In Vitro and In Vivo Models for Drug Transport Across the Blood-Testis Barrier.
Journal
Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals
ISSN: 1521-009X
Titre abrégé: Drug Metab Dispos
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 9421550
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
09 2023
09 2023
Historique:
received:
03
02
2023
accepted:
25
05
2023
pmc-release:
01
09
2024
medline:
18
8
2023
pubmed:
1
6
2023
entrez:
31
5
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The blood-testis barrier (BTB) is a selectively permeable membrane barrier formed by adjacent Sertoli cells (SCs) in the seminiferous tubules of the testes that develops intercellular junctional complexes to protect developing germ cells from external pressures. However, due to this inherent defense mechanism, the seminiferous tubule lumen can act as a pharmacological sanctuary site for latent viruses (e.g., Ebola, Zika) and cancers (e.g., leukemia). Therefore, it is critical to identify and evaluate BTB carrier-mediated drug delivery pathways to successfully treat these viruses and cancers. Many drugs are unable to effectively cross cell membranes without assistance from carrier proteins like transporters because they are large, polar, and often carry a charge at physiologic pH. SCs express transporters that selectively permit endogenous compounds, such as carnitine or nucleosides, across the BTB to support normal physiologic activity, although reproductive toxicants can also use these pathways, thereby circumventing the BTB. Certain xenobiotics, including select cancer therapeutics, antivirals, contraceptives, and environmental toxicants, are known to accumulate within the male genital tract and cause testicular toxicity; however, the transport pathways by which these compounds circumvent the BTB are largely unknown. Consequently, there is a need to identify the clinically relevant BTB transport pathways in in vitro and in vivo BTB models that recapitulate human pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for these xenobiotics. This review summarizes the various in vitro and in vivo models of the BTB reported in the literature and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of certain models for drug disposition studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Drug disposition to the testes is influenced by the physical, physiological, and immunological components of the blood-testis barrier (BTB). But many compounds are known to cross the BTB by transporters, resulting in pharmacological and/or toxicological effects in the testes. Therefore, models that assess drug transport across the human BTB must adequately account for these confounding factors. This review identifies and discusses the benefits and limitations of various in vitro and in vivo BTB models for preclinical drug disposition studies.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37258305
pii: dmd.123.001288
doi: 10.1124/dmd.123.001288
pmc: PMC10449102
doi:
Substances chimiques
Xenobiotics
0
Membrane Transport Proteins
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1157-1168Subventions
Organisme : NIGMS NIH HHS
ID : R01 GM123643
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIGMS NIH HHS
ID : R01 GM129777
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIEHS NIH HHS
