Can we eliminate the primate pet trade in the United States?
CITES
Lacey Act
commercialization of primates
primate welfare
social and mass media
Journal
American journal of primatology
ISSN: 1098-2345
Titre abrégé: Am J Primatol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8108949
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
31 May 2023
31 May 2023
Historique:
revised:
21
03
2023
received:
22
01
2023
accepted:
13
05
2023
medline:
1
6
2023
pubmed:
1
6
2023
entrez:
31
5
2023
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
International laws and conventions have gone a long way in reducing the number of wild primates entering the United States of America (US) for the pet trade. However, breeding primates for sale to private owners in the United States continues, and individual states present a bewildering array of laws and regulations on the holding of primates as pets. As primatologists we can act to decrease the demand for primate pets by (1) speaking out on the inappropriate use of primates in mass media and especially in social media; (2) not posing in photographs in close proximity to primates; (3) continuing to educate about why primates do not make good pets; and (4) contributing to the science that underlies state and federal legislation with the goal of eliminating captive breeding of primates for the pet trade. We encourage primatologists and others in related fields to be cognizant of the persistent commercialization of primates and be willing to take action to deter it.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e23525Informations de copyright
© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Acerbi, A., Kerhoas, D., Webber, A. D., McCabe, G., Mittermeier, R. A., & Schwitzer, C. (2020). The impact of the “World's 25 Most Endangered Primates” list on scientific publications and media. Journal for Nature Conservation, 54, 125794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125794
Aldrich, B. C. (2018). The use of primate “actors” in feature films 1990-2013. Anthrozoös, 31(1), 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2018.1406197
Altherr, S., & Lameter, K. (2020). The rush for the rare: Reptiles and amphibians in the European Pet Trade. Animals: An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 10(11), 2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112085
Anderson, R. S. (1995). The Lacey Act: America's premier weapon in the fight against unlawful wildlife trafficking. Public Land and Resources Law Review, 16(5), 27-85.
Bee, K. (2017). Long term effects of social deprivation on black-capped capuchins (Sapajus apella) rescued from the primate pet trade. The Plymouth Student Scientist, 10(2), 4-27. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/14157
Bergin, D., Meijer, W., Cheng, T., Mei, G., & Kritski (2021). Reducing demand for exotic pets in Japan-Formative research on consumer demand for exotic pets to inform. TRAFFIC. Retrieved November 29, 2022, from: https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1951526/reducing-demand-for-exotic-pets-in-japan/2703295/
Bicca-Marques, J. C., Calegaro-Marques, C., Rylands, A. B., Strier, K. B., Mittermeier, R. A., de Almeida, M. A. B., & Teizeira, D. S. (2017). Yellow fever threatens Atlantic Forest primates. E-letter in response to Estrada et al., 2017.
Bockhaus, A. (2018). # PrimatesAreNOTPets: The role of social media in the primate pet trade and primate conservation [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado.
Campbell, S., Burgess, G., Watson, S., & Compton, J. (2021). Situation analysis: Social and behaviour change messaging on wildlife trade and zoonotic disease risks, TRAFFIC bulletin. Traffic International. https://www.traffic.org/publications/reports/situation-analysis-social-and-behaviour-change-messaging-on-wildlife-trade-and-zoonotic-disease-risks/
Cardon, A. D., Bailey, M. R., & Bennett, B. T. (2012). The Animal Welfare Act: From enactment to enforcement. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science: JAALAS, 51(3), 301-305.
Ceballos-Mago, N., & Chivers, D. (2010). Local knowledge and perceptions of pet primates and wild Margarita capuchins on Isla de Margarita and Isla de Coche in Venezuela. Endangered Species Research, 13(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00321
Chomel, B. B., Belotto, A., & Meslin, F. X. (2007). Wildlife, exotic pets, and emerging zoonoses. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1301.060480
CITES Secretariat. (2022). World wildlife trade report 2022. https://cites.org/sites/default/files/documents/E-CoP19-Inf-24.pdf
Cooney, R., Challender, D. W. S., Broad, S., Roe, D., & Natusch, D. J. D. (2021). Think before you act: Improving the conservation outcomes of CITES listing decisions. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 236. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.631556
Cotton, A., Clark, F., Boubli, J. P., & Schwitzer, C. (2016). IUCN red list of threatened primate species. In S. A. Wich & A. Marshall (Eds.), An introduction to primate conservation (pp. 31-38). Oxford University Press.
Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. (2015). Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; listing all chimpanzees as endangered species, Federal register, no. 115 (Vol. 80, pp. 34500-34525). Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2015-06-16/pdf/2015-14232.pdf
Duarte-Quiroga, A., & Estrada, A. (2003). Primates as pets in Mexico City: An assessment of the species involved, source of origin, and general aspects of treatment. American Journal of Primatology, 61(2), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.10108
Elwin, A., Green, J., & D'Cruze, N. (2020). On the record: An analysis of exotic pet licences in the UK. Animals: An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 10(12), 2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122373
Estrada, A. (2013). Socioeconomic contexts of primate conservation: Population, poverty, global economic demands, and sustainable land use. American Journal of Primatology, 75, 30-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22080
Estrada, A., Garber, P. A., Gouveia, S., Fernández-Llamazares, Á., Ascensão, F., Fuentes, A., Garnett, S. T., Shaffer, C., Bicca-Marques, J., Fa, J. E., Hockings, K., Shanee, S., Johnson, S., Shepard, G. H., Shanee, N., Golden, C. D., Cárdenas-Navarrete, A., Levey, D. R., Boonratana, R., … Volampeno, S. (2022). Global importance of indigenous peoples, their lands, and knowledge systems for saving the world's primates from extinction. Science Advances, 8, eabn2927. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn2927
Estrada, A., Garber, P. A., Rylands, A. B., Roos, C., Fernandez-Duque, E., Di Fiore, A., Nekaris, K. A. I., Nijman, V., Heymann, E. W., Lambert, J. E., Rovero, F., Barelli, C., Setchell, J. M., Gillespie, T. R., Mittermeier, R. A., Arregoitia, L. V., de Guinea, M., Gouveia, S., Dobrovolski, R., … Li, B. (2017). Impending extinction crisis of the world's primates: Why primates matter. Science Advances, 3(1), e1600946. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600946
Feddema, K., Harrigan, P., Nekaris, K. A. I., & Maghrifani, D. (2020). Consumer engagement behaviors in the online wildlife trade: Implications for conservationists. Psychology & Marketing, 37(12), 1755-1770. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21423
Freeman, H. D., & Ross, S. R. (2014). The impact of atypical early histories on pet or performer chimpanzees. PeerJ, 2, e579. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.579
Fuller, G., Eggen, W. F., Wirdateti, W., & Nekaris, K. A. I. (2018). Welfare impacts of the illegal wildlife trade in a cohort of confiscated greater slow lorises, Nycticebus coucang. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 21(3), 224-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2017.1393338
Garber, P. A., Righini, N., & Kowalewski, M. M. (2015). Evidence of alternative dietary syndromes and nutritional goals in the genus Alouatta. In M. M. Kowalewski, P. A. Garber, L. Cortes-Ortiz, B. Urbani, & D. Youlatos (Eds.), Howler monkeys: Behavior, ecology and conservation (pp. 85-109). Springer.
GovTrack.us. (2022). H.R. 3135-117th Congress: Captive Primate Safety Act. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/117/hr3135
Grasso, C., Lenzi, C., Speiran, S., & Pirrone, F. (2020). Anthropomorphized nonhuman animals in mass media and their influence on human attitudes toward wildlife. Society & Animals, 1(aop), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-bja10021
Green, M. H. (2020). Emerging diseases, re-emerging histories. Centaurus, 62(2), 234-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12306
Havercamp, K., Watanuki, K., Tomonaga, M., Matsuzawa, T., & Hirata, S. (2019). Longevity and mortality of captive chimpanzees in Japan from 1921 to 2018. Primates, 60(6), 525-535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-019-00755-8
Hill, C. M. (2002). Primate conservation and local communities-Ethical issues and debates. American Anthropologist, 104(4), 1184-1194.
IUCN (2019). IUCN informs key decisions at the CITES conference on wildlife trade. Retrieved August 30, 2019, from: https://iucn.org/news/species/201908/iucn-informs-key-decisions-cites-conference-wildlife-trade.
Keesing, F., & Ostfeld, R. S. (2021). Impacts of biodiversity and biodiversity loss on zoonotic diseases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 118(17), e2023540118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023540118
Krishnasamy, K., & Stoner, S. (2016). Trading faces: A rapid assessment on the use of Facebook to trade wildlife in Peninsular Malaysia. TRAFFIC. https://www.traffic.org/publications/reports/trading-faces/
Lappan, S., Malaivijitnond, S., Radhakrishna, S., Riley, E. P., & Ruppert, N. (2020). The human-primate interface in the new normal: Challenges and opportunities for primatologists in the COVID-19 era and beyond. American Journal of Primatology, 82(8), e23176. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23176
Leighty, K. A., Valuska, A. J., Grand, A. P., Bettinger, T. L., Mellen, J. D., Ross, S. R., Boyle, P., & Ogden, J. J. (2015). Impact of visual context on public perceptions of non-human primate performers. PLoS One, 10(2), e0118487. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118487
Lenzi, C., Grasso, C., & Bell Rizzolo, J. (2020). Are exotics suitable pets? Veterinary Record, 186(14), 459-460. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.m1303
Lopresti-Goodman, S., Kameka, M., & Dube, A. (2012). Stereotypical behaviors in chimpanzees rescued from the African bushmeat and pet trade. Behavioral Sciences, 3(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs3010001
Maldonado, A. M., Nijman, V., & Bearder, S. K. (2009). Trade in night monkeys Aotus spp. in the Brazil-Colombia-Peru tri-border area: International wildlife trade regulations are ineffectively enforced. Endangered Species Research, 9, 143-149. https://doi.org/10.3344/esr00209
Michigan State University College of Law. (2020). Map of exotic pet ownership laws. Animal and Legal Historical Center. https://www.animallaw.info/content/map-private-exotic-pet-ownership-laws
Moorhouse, T. P., D'Cruze, N. C., & Macdonald, D. W. (2021). Information about zoonotic disease risks reduces desire to own exotic pets among global consumers. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 609547. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.609547
Morcatty, T. Q., Feddema, K., Nekaris, K. A. I., & Nijman, V. (2021). Online trade in wildlife and the lack of response to COVID-19. Environmental Research, 193, 110439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110439
Mott, M. (2003). The perils of keeping monkeys as pets. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/news-monkeys-primates-pets-trade-ethics
Nekaris, I., Anne, K., Musing, L., Vazquez, A. G., & Donati, G. (2016). Is tickling torture? Assessing welfare towards slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) within Web 2.0 videos. Folia Primatologica, 86(6), 534-551. https://doi.org/10.1159/000444231
Nekaris, K. A. I., Campbell, N., Coggins, T. G., Rode, E. J., & Nijman, V. (2013). Tickled to death: Analysing public perceptions of ‘cute’ videos of threatened species (slow lorises-Nycticebus spp.) on Web 2.0 sites. PLoS One, 8(7), e69215. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20842
Nekaris, K. A. I., & Jaffe, S. (2007). Unexpected diversity of slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) within the Javan pet trade: Implications for slow loris taxonomy. Contributions to Zoology, 76(3), 187-196.
