Consensus Guidelines for Perioperative Care for Emergency Laparotomy Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS
Journal
World journal of surgery
ISSN: 1432-2323
Titre abrégé: World J Surg
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 7704052
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Aug 2023
Aug 2023
Historique:
accepted:
28
03
2023
medline:
3
7
2023
pubmed:
6
6
2023
entrez:
5
6
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
This is Part 2 of the first consensus guidelines for optimal care of patients undergoing emergency laparotomy (EL) using an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) approach. This paper addresses intra- and postoperative aspects of care. Experts in aspects of management of high-risk and emergency general surgical patients were invited to contribute by the International ERAS Twenty-three components of intraoperative and postoperative care were defined. Consensus was reached after three rounds of a modified Delphi Process. These guidelines are based on best available evidence for an ERAS
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
This is Part 2 of the first consensus guidelines for optimal care of patients undergoing emergency laparotomy (EL) using an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) approach. This paper addresses intra- and postoperative aspects of care.
METHODS
METHODS
Experts in aspects of management of high-risk and emergency general surgical patients were invited to contribute by the International ERAS
RESULTS
RESULTS
Twenty-three components of intraoperative and postoperative care were defined. Consensus was reached after three rounds of a modified Delphi Process.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
These guidelines are based on best available evidence for an ERAS
Identifiants
pubmed: 37277507
doi: 10.1007/s00268-023-07020-6
pii: 10.1007/s00268-023-07020-6
pmc: PMC10241558
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1850-1880Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Société Internationale de Chirurgie.
Références
Huddart S, Peden CJ, Swart M et al (2015) Use of a pathway quality improvement care bundle to reduce mortality after emergency laparotomy. Br J Surg 102:57–66
pubmed: 25384994
doi: 10.1002/bjs.9658
Lohsiriwat V (2014) Enhanced recovery after surgery vs conventional care in emergency colorectal surgery. World J Gastroenterol 20:13950–13955
pubmed: 25320532
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13950
Møller MH, Adamsen S, Thomsen RW et al (2011) Multicentre trial of a perioperative protocol to reduce mortality in patients with peptic ulcer perforation. Br J Surg 98:802–810
pubmed: 21442610
doi: 10.1002/bjs.7429
Wisely JC, Barclay KL (2016) Effects of an enhanced recovery after surgery programme on emergency surgical patients. ANZ J Surg 86:883–888
pubmed: 26990499
doi: 10.1111/ans.13465
Roulin D, Blanc C, Muradbegovic M et al (2014) Enhanced recovery pathway for urgent colectomy. World J Surg 38:2153–2159
pubmed: 24668455
doi: 10.1007/s00268-014-2518-y
Aggarwal G, Peden CJ, Mohammed MA et al (2019) Evaluation of the collaborative use of an evidence-based care bundle in emergency laparotomy. JAMA Surg 154:e190145
pubmed: 30892581
doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2019.0145
Paduraru M, Ponchietti L, Casas IM et al (2017) Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) - the evidence in geriatric emergency surgery: a systematic review. Chirurgia 112:546–557
pubmed: 29088554
doi: 10.21614/chirurgia.112.5.546
Gonenc M, Dural AC, Celik F et al (2014) Enhanced postoperative recovery pathways in emergency surgery: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Am J Surg 207:807–814
pubmed: 24119887
doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.07.025
Mohsina S, Shanmugam D, Sureshkumar S et al (2018) Adapted ERAS pathway vs. standard care in patients with perforated duodenal ulcer—a randomized controlled trial. J Gastrointest Surg 22:107–116
pubmed: 28653239
doi: 10.1007/s11605-017-3474-2
Shida D, Tagawa K, Inada K et al (2017) Modified enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols for patients with obstructive colorectal cancer. BMC Surg 17:18
pubmed: 28209144
doi: 10.1186/s12893-017-0213-2
Shang Y, Guo C, Zhang D (2018) Modified enhanced recovery after surgery protocols are beneficial for postoperative recovery for patients undergoing emergency surgery for obstructive colorectal cancer. Medicine 97:e12348
pubmed: 30278512
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012348
Symons NRA, Moorthy K, Almoudaris AM et al (2013) Mortality in high-risk emergency general surgical admissions. Br J Surg 100:1318–1325
pubmed: 23864490
doi: 10.1002/bjs.9208
Shafi S, Aboutanos MB, Agarwal S Jr et al (2013) Emergency general surgery: definition and estimated burden of disease. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 74:1092–1097
pubmed: 23511150
doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31827e1bc7
Al-Temimi MH, Griffee M, Enniss TM et al (2012) When is death inevitable after emergency laparotomy? Analysis of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. J Am Coll Surg 215:503–511
pubmed: 22789546
doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2012.06.004
Lee KC, Sturgeon D, Lipsitz S et al (2020) Mortality and health care utilization among medicare patients undergoing emergency general surgery vs those with acute medical conditions. JAMA Surg 155:216–223