ID : T32 ES007091
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2023 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.
Références
Xenobiotica. 2006 Oct-Nov;36(10-11):963-88
pubmed: 17118916
Brain Res. 2002 Feb 15;927(2):153-67
pubmed: 11821009
Hum Reprod. 2017 Jan;32(1):32-45
pubmed: 27927847
Metabolites. 2022 Jan 12;12(1):
pubmed: 35050188
J Cell Biol. 1973 Dec;59(3):559-72
pubmed: 4761331
J Cell Biol. 1985 Jun;100(6):1941-7
pubmed: 3889013
Am J Physiol. 1998 Jun;274(6):C1708-17
pubmed: 9611137
Fertil Steril. 2009 Dec;92(6):2028-33
pubmed: 19046577
Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Nov 29;19(12):
pubmed: 30501072
Toxicol In Vitro. 2016 Oct;36:210-215
pubmed: 27511800
Cell Struct Funct. 2003 Feb;28(1):87-95
pubmed: 12655154
Reprod Toxicol. 1993;7 Suppl 1:23-37
pubmed: 8400637
J Androl. 2003 Jan-Feb;24(1):120-30
pubmed: 12514093
Differentiation. 1981;20(2):157-61
pubmed: 7327316
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2022 Sep;382(3):299-312
pubmed: 35779861
Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2013 Mar;9(3):237-52
pubmed: 23256482
Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1997 Dec 31;136(1):57-65
pubmed: 9510068
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Nov;106(5):1083-1092
pubmed: 31127606
J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2011 Feb;5(2):130-7
pubmed: 20603864
Biol Reprod. 2018 Dec 1;99(6):1289-1302
pubmed: 29961810
J Reprod Fertil. 1965 Apr;9:243-8
pubmed: 14273758
Cell Mol Immunol. 2021 Feb;18(2):487-489
pubmed: 33318629
Toxicol In Vitro. 2019 Apr;56:30-40
pubmed: 30615929
Reproduction. 2007 Jun;133(6):1169-79
pubmed: 17636171
Biol Reprod. 2008 Jun;78(6):1139-52
pubmed: 18218611
Cell Tissue Res. 1990 Sep;261(3):539-47
pubmed: 2245453
Biofabrication. 2020 Jul 09;12(4):045002
pubmed: 32492667
Nat Commun. 2011 Sep 13;2:472
pubmed: 21915114
Reprod Toxicol. 2004 May;18(3):413-21
pubmed: 15082077
Food Chem Toxicol. 2018 Feb;112:290-298
pubmed: 29307602
Br J Cancer. 2014 May 13;110(10):2604-14
pubmed: 24781282
Am J Anat. 1989 Mar;184(3):179-89
pubmed: 2750675
Mol Pharm. 2007 Jul-Aug;4(4):600-7
pubmed: 17616214
Biol Reprod. 2010 Aug 1;83(2):261-7
pubmed: 20393168
Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Oct;16(10):2283-96
pubmed: 12351693
Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Mar;37(3):635-43
pubmed: 19047468
Mol Pharmacol. 2007 Oct;72(4):967-75
pubmed: 17644650
Anat Embryol (Berl). 1983;168(2):269-75
pubmed: 6660566
Cell Transplant. 2011;20(5):619-35
pubmed: 21054948
PLoS One. 2015 Jun 12;10(6):e0130171
pubmed: 26065832
Biol Reprod. 2002 Dec;67(6):1699-707
pubmed: 12444043
Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1982 Sep-Oct;2(5):241-51
pubmed: 6821042
Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2014 Dec;66(9-10):445-54
pubmed: 25200483
BMC Genomics. 2004 Aug 18;5(1):57
pubmed: 15317656
Prog Histochem Cytochem. 2011 Aug;46(2):49-127
pubmed: 21705043
Cell Res. 2012 May;22(5):793-805
pubmed: 22525333
Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1992 Jul;127(1):66-71
pubmed: 1519425
J Urol. 2002 Mar;167(3):1538-45
pubmed: 11832784
ACS Omega. 2020 Jan 22;5(4):1997-2004
pubmed: 32039337
Toxicol Lett. 2014 May 2;226(3):277-84
pubmed: 24598511
Exp Gerontol. 1996 Jul-Aug;31(4):443-8
