1713-1720. https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.23644
Rambachan, A. (2018). Overcoming the racial hierarchy: The history and medical consequences of “Caucasian”. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 5(5), 907-912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-017-0458-6
Richards, R. (2018). The beautiful skulls of schiller and the Georgian girl. In N. G. Rupke, L (Ed.), Johann Friedrich Blumenbach race and natural history, 1750-1850 (pp. 142-176). Routledge.
Richards, S., Aziz, N., Bale, S., Bick, D., Das, S., Gastier-Foster, J., Grody, W. W., Hegde, M., Lyon, E., Spector, E., Voelkerding, K., Rehm, H. L., & ACMG Laboratory Quality Assurance Committee. (2015). Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: A joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the association for molecular pathology. Genetics in Medicine, 17(5), 405-424. https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2015.30
Sankar, P. (2003). MEDLINE definitions of race and ethnicity and their application to genetic research. Nature Genetics, 34(2), 119; discussion 120. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0603-119
Schiebinger, L. (2004). Nature's body: Gender in the making of modern science (2nd ed.). Rutgers University Press.
Shamambo, L. J., & Henry, T. L. (2022). Rethinking the use of “Caucasian” in clinical language and curricula: A Trainee's call to action. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 37(7), 1780-1782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-022-07431-6
Shraga, R., Yarnall, S., Elango, S., Manoharan, A., Rodriguez, S. A., Bristow, S. L., Kumar, N., Niknazar, M., Hoffman, D., Ghadir, S., Vassena, R., Chen, S. H., Hershlag, A., Grifo, J., & Puig, O. (2017). Evaluating genetic ancestry and self-reported ethnicity in the context of carrier screening. BMC Genetics, 18(1), 99. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-017-0570-y
Weßel, M. (2022). The Nordic in the scientific racial discourses in the United States and northern Europe in the interwar period: The passing of greatness. In M. Jani, S. Johan, & H. Mary (Eds.), Contesting Nordicness (pp. 59-80). De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
Yudell, M., Roberts, D., DeSalle, R., & Tishkoff, S. (2016). SCIENCE AND SOCIETY. Taking race out of human genetics. Science, 351(6273), 564-565. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4951