pubmed: 31877209
doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2019.5087
American College of Surgeons (2018) American College of Surgeons (2019) User Guide for the 2018 Participant Use Data File (PUF) https://www.facs.org/media/xunbqzy5/nsqip_puf_userguide_2018.pdf
NELA Project Team (2019) Fifth Patient Report of the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit https://www.nela.org.uk/downloads/The%20Fifth%20Patient%20Report%20of%20the%20NELA%202019%20-%20Full%20Patient%20Report.pdf
Peden CJ, Aggarwal G, Aitken RJ et al (2021) Guidelines for perioperative care for emergency laparotomy enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) Society recommendations: Part 1-preoperative: Diagnosis, rapid assessment and optimization. World J Surg 45:1272–1290
pubmed: 33677649
doi: 10.1007/s00268-021-05994-9
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R et al (2008) Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ 336:1049–1051
pubmed: 18467413
doi: 10.1136/bmj.39493.646875.AE
Brown BB (1968) Delphi process: a methodology used for the elicitation of opinions of experts. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica
Brindle M, Nelson G, Lobo DN et al (2020) Recommendations from the ERAS
pubmed: 32011810
doi: 10.1002/bjs5.50238
NELA Project Team (2017) Audit Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: NELA Inclusion Criteria. In: National Emergency Laparotomy Audit. https://www.nela.org.uk/downloads/NELA%20Inclusion-Exclusion%20Criteria%20-%20Updated%2024-02-17.pdf Accessed March 21st 2023
Feeney T, Castillo-Angeles M, Scott JW et al (2018) The independent effect of emergency general surgery on outcomes varies depending on case type: a NSQIP outcomes study. Am J Surg 216:856–862
pubmed: 29534818
doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.03.006
Scott JW, Olufajo OA, Brat GA et al (2016) Use of national burden to define operative emergency general surgery. JAMA Surg 151:e160480
pubmed: 27120712
doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.0480
Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, Nygren J (2019) Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS
pubmed: 30426190
doi: 10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y
Statement on the initial antimicrobial treatment of sepsis V2.0 (2022) In: Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. https://www.aomrc.org.uk/reports-guidance/statement-on-the-initial-antimicrobial-treatment-of-sepsis-v2-0/ . Accessed 4 Nov 2022
Miller AS, Boyce K, Box B et al (2021) The association of coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland consensus guidelines in emergency colorectal surgery. Colorectal Dis 23:476–547
pubmed: 33470518
doi: 10.1111/codi.15503
Heywood N, Parmar KL, Stott M et al (2021) The laparoscopy in emergency general surgery (LEGS) study: a questionnaire survey of UK practice. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 103:120–129
pubmed: 33559556
doi: 10.1308/rcsann.2020.7005
Warps A-LK, Zwanenburg ES, Dekker JWT et al (2021) Laparoscopic versus open colorectal surgery in the emergency setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Surgery Open 2:e097
doi: 10.1097/AS9.0000000000000097
Pucher PH, Mackenzie H, Tucker V, Mercer SJ (2021) A national propensity score-matched analysis of emergency laparoscopic versus open abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 108:934–940
pubmed: 33724351
doi: 10.1093/bjs/znab048
Moghadamyeghaneh Z, Masoomi H, Mills SD et al (2014) Outcomes of conversion of laparoscopic colorectal surgery to open surgery. JSLS 18(e2014):00230
Boccola MA, Buettner PG, Rozen WM et al (2011) Risk factors and outcomes for anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery: a single-institution analysis of 1576 patients. World J Surg 35:186–195
pubmed: 20972678
doi: 10.1007/s00268-010-0831-7
McDermott FD, Heeney A, Kelly ME et al (2015) Systematic review of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative risk factors for colorectal anastomotic leaks. Br J Surg 102:462–479
pubmed: 25703524
doi: 10.1002/bjs.9697
2017 European Society of Coloproctology (ESCP) collaborating group (2018) Safety of primary anastomosis following emergency left sided colorectal resection: an international, multi-centre prospective audit. Colorectal Dis 20(Suppl 6):47–57
doi: 10.1111/codi.14373
Parthasarathy M, Greensmith M, Bowers D, Groot-Wassink T (2017) Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after colorectal resection: a retrospective analysis of 17 518 patients. Colorectal Dis 19:288–298
pubmed: 27474844
doi: 10.1111/codi.13476
Kang CY, Halabi WJ, Chaudhry OO et al (2013) Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer. JAMA Surg 148:65–71
pubmed: 22986932
doi: 10.1001/2013.jamasurg.2
Zakrison T, Nascimento BA Jr, Tremblay LN et al (2007) Perioperative vasopressors are associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal anastomotic leakage. World J Surg 31:1627–1634
pubmed: 17551781
doi: 10.1007/s00268-007-9113-4
Dekker JWT, Liefers GJ, de Mol van Otterloo JCA et al (2011) Predicting the risk of anastomotic leakage in left-sided colorectal surgery using a colon leakage score. J Surg Res 166:e27-34
pubmed: 21195424
doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.11.004
Boyce SA, Bartolo DCC, Paterson HM, Unit EC (2013) Subspecialist emergency management of diverticulitis is associated with reduced mortality and fewer stomas. Colorectal Dis 15:442–447