pubmed: 9415101
Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 19;6:21472
pubmed: 26892171
Reprod Toxicol. 2004 May;18(3):423-30
pubmed: 15082078
J Toxicol Sci. 1995 Sep;20(4):407-14
pubmed: 8531236
Environ Health Perspect. 1988 Apr;77:5-9
pubmed: 3383822
Arch Androl. 1994 Jan-Feb;32(1):53-7
pubmed: 8122937
PLoS One. 2016 Mar 03;11(3):e0150143
pubmed: 26938869
J Endocrinol. 2011 Jun;209(3):337-51
pubmed: 21471187
Biol Pharm Bull. 2009 Mar;32(3):450-5
pubmed: 19252294
Tissue Cell. 2013 Dec;45(6):414-20
pubmed: 23938058
Reproduction. 2010 Apr;139(4):749-57
pubmed: 20089665
J Physiol. 2000 Dec 1;529 Pt 2:285-93
pubmed: 11101640
Biol Reprod. 1987 Jun;36(5):1297-312
pubmed: 3620564
Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018 Oct 17;16(1):98
pubmed: 30333041
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 May;59(5):2572-82
pubmed: 25691630
Spermatogenesis. 2012 Oct 1;2(4):285-293
pubmed: 23248770
Endocrinology. 2016 Jun;157(6):2416-31
pubmed: 26974005
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1992 Oct;43(5):423-9
pubmed: 1327074
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013 Jul;346(1):121-9
pubmed: 23639800
Horm Metab Res. 2000 Mar;32(3):87-90
pubmed: 10786925
Fertil Steril. 2016 Mar;105(3):825-833.e3
pubmed: 26698679
Biofabrication. 2022 Apr 20;14(3):
pubmed: 35334473
J Reprod Fertil. 1989 Jul;86(2):643-51
pubmed: 2503609
Zygote. 2003 Nov;11(4):307-16
pubmed: 15085730
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2011 Jan;163(2):278-95
pubmed: 20652765
Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1748:245-252
pubmed: 29453576
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 May;214:112121
pubmed: 33721578
J Cell Physiol. 2008 Dec;217(3):708-16
pubmed: 18668520
Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2016 Jun;31(3):218-23
pubmed: 27236641
Endocrinology. 2010 Jun;151(6):2911-22
pubmed: 20357222
Oncotarget. 2017 Mar 7;8(10):16553-16570
pubmed: 28152522
Environ Pollut. 2022 May 1;300:118959
pubmed: 35134430
Reproduction. 2005 Jun;129(6):729-36
pubmed: 15923388
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2022 Feb 1;79(2):114
pubmed: 35103851
J Androl. 2001 May-Jun;22(3):413-23
pubmed: 11330641
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982;383:44-68
pubmed: 7046561
Cancer. 1980 Apr 15;45(8):2009-16
pubmed: 6989482
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Sep;98(3):266-87
pubmed: 26088472
J Immunol Methods. 2015 Oct;425:58-61
pubmed: 26080062
Mol Hum Reprod. 2016 Dec;22(12):819-832
pubmed: 27671755
Cells. 2021 Sep 13;10(9):
pubmed: 34572053
Drug Metab Dispos. 2023 May;51(5):560-571
pubmed: 36732077
Ann Biomed Eng. 2017 Jul;45(7):1783-1794
pubmed: 28488216
BMC Biol. 2021 Sep 23;19(1):212
pubmed: 34556114
Environ Health Perspect. 1978 Jun;24:73-80
pubmed: 17539158
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Mar 8;113(10):2666-71
pubmed: 26929346
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 May;290(5):E968-75
pubmed: 16368787
Mol Pharmacol. 2021 Feb;99(2):147-162
pubmed: 33262250
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2019 Nov;108:104449
pubmed: 31449916
Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1991 Nov;82(1):61-9
pubmed: 1722179
Mol Endocrinol. 1990 Mar;4(3):393-401
pubmed: 2342475