Nellemann, C., Henriksen, R., Kreilhuber, A., Stewart, D., Kotsovou, M., Raxter, P., Mrema, F., & Barrat, S. (2016). The rise of environmental crime-A growing threat to natural resources, peace, development and security. UNEPINTERPOL Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations Environmental Programme and RHIPTO Rapid Response-Norweigian Center for Global Analyses. www.rhipto.org
Nijman, V., & Healy, A. (2015). Present-day international primate trade in historical context. In S. A. Wich & A. Marshall (Eds.), An introduction to primate conservation (pp. 129-142). Oxford University Press.
Norconk, M. A., Atsalis, S., Tully, G., Santillán, A. M., Waters, S., Knott, C. D., Ross, S. R., Shanee, S., & Stiles, D. (2020). Reducing the primate pet trade: Actions for primatologists. American Journal of Primatology, 82(1), e23079. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23079
Oates, J. F. (2013). Primate conservation: Unmet challenges and the role of the International Primatological Society. International Journal of Primatology, 34, 235-245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-013-9664-1
Reuter, K. E., Gilles, H., Wills, A. R., & Sewall, B. J. (2016). Live capture and ownership of lemurs in Madagascar: Extent and conservation implications. Oryx, 50(2), 344-354. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531400074X
Ross, S. R., Vreeman, V. M., & Lonsdorf, E. V., (2011). Specific image characteristics influence attitudes about chimpanzee conservation and use as pets. PLoS One, 6(7), e22050. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022050
Savage, A., Díaz, L., Pasion, J., Torregroza, K., & Guillen, R. (2022). Proyecto Titi: Teaching children that cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) are not appropriate pets. American Journal of Primatology, 85, e23431. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23431
Seaboch, M. S., & Cahoon, S. N. (2021). Pet primates for sale in the United States. PLoS One, 16(9), e0256552. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256552
Shanee, N., Mendoza, A. P., & Shanee, S. (2017). Diagnostic overview of the illegal trade in primates and law enforcement in Peru. American Journal of Primatology, 79(11), e22516. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22516
Sheikh, P. A., Crafton, R. E., & Ward, E. H. (2021). The Endangered Species Act: Overview and Implementation. Congressional Research Service, R46677, Version 3. pp. 1-54.
Soulsbury, C. D., Iossa, G., Kennell, S., & Harris, S. (2009). The welfare and suitability of primates kept as pets. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 12(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888700802536483
Spee, L. B., Hazel, S. J., Dal Grande, E., Boardman, W. S. J., & Chaber, A. L. (2019). Endangered exotic pets on social media in the Middle East: Presence and impact. Animals: An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 9(8), 480.
Tardif, S. D., Mansfield, K. G., Ratnam, R., Ross, C. N., & Ziegler, T. E. (2011). The marmoset as a model of aging and age-related diseases. ILAR Journal, 52(1), 54-65.
Warwick, C., Steedman, C., Jessop, M., Arena, P., Pilny, A., & Nicholas, E. (2018). Exotic pet suitability: Understanding some problems and using a labeling system to aid animal welfare, environment, and consumer protection. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 26, 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2018.03.015
Waters, S., Setchell, J., Marechal, L., Oram, F., Wallis, F., & Cheyne, S. (2021). Best practice guidelines for responsible images of non-human primates. IUCN Primate Specialist Group for Human-Primate Interactions. https://human-primate-interactions.org/resources/
Weldon, A. V., Campera, M., Zhang, X., Ni, Q., Zhu, W. W., Nijman, V., & Nekaris, K. A. I. (2021). Perceptions of animal welfare and exotic pet ownership in China. Animal Welfare, 30(2), 169-178. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.30.2.169