pubmed: 22966859
doi: 10.1111/codi.12022
Burmas M, Aitken RJ, Broughton KJ (2018) Outcomes following emergency laparotomy in Australian public hospitals. ANZ J Surg 88:998–1002
pubmed: 30159997
doi: 10.1111/ans.14847
Weber DG, Bendinelli C, Balogh ZJ (2014) Damage control surgery for abdominal emergencies. Br J Surg 101:e109–e118
pubmed: 24273018
doi: 10.1002/bjs.9360
Ball CG (2015) Damage control surgery. Curr Opin Crit Care 21:538–543
pubmed: 26539927
doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000252
Rodrigues RR, Carmona MJC, Junior JOCA (2016) Bleeding and damage control surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 29:229–233
pubmed: 26934280
doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000288
Girard E, Abba J, Boussat B et al (2018) Damage control surgery for non-traumatic abdominal emergencies. World J Surg 42:965–973
pubmed: 28948335
doi: 10.1007/s00268-017-4262-6
Ordoñez CA, Parra M, García A et al (2021) Damage control surgery may be a safe option for severe non-trauma peritonitis management: proposal of a new decision-making algorithm. World J Surg 45:1043–1052
pubmed: 33151371
doi: 10.1007/s00268-020-05854-y
Robledo FA, Luque-de-León E, Suárez R et al (2007) Open versus closed management of the abdomen in the surgical treatment of severe secondary peritonitis: a randomized clinical trial. Surg Infect 8:63–72
doi: 10.1089/sur.2006.8.016
Sharrock AE, Midwinter M (2013) Damage control - trauma care in the first hour and beyond: a clinical review of relevant developments in the field of trauma care. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 95:177–183
pubmed: 23827287
doi: 10.1308/003588413X13511609958253
Bloos F, Thomas-Rüddel D, Rüddel H et al (2014) Impact of compliance with infection management guidelines on outcome in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective observational multi-center study. Crit Care 18:R42
pubmed: 24589043
doi: 10.1186/cc13755
Waibel BH, Rotondo MF (2012) Damage control for intra-abdominal sepsis. Surg Clin North Am 92:243–257
pubmed: 22414411
doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2012.01.006
van Ruler O, Boermeester MA (2017) Surgical treatment of secondary peritonitis. Chirurg 88:1–6
pubmed: 26746213
doi: 10.1007/s00104-015-0121-x
Boyd-Carson H, Gana T, Lockwood S et al (2020) A review of surgical and peri-operative factors to consider in emergency laparotomy care. Anaesthesia 75(Suppl 1):e75–e82
pubmed: 31903572
Benz D, Balogh ZJ (2017) Damage control surgery: current state and future directions. Curr Opin Crit Care 23:491–497
pubmed: 29035926
doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000465
Ordóñez CA, Sánchez AI, Pineda JA et al (2010) Deferred primary anastomosis versus diversion in patients with severe secondary peritonitis managed with staged laparotomies. World J Surg 34:169–176
pubmed: 20020299
doi: 10.1007/s00268-009-0285-y
Ordoñez CA, Puyana JC (2006) Management of peritonitis in the critically ill patient. Surg Clin North Am 86:1323–1349
pubmed: 17116451
doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2006.09.006
Haltmeier T, Falke M, Quaile O et al (2021) Damage control surgery in patients with non-traumatic abdominal emergencies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 92:1075–1085
pubmed: 34882591
doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000003488
Cirocchi R, Birindelli A, Biffl WL et al (2016) What is the effectiveness of the negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in patients treated with open abdomen technique? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 81:575–584
pubmed: 27257705
doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000001126
Bleszynski MS, Chan T, Buczkowski AK (2016) Open abdomen with negative pressure device vs primary abdominal closure for the management of surgical abdominal sepsis: a retrospective review. Am J Surg 211:926–932
pubmed: 27020900
doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.01.012
Betancourt AS, Milagros GC, Sibaja P et al (2020) Cost evaluation of temporary abdominal closure methods in abdominal sepsis patients successfully treated with an open abdomen. Should we take temporary abdominal closure methods at face value? Health Economic evaluation. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 56:11–16
pubmed: 32566220
doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.06.007
Willms A, Schaaf S, Schwab R et al (2016) Abdominal wall integrity after open abdomen: long-term results of vacuum-assisted wound closure and mesh-mediated fascial traction (VAWCM). Hernia 20:849–858
pubmed: 27601035
doi: 10.1007/s10029-016-1534-2
Fortelny RH, Hofmann A, Gruber-Blum S et al (2014) Delayed closure of open abdomen in septic patients is facilitated by combined negative pressure wound therapy and dynamic fascial suture. Surg Endosc 28:735–740
pubmed: 24149855
doi: 10.1007/s00464-013-3251-6
Beltzer C, Eisenächer A, Badendieck S et al (2016) Retrospective analysis of a VACM (vacuum-assisted closure and mesh-mediated fascial traction) treatment manual for temporary abdominal wall closure - results of 58 consecutive patients. GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW 5:Doc19
pubmed: 27547691