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 May;82(5):1426-33
pubmed: 9141528
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016 Jul;71(7):1954-65
pubmed: 27076103
Spermatogenesis. 2014 Dec 31;4(2):e979099
pubmed: 26413388
Toxicology. 2013 Aug 9;310:29-38
pubmed: 23707492
Oncotarget. 2017 Apr 7;8(35):58430-58442
pubmed: 28938568
Arch Androl. 1978 May;1(3):211-9
pubmed: 736673
J Reprod Immunol. 1998 Dec;41(1-2):161-76
pubmed: 10213308
Nature. 2011 Mar 24;471(7339):504-7
pubmed: 21430778
Cancer Res. 1968 Jan;28(1):125-7
pubmed: 5635366
Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2022 Jan;180:104998
pubmed: 34955182
Reprod Toxicol. 2000 Nov-Dec;14(6):477-93
pubmed: 11099874
Am J Primatol. 1985;9(3):173-187
pubmed: 31986790
Hum Reprod. 2020 May 1;35(5):1029-1044
pubmed: 32390056
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Jan;1778(1):56-67
pubmed: 17949680
Hum Reprod. 2015 Oct;30(10):2351-63
pubmed: 26251460
C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 1980;173(6):1064-9
pubmed: 6446357
Exp Cell Res. 1965 Mar;37:614-36
pubmed: 14315085
Mol Hum Reprod. 2010 Feb;16(2):97-110
pubmed: 19770206
Hum Reprod. 2006 Feb;21(2):471-6
pubmed: 16210386
Biomaterials. 2010 Jun;31(16):4492-505
pubmed: 20206992
Mol Pharm. 2014 Jul 7;11(7):2071-81
pubmed: 24641346
Cell Commun Signal. 2015 Mar 25;13:20
pubmed: 25880873
Reprod Toxicol. 2011 May;31(4):440-6
pubmed: 21185367
Sci Rep. 2015 Nov 18;5:16488
pubmed: 26576726
Reprod Biol. 2018 Dec;18(4):397-403
pubmed: 30291003
Am J Pathol. 1993 Oct;143(4):1159-68
pubmed: 8214009
Gastroenterology. 1995 Oct;109(4):1274-82
pubmed: 7557095
Cell. 2016 Nov 3;167(4):1111-1124.e13
pubmed: 27814508
Andrology. 2016 Sep;4(5):800-7
pubmed: 27152678
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007 Feb;292(2):C795-806
pubmed: 16971491
Dev Biol. 1990 Aug;140(2):318-27
pubmed: 2373256
Food Chem Toxicol. 2017 Aug;106(Pt A):487-495
pubmed: 28478099
Reproduction. 2008 Oct;136(4):459-69
pubmed: 18660385
J Infect Dis. 2014 Dec 15;210 Suppl 3:S622-30
pubmed: 25414416
Biol Reprod. 2011 May;84(5):851-8
pubmed: 21209417
Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016 Dec 12;10:3959-3968
pubmed: 28003740
Mol Endocrinol. 1992 Sep;6(9):1403-11
pubmed: 1331774
J Pharm Sci. 2000 Jan;89(1):63-75
pubmed: 10664539
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Sep 19;21(18):
pubmed: 32961667
J Biol Chem. 1998 Aug 7;273(32):20378-82
pubmed: 9685390
PLoS One. 2013 May 08;8(5):e62638
pubmed: 23667501
Pharmacol Rev. 2010 Mar;62(1):1-96
pubmed: 20103563
Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2014 Sep 1;205:121-32
pubmed: 24717811
Mutat Res. 2009 Feb 19;673(1):43-52
pubmed: 19110071
Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1986 Mar;111(3):411-8
pubmed: 3008479
In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 1997 Jul-Aug;33(7):516-26
pubmed: 9282312
Poult Sci. 2011 Jun;90(6):1276-86
pubmed: 21597069
N Engl J Med. 2017 Oct 12;377(15):1428-1437
pubmed: 26465681
FEBS J. 2020 Dec;287(24):5478-5497
pubmed: 32279424
Mol Hum Reprod. 2017 May 1;23(5):304-320
pubmed: 28333312
Cell Biol Toxicol. 1997 Oct;13(6):453-63
pubmed: 9352123
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Nov;104(5):900-915
pubmed: 29756222
Endocrinology. 2018 Jul 1;159(7):2596-2613
pubmed: 29767714
Immunol Rev. 2006 Oct;213:66-81
