Current Principles, Challenges, and New Metrics in pH-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems for Systemic Cancer Therapy.
EPR
cancer therapy
drug delivery
intracellular delivery
intratumoral delivery
metal–organic frameworks
nanomedicine
nanoparticles
pH-responsiveness
Journal
Pharmaceutics
ISSN: 1999-4923
Titre abrégé: Pharmaceutics
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101534003
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
22 May 2023
22 May 2023
Historique:
received:
14
04
2023
revised:
19
05
2023
accepted:
20
05
2023
medline:
27
5
2023
pubmed:
27
5
2023
entrez:
27
5
2023
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The paradigm of drug delivery via particulate formulations is one of the leading ideas that enable overcoming limitations of traditional chemotherapeutic agents. The trend toward more complex multifunctional drug carriers is well-traced in the literature. Nowadays, the prospectiveness of stimuli-responsive systems capable of controlled cargo release in the lesion nidus is widely accepted. Both endogenous and exogenous stimuli are employed for this purpose; however, endogenous pH is the most common trigger. Unfortunately, scientists encounter multiple challenges on the way to the implementation of this idea related to the vehicles' accumulation in off-target tissues, their immunogenicity, the complexity of drug delivery to intracellular targets, and finally, the difficulties in the fabrication of carriers matching all imposed requirements. Here, we discuss fundamental strategies for pH-responsive drug delivery, as well as limitations related to such carriers' application, and reveal the main problems, weaknesses, and reasons for poor clinical results. Moreover, we attempted to formulate the profiles of an "ideal" drug carrier in the frame of different strategies drawing on the example of metal-comprising materials and considered recently published studies through the lens of these profiles. We believe that this approach will facilitate the formulation of the main challenges facing researchers and the identification of the most promising trends in technology development.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37242807
pii: pharmaceutics15051566
doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051566
pmc: PMC10222897
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Subventions
Organisme : Russian Science Foundation
ID : 22-73-10032
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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