Tolonen M, Mentula P, Sallinen V et al (2017) Open abdomen with vacuum-assisted wound closure and mesh-mediated fascial traction in patients with complicated diffuse secondary peritonitis: a single-center 8-year experience. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 82:1100–1105
pubmed: 28338592
doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000001452
Salamone G, Licari L, Guercio G et al (2018) Vacuum-assisted wound closure with mesh-mediated fascial traction achieves better outcomes than vacuum-assisted wound closure alone: a comparative study. World J Surg 42:1679–1686
pubmed: 29147897
doi: 10.1007/s00268-017-4354-3
Schein M (2008) To drain or not to drain? The role of drainage in the contaminated and infected abdomen: an international and personal perspective. World J Surg 32:312–321
pubmed: 18080709
doi: 10.1007/s00268-007-9277-y
Jesus EC, Karliczek A, Matos D et al (2004) Prophylactic anastomotic drainage for colorectal surgery. Cochrane Datab Syst Rev 2004(4):002100
Hüttner FJ, Probst P, Knebel P et al (2017) Meta-analysis of prophylactic abdominal drainage in pancreatic surgery. Br J Surg 104:660–668
pubmed: 28318008
doi: 10.1002/bjs.10505
Petrowsky H, Demartines N, Rousson V, Clavien P-A (2004) Evidence-based value of prophylactic drainage in gastrointestinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Ann Surg 240:1074–1084 (discussion 1084–5)
pubmed: 15570212
doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000146149.17411.c5
Urbach DR, Kennedy ED, Cohen MM (1999) Colon and rectal anastomoses do not require routine drainage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg 229:174–180
pubmed: 10024097
doi: 10.1097/00000658-199902000-00003
Guerra F, Giuliani G, Coletta D et al (2018) A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the use of suction drains following rectal surgery. Dig Surg 35:482–490
pubmed: 29232658
doi: 10.1159/000485139
Collaborative E (2022) Intraperitoneal drain placement and outcomes after elective colorectal surgery: international matched, prospective, cohort study. Br J Surg 109:520–529
doi: 10.1093/bjs/znac069
Collaborative E (2022) 256 the effect of intraperitoneal drain placement on postoperative outcomes after emergency colorectal surgery: a propensity-score matched analysis. Br J Surg 109(znac268):026
Talving P, Mohseni S, Inaba K et al (2011) Closed suction drain after isolated hollow viscus injury: a friend or foe? J Trauma 70:1424–1428
pubmed: 21817980
Mohseni S, Talving P, Kobayashi L et al (2012) Closed-suction drain placement at laparotomy in isolated solid organ injury is not associated with decreased risk of deep surgical site infection. Am Surg 78:1187–1191
pubmed: 23025967
doi: 10.1177/000313481207801038
Manzoor B, Heywood N, Sharma A (2015) Review of subcutaneous wound drainage in reducing surgical site infections after laparotomy. Surg Res Pract 2015:715803
pubmed: 26783556
Li Z, Zhao L, Cheng Y et al (2018) Abdominal drainage to prevent intra-peritoneal abscess after open appendectomy for complicated appendicitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5:CD010168
pubmed: 29741752
Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B et al (2020) Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg 15:27
pubmed: 32295644
doi: 10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3
Schlottmann F, Reino R, Sadava EE et al (2016) Could an abdominal drainage be avoided in complicated acute appendicitis? Lessons learned after 1300 laparoscopic appendectomies. Int J Surg 36:40–43
pubmed: 27743898
doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.10.013
Ansari M, Akhtar A, Haleem S et al (2012) Is there a role of abdominal drainage in primarily repaired perforated peptic ulcers? J Exp Integr Med 2:47
doi: 10.5455/jeim.201111.or.015
Alkaaki A, Al-Radi OO, Khoja A et al (2019) Surgical site infection following abdominal surgery: a prospective cohort study. Can J Surg 62:111–117
pubmed: 30907567
doi: 10.1503/cjs.004818
Nelson RL, Gladman E (2024) Barbateskovic M (2014) Antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5:001181
Hu LQ, Grant MC, Hornor MA et al (2020) Technical evidence review for emergency major abdominal operation conducted for the AHRQ safety program for improving surgical care and recovery. J Am Coll Surg 231:743-764.e5
pubmed: 32979468
doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.08.772
Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM et al (2017) The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg 12:29
pubmed: 28702076
doi: 10.1186/s13017-017-0141-6
Keenan JE, Speicher PJ, Thacker JKM et al (2014) The preventive surgical site infection bundle in colorectal surgery: an effective approach to surgical site infection reduction and health care cost savings. JAMA Surg 149:1045–1052
pubmed: 25163027
doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2014.346
Zywot A, Lau CSM, Stephen Fletcher H, Paul S (2017) Bundles prevent surgical site infections after colorectal surgery: meta-analysis and systematic review. J Gastrointest Surg 21:1915–1930
pubmed: 28620749
doi: 10.1007/s11605-017-3465-3
Reese SM, Knepper B, Amiot M et al (2020) Implementation of colon surgical site infection prevention bundle-The successes and challenges. Am J Infect Control 48:1287–1291
pubmed: 32439291
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.010
NIHR Global Research Health Unit on Global Surgery (2022) Routine sterile glove and instrument change at the time of abdominal wound closure to prevent surgical site infection (ChEETAh): a pragmatic, cluster-randomised trial in seven low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 400:1767–1776