pubmed: 16972897
Biol Reprod. 2019 Jun 1;100(6):1648-1660
pubmed: 30927418
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Sep 11;8:577656
pubmed: 33015026
Drug Metab Dispos. 2022 Jun;50(6):770-780
pubmed: 35307651
Oncogene. 1993 Aug;8(8):2087-94
pubmed: 8393161
Nat Commun. 2018 May 29;9(1):2090
pubmed: 29844387
Dev Biol. 2010 Oct 1;346(1):54-67
pubmed: 20655897
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982 Aug;55(2):228-37
pubmed: 6123520
Methods Mol Biol. 2011;763:237-52
pubmed: 21874456
PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e60054
pubmed: 23555881
Biol Reprod. 1980 Aug;23(1):243-52
pubmed: 6774781
J Androl. 2008 May-Jun;29(3):312-29
pubmed: 18046051
Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2011 Feb;32(2):99-106
pubmed: 21168226
Biol Reprod. 1988 Dec;39(5):1193-205
pubmed: 3219390
Acta Histochem. 2020 Jul;122(5):151572
pubmed: 32622422
Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Jan;69(1):346-53
pubmed: 16234483
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014 Feb 26;5:21
pubmed: 24616715
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012 Jan;340(1):96-108
pubmed: 21990609
Nat Commun. 2014 Jul 01;5:4320
pubmed: 24984101
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Feb;312(2):601-8
pubmed: 15547112
PLoS One. 2015 Feb 25;10(2):e0116660
pubmed: 25714609
Reprod Toxicol. 2015 Dec;58:149-59
pubmed: 26472102
Oncotarget. 2017 Aug 16;8(51):88630-88644
pubmed: 29179463
Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jun;33(6):739-48
pubmed: 15743978
Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Jan 12;19(1):
pubmed: 29329231
Theriogenology. 2016 Jan 15;85(2):193-9
pubmed: 26474686
J Lab Autom. 2015 Apr;20(2):107-26
pubmed: 25586998
J Androl. 1997 Jul-Aug;18(4):393-9
pubmed: 9283952
J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2014 Nov;28(11):515-21
pubmed: 25130312
Drug Metab Dispos. 1991 May-Jun;19(3):661-6
pubmed: 1680634
Endocrinology. 1987 Jan;120(1):291-8
pubmed: 3780564
In Vitro Cell Dev Biol. 1987 Jul;23(7):492-500
pubmed: 3610946
Biol Reprod. 2013 Jun 12;89(1):15
pubmed: 23759307
Fertil Steril. 1988 Apr;49(4):658-65
pubmed: 3350161
Basic Clin Androl. 2021 Apr 8;31(1):7
pubmed: 33827415
Biol Reprod. 1998 Feb;58(2):591-9
pubmed: 9475418
Reproduction. 2008 Jun;135(6):867-77
pubmed: 18502899
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2018 Jun 1;348:32-42
pubmed: 29660436
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Feb 11;1722(1):6-14
pubmed: 15716129
Endocrinology. 2009 May;150(5):2481-90
pubmed: 19106224
J Reprod Immunol. 1990 Aug;18(1):117-21
pubmed: 2213729
J Biol Chem. 2019 Dec 27;294(52):20135-20147
pubmed: 31719150
Mol Hum Reprod. 2016 Sep;22(9):601-12
pubmed: 27430551
Reprod Fertil Dev. 2019 Sep;31(10):1589-1596
pubmed: 31072454
J Lipid Res. 2004 Jun;45(6):1040-50
pubmed: 15026428
J Cell Biol. 1986 Sep;103(3):1109-19
pubmed: 3528169
Andrology. 2015 May;3(3):611-25
pubmed: 26013105
Drug Metab Dispos. 2014 Jan;42(1):89-93
pubmed: 24130369
Pharmacol Rev. 2021 Apr;73(2):597-678
pubmed: 33608409
In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2001 Oct;37(9):581-8
pubmed: 11710435
Cell Mol Immunol. 2014 Sep;11(5):428-37
pubmed: 24954222
J Vis Exp. 2015 Oct 21;(105):e53262
pubmed: 26556004
J Biol Chem. 2012 Apr 27;287(18):14456-66