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01884-0
Leaper DJ, Edmiston CE (2017) World Health Organization: global guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infection. J Hosp Infect 95:135–136
pubmed: 28139389
doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.12.016
Stept WJ, Safar P (1970) Rapid induction/intubation for prevention of gastric-content aspiration. Anesth Analg 49:633–636
pubmed: 5534675
doi: 10.1213/00000539-197007000-00027
Sellick BA (1961) Cricoid pressure to control regurgitation of stomach contents during induction of anaesthesia. Lancet 2:404–406
pubmed: 13749923
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(61)92485-0
Marsch SC, Steiner L, Bucher E et al (2011) Succinylcholine versus rocuronium for rapid sequence intubation in intensive care: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 15:R199
pubmed: 21846380
doi: 10.1186/cc10367
Tran DTT, Newton EK, Mount VAH et al (2017) Rocuronium vs. succinylcholine for rapid sequence intubation: a Cochrane systematic review. Anaesthesia 72:765–777
pubmed: 28654173
doi: 10.1111/anae.13903
Pillay L, Hardcastle T (2017) Collective review of the status of rapid sequence intubation drugs of choice in trauma in low- and middle-income settings (prehospital, emergency department and operating room setting). World J Surg 41:1184–1192
pubmed: 27646281
doi: 10.1007/s00268-016-3712-x
Fuchs-Buder T, Romero CS, Lewald H et al (2023) Peri-operative management of neuromuscular blockade: a guideline from the European society of anaesthesiology and intensive care. Eur J Anaesthesiol 40:82–94
pubmed: 36377554
doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000001769
Tessarolo E, Alkhouri H, Lelos N et al (2022) Review article: Effectiveness and risks of cricoid pressure during rapid sequence induction for endotracheal intubation in the emergency department: a systematic review. Emerg Med Australas 34:484–491
pubmed: 35577760
doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.13993
Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF et al (2015) Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. Br J Anaesth 115:827–848
pubmed: 26556848
doi: 10.1093/bja/aev371
Sajayan A, Wicker J, Ungureanu N et al (2016) Current practice of rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia in the UK - a national survey. Br J Anaesth 117(Suppl 1):i69–i74
pubmed: 26917599
doi: 10.1093/bja/aew017
Buddeberg BS, Seeberger MD (2022) Anesthesia and oncology: friend or foe? Front Oncol 12:802210
pubmed: 35359377
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.802210
Miller D, Lewis SR, Pritchard MW et al (2018) Intravenous versus inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia for postoperative cognitive outcomes in elderly people undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8:CD012317
pubmed: 30129968
Berger M, Schenning KJ, Brown CH 4th et al (2018) Best practices for postoperative brain health: recommendations from the fifth international perioperative neurotoxicity working group. Anesth Analg 127:1406–1413
pubmed: 30303868
doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000003841
Punjasawadwong Y, Chau-In W, Laopaiboon M et al (2018) Processed electroencephalogram and evoked potential techniques for amelioration of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction following non-cardiac and non-neurosurgical procedures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5:CD011283
pubmed: 29761891
Evered LA, Chan MTV, Han R et al (2021) Anaesthetic depth and delirium after major surgery: a randomised clinical trial. Br J Anaesth 127:704–712
pubmed: 34465469
doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.07.021
Ansaloni L, Catena F, Chattat R et al (2010) Risk factors and incidence of postoperative delirium in elderly patients after elective and emergency surgery. Br J Surg 97:273–280
pubmed: 20069607
doi: 10.1002/bjs.6843
Pandit JJ, Andrade J, Bogod DG et al (2014) 5th National Audit Project (NAP5) on accidental awareness during general anaesthesia: summary of main findings and risk factors. Br J Anaesth 113:549–559
pubmed: 25204697
doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu313
Evered LA, Goldstein PA (2021) Reducing perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) through depth of anesthesia monitoring: a critical review. Int J Gen Med 14:153–162
pubmed: 33469352
doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S242230
Gan TJ, Belani KG, Bergese S et al (2020) Fourth consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 131:411–448
pubmed: 32467512
doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004833
Rajan N, Joshi GP (2021) Management of postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults: current controversies. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 34:695–702
pubmed: 34560688
doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000001063
Schlesinger T, Weibel S, Meybohm P, Kranke P (2021) Drugs in anesthesia: preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 34:421–427
pubmed: 33958529
Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W et al (2021) Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med 49:e1063–e1143
pubmed: 34605781
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005337