pubmed: 22375007
Front Immunol. 2012 Jun 11;3:152
pubmed: 22701457
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2023 Apr;113(4):775-781
pubmed: 35733280
Biol Reprod. 2017 Mar 1;96(3):720-732
pubmed: 28339648
Exp Cell Res. 1964 Oct;36:19-27
pubmed: 14222741
Front Physiol. 2021 Dec 24;12:757565
pubmed: 35002756
Theranostics. 2021 Mar 31;11(12):5742-5758
pubmed: 33897879
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Apr 1;304(7):E757-69
pubmed: 23403943
Mol Cancer Ther. 2019 Apr;18(4):780-787
pubmed: 30824607
Biol Reprod. 1988 Mar;38(2):463-79
pubmed: 3358980
AIDS. 2012 Jul 31;26(12):1535-43
pubmed: 22441253
Fluids Barriers CNS. 2021 Jul 28;18(1):34
pubmed: 34321020
Arch Toxicol. 2016 Aug;90(8):1975-81
pubmed: 27224990
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 2;96(5):2356-60
pubmed: 10051646
Stem Cell Reports. 2017 Jan 10;8(1):30-38
pubmed: 28017656
Mol Endocrinol. 2003 Jul;17(7):1203-15
pubmed: 12677006
Endocrinology. 1991 Sep;129(3):1489-96
pubmed: 1908377
Reproduction. 2013 Apr 29;145(5):505-16
pubmed: 23509371
Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2021 Aug;9(4):e00831
pubmed: 34288585
Biol Reprod. 1995 Dec;53(6):1446-53
pubmed: 8562702
In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2007 Nov-Dec;43(10):324-7
pubmed: 17973176
Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 17;7(1):8631
pubmed: 28819255
Biol Reprod. 2010 Feb;82(2):363-72
pubmed: 19846602
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul;91(7):2696-703
pubmed: 16621909
J Cell Sci. 1996 Apr;109 ( Pt 4):773-6
pubmed: 8718668
Reprod Toxicol. 2007 Feb;23(2):158-64
pubmed: 17157474
J Endocrinol. 1988 Sep;118(3):R13-6
pubmed: 3183569
Tissue Cell. 2014 Feb;46(1):86-96
pubmed: 24411714
Reprod Biomed Online. 2004 Apr;8(4):376-84
pubmed: 15149558
Endocr Rev. 2015 Oct;36(5):564-91
pubmed: 26357922
Drug Metab Dispos. 2020 Jul;48(7):603-612
pubmed: 32393653
Theriogenology. 2016 Apr 1;85(6):1080-9
pubmed: 26711702
Sci Rep. 2017 Nov 17;7(1):15810
pubmed: 29150642
Reproduction. 2018 Feb;155(2):153-166
pubmed: 29326135
J Cell Biol. 1985 Oct;101(4):1511-22
pubmed: 4044644
Mol Hum Reprod. 2018 Feb 1;24(2):55-63
pubmed: 29294090
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1998 Apr;14 Suppl 1:S33-41
pubmed: 9581882
Toxicol Sci. 2021 Apr 27;181(1):1-2
pubmed: 33909082
J Virol. 2017 Oct 27;91(22):
pubmed: 28878076
Biol Reprod. 2016 Oct;95(4):89
pubmed: 27580986
Mol Hum Reprod. 2018 Mar 1;24(3):123-134
pubmed: 29304256
J Endocrinol. 1988 Apr;117(1):69-74
pubmed: 3258623
Pharmaceutics. 2020 Oct 22;12(11):
pubmed: 33105674
Fertil Steril. 2007 Apr;87(4):824-33
pubmed: 17239867
Biomaterials. 2006 May;27(14):2845-53
pubmed: 16430959
PLoS One. 2010 Nov 30;5(11):e14168
pubmed: 21152390
Arch Androl. 1983 Dec;11(3):245-51
pubmed: 6140904
Hum Reprod. 2006 Jun;21(6):1564-75
pubmed: 16497692
Biomaterials. 2017 Jun;130:76-89
pubmed: 28364632
J Toxicol Sci. 1995 Aug;20(3):183-93
pubmed: 8667445
Asian J Androl. 2012 Mar;14(2):285-93
pubmed: 22057383
Biol Reprod. 2008 Jun;78(6):1127-38
pubmed: 18218612
Eur J Cancer. 2004 Sep;40(14):2064-70
pubmed: 15341980
J Androl. 1986 Jan-Feb;7(1):69-71
pubmed: 3080395
Biol Reprod. 1970 Dec;3(3):308-26
pubmed: 4108372
Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res. 2014 Oct-Dec;762:22-36
pubmed: 25484616