Corcoran TB, Myles PS, Forbes AB et al (2021) Dexamethasone and surgical-site infection. N Engl J Med 384:1731–1741
pubmed: 33951362
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2028982
The 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria
Feldheiser A, Aziz O, Baldini G et al (2016) Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) for gastrointestinal surgery, part 2: consensus statement for anaesthesia practice. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 60:289–334
pubmed: 26514824
doi: 10.1111/aas.12651
Galvão CM, Liang Y, Clark AM (2010) Effectiveness of cutaneous warming systems on temperature control: meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs 66:1196–1206
pubmed: 20546353
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05312.x
Young CC, Harris EM, Vacchiano C et al (2019) Lung-protective ventilation for the surgical patient: international expert panel-based consensus recommendations. Br J Anaesth 123:898–913
pubmed: 31587835
doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.08.017
Watson X, Chereshneva M, Odor PM et al (2018) Adoption of lung protective ventilation IN patients undergoing emergency laparotomy: the ALPINE study. A prospective multicentre observational study. Br J Anaesth 121:909–917
pubmed: 30236253
doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.048
Fernandez-Bustamante A, Frendl G, Sprung J (2017) Postoperative pulmonary complications, early mortality, and hospital stay following noncardiothoracic surgery: a multicenter study by the perioperative research network investigators. JAMA 152:157–166
Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Avram MJ et al (2015) Residual neuromuscular block in the elderly: incidence and clinical implications. Anesthesiology 123:1322–1336
pubmed: 26448469
doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000865
Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Avram MJ et al (2013) Postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade is associated with impaired clinical recovery. Anesth Analg 117:133–141
pubmed: 23337416
doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182742e75
McLean DJ, Diaz-Gil D, Farhan HN et al (2015) Dose-dependent association between intermediate-acting neuromuscular-blocking agents and postoperative respiratory complications. Anesthesiology 122:1201–1213
pubmed: 25919486
doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000674
Naguib M, Brull SJ, Kopman AF et al (2018) Consensus statement on perioperative use of neuromuscular monitoring. Anesth Analg 127:71–80
pubmed: 29200077
doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002670
Togioka BM, Yanez D, Aziz MF et al (2020) Randomised controlled trial of sugammadex or neostigmine for reversal of neuromuscular block on the incidence of pulmonary complications in older adults undergoing prolonged surgery. Br J Anaesth 124:553–561
pubmed: 32139135
doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.01.016
Wang J-F, Zhao Z-Z, Jiang Z-Y et al (2021) Influence of sugammadex versus neostigmine for neuromuscular block reversal on the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Perioper Med (Lond) 10:32
pubmed: 34538277
doi: 10.1186/s13741-021-00203-6
Holte K, Sharrock NE, Kehlet H (2002) Pathophysiology and clinical implications of perioperative fluid excess. Br J Anaesth 89:622–632
pubmed: 12393365
doi: 10.1093/bja/aef220
Chappell D, Jacob M, Hofmann-Kiefer K et al (2008) A rational approach to perioperative fluid management. Anesthesiology 109:723–740
pubmed: 18813052
doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181863117
Peden C, Scott MJ (2015) Anesthesia for emergency abdominal surgery. Anesthesiol Clin 33:209–221
pubmed: 25701936
doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2014.11.012
Harten J, Crozier JEM, McCreath B et al (2008) Effect of intraoperative fluid optimisation on renal function in patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery: a randomised controlled pilot study (ISRCTN 11799696). Int J Surg 6:197–204
pubmed: 18424200
doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2008.03.002
Aaen AA, Voldby AW, Storm N et al (2021) Goal-directed fluid therapy in emergency abdominal surgery: a randomised multicentre trial. Br J Anaesth 127:521–531
pubmed: 34389168
doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.06.031
Todd SR, Malinoski D, Muller PJ, Schreiber MA (2007) Lactated Ringer’s is superior to normal saline in the resuscitation of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 62:636–639
pubmed: 17414340
Lobo DN, Awad S (2014) Should chloride-rich crystalloids remain the mainstay of fluid resuscitation to prevent “pre-renal”acute kidney injury?: con. Kidney Int 86:1096–1105
pubmed: 24717302
doi: 10.1038/ki.2014.105
Chowdhury AH, Cox EF, Francis ST, Lobo DN (2012) A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma-lyte
pubmed: 22580944
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318256be72
Weinberg L, Li M, Churilov L et al (2018) Associations of fluid amount, type, and balance and acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 46:79–87
pubmed: 29361260
doi: 10.1177/0310057X1804600112
Volta CA, Trentini A, Farabegoli L et al (2013) Effects of two different strategies of fluid administration on inflammatory mediators, plasma electrolytes and acid/base disorders in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a randomized double blind study. J Inflamm 10:29
doi: 10.1186/1476-9255-10-29
Pfortmueller CA, Funk G-C, Reiterer C et al (2018) Normal saline versus a balanced crystalloid for goal-directed perioperative fluid therapy in major abdominal surgery: a double-blind randomised controlled study. Br J Anaesth 120:274–283
pubmed: 29406176
doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.088
Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP et al (2018) Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically Ill adults. N Engl J Med 378:829–839
pubmed: 29485925
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1711584
Semler MW, Kellum JA (2019) Balanced crystalloid solutions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 199:952–960
pubmed: 30407838
doi: 10.1164/rccm.201809-1677CI
Semler MW, Wanderer JP, Ehrenfeld JM et al (2017) Balanced crystalloids versus saline in the intensive care unit. The salt randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195:1362–1372
pubmed: 27749094
doi: 10.1164/rccm.201607-1345OC
Futier E, Garot M, Godet T et al (2020) Effect of hydroxyethyl starch vs saline for volume replacement therapy on death or postoperative complications among high-risk patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: the flash randomized clinical trial. JAMA 323:225–236
pubmed: 31961418
doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.20833
Zarychanski R, Abou-Setta AM, Turgeon AF et al (2013) Association of hydroxyethyl starch administration with mortality and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients requiring volume resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 309:678–688
pubmed: 23423413
doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.430
Funk G-C, Lindner G, Druml W et al (2010) Incidence and prognosis of dysnatremias present on ICU admission. Intensive Care Med 36:304–311
pubmed: 19847398
doi: 10.1007/s00134-009-1692-0
Stelfox HT, Ahmed SB, Khandwala F et al (2008) The epidemiology of intensive care unit-acquired hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia in medical-surgical intensive care units. Crit Care 12:R162
pubmed: 19094227
doi: 10.1186/cc7162
Buckley MS, Leblanc JM, Cawley MJ (2010) Electrolyte disturbances associated with commonly prescribed medications in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 38:S253–S264
pubmed: 20502178
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181dda0be
Martyn JAJ, Richtsfeld M (2006) Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in acquired pathologic states: etiologic factors and molecular mechanisms. Anesthesiology 104:158–169
pubmed: 16394702
doi: 10.1097/00000542-200601000-00022
Bugg NC, Jones JA (1998) Hypophosphataemia. Pathophysiology, effects and management on the intensive care unit. Anaesthesia 53:895–902
pubmed: 9849285
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.00463.x
Zaloga GP (1992) Hypocalcemia in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 20:251–262
pubmed: 1737459
doi: 10.1097/00003246-199202000-00014
Besunder JB, Smith PG (1991) Toxic effects of electrolyte and trace mineral administration in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin 7:659–693
pubmed: 1863886
doi: 10.1016/S0749-0704(18)30300-2
Lee JW (2010) Fluid and electrolyte disturbances in critically ill patients. Electrolyte Blood Press 8:72–81
pubmed: 21468200
doi: 10.5049/EBP.2010.8.2.72
Chong MA, Wang Y, Berbenetz NM, McConachie I (2018) Does goal-directed haemodynamic and fluid therapy improve peri-operative outcomes?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol 35:469–483
pubmed: 29369117
doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000778
Cecconi M, Corredor C, Arulkumaran N et al (2013) Clinical review: Goal-directed therapy-what is the evidence in surgical patients? The effect on different risk groups. Crit Care 17:209
pubmed: 23672779
doi: 10.1186/cc11823
Grocott MPW, Dushianthan A, Hamilton MA et al (2012) Perioperative increase in global blood flow to explicit defined goals and outcomes following surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11:CD004082
pubmed: 23152223
Challand C, Struthers R, Sneyd JR et al (2012) Randomized controlled trial of intraoperative goal-directed fluid therapy in aerobically fit and unfit patients having major colorectal surgery. Br J Anaesth 108:53–62
pubmed: 21873370
doi: 10.1093/bja/aer273
Rollins KE, Lobo DN (2016) Intraoperative goal-directed fluid therapy in elective major abdominal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Surg 263:465–476
pubmed: 26445470
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001366
Pearse RM, Harrison DA, MacDonald N et al (2014) Effect of a perioperative, cardiac output-guided hemodynamic therapy algorithm on outcomes following major gastrointestinal surgery: a randomized clinical trial and systematic review. JAMA 311:2181–2190
pubmed: 24842135
doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.5305
Rollins KE, Mathias NC, Lobo DN (2019) Meta-analysis of goal-directed fluid therapy using transoesophageal Doppler monitoring in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. BJS Open 3:606–616
pubmed: 31592512
doi: 10.1002/bjs5.50188
Tengberg LT, Bay-Nielsen M, Bisgaard T et al (2017) Multidisciplinary perioperative protocol in patients undergoing acute high-risk abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 104:463–471
pubmed: 28112798
doi: 10.1002/bjs.10427
Salmasi V, Maheshwari K, Yang D et al (2017) Relationship between Intraoperative hypotension, defined by either reduction from baseline or absolute thresholds, and acute kidney and myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort analysis. Anesthesiology 126:47–65
pubmed: 27792044
doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001432
Calvo-Vecino JM, Ripollés-Melchor J, Mythen MG et al (2018) Effect of goal-directed haemodynamic therapy on postoperative complications in low-moderate risk surgical patients: a multicentre randomised controlled trial (FEDORA trial). Br J Anaesth 120:734–744
pubmed: 29576114
doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.12.018
Futier E, Lefrant J-Y, Guinot P-G et al (2017) Effect of individualized vs standard blood pressure management strategies on postoperative organ dysfunction among high-risk patients undergoing major surgery: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 318:1346–1357
pubmed: 28973220
doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.14172
Vieillard-Baron A, Millington SJ, Sanfilippo F et al (2019) A decade of progress in critical care echocardiography: a narrative review. Intensive Care Med 45:770–788
pubmed: 30911808
doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05604-2
Marik PE (2013) Noninvasive cardiac output monitors: a state-of the-art review. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 27:121–134
pubmed: 22609340
doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2012.03.022
Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W et al (2017) Surviving Sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Crit Care Med 45:486–552
pubmed: 28098591
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002255
Lamontagne F, Richards-Belle A, Thomas K et al (2020) Effect of reduced exposure to vasopressors on 90-day mortality in older critically ill patients with vasodilatory hypotension: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 323:938–949
pubmed: 32049269
doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.0930
Lamontagne F, Day AG, Meade MO et al (2018) Pooled analysis of higher versus lower blood pressure targets for vasopressor therapy septic and vasodilatory shock. Intensive Care Med 44:12–21
pubmed: 29260272
doi: 10.1007/s00134-017-5016-5
French WB, Rothstein WB, Scott MJ (2021) Time to use peripheral norepinephrine in the operating room. Anesth Analg 133:284–288
pubmed: 33886514
doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005558
Kotagal M, Symons RG, Hirsch IB et al (2015) Perioperative hyperglycemia and risk of adverse events among patients with and without diabetes. Ann Surg 261:97–103
pubmed: 25133932
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000688
Frisch A, Chandra P, Smiley D et al (2010) Prevalence and clinical outcome of hyperglycemia in the perioperative period in noncardiac surgery. Diabetes Care 33:1783–1788
pubmed: 20435798
doi: 10.2337/dc10-0304
Farrokhi F, Smiley D, Umpierrez GE (2011) Glycemic control in non-diabetic critically ill patients. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 25:813–824
pubmed: 21925080
doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2011.05.004
Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Jacobs S et al (2011) Randomized study of basal-bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing general surgery (RABBIT 2 surgery). Diabetes Care 34:256–261
pubmed: 21228246
doi: 10.2337/dc10-1407
Duggan EW, Carlson K, Umpierrez GE (2017) Perioperative hyperglycemia management: an update. Anesthesiology 126:547–560
pubmed: 28121636
doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001515
Schack A, Ekeloef S, Ostrowski SR et al (2021) Blood transfusion in major emergency abdominal surgery. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 48:121–131
pubmed: 33388785
doi: 10.1007/s00068-020-01562-3
Narasimhan V, Spychal R, Pilgrim C (2017) Blood transfusions for emergency laparotomies in general surgery. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 7:15–22
American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Management (2015) Practice guidelines for perioperative blood management: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Management*. Anesthesiology 122:241–275
doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000463
Kozek-Langenecker SA, Ahmed AB, Afshari A et al (2017) Management of severe perioperative bleeding: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology: First update 2016. Eur J Anaesthesiol 34:332–395
pubmed: 28459785
doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000630
Ferraris VA, Hochstetler M, Martin JT et al (2015) Blood transfusion and adverse surgical outcomes: The good and the bad. Surgery 158:608–617
pubmed: 26032824
doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.02.027
Baker L, Park L, Gilbert R et al (2021) Intraoperative red blood cell transfusion decision-making: a systematic review of guidelines. Ann Surg 274:86–96
pubmed: 33630462
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004710
Wick EC, Grant MC, Wu CL (2017) Postoperative multimodal analgesia pain management with nonopioid analgesics and techniques. JAMA Surg 152:691
pubmed: 28564673
doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0898
Soffin EM, YaDeau JT (2016) Enhanced recovery after surgery for primary hip and knee arthroplasty: a review of the evidence. Br J Anaesth 117:iii62–iii72
pubmed: 27940457
doi: 10.1093/bja/aew362
Grant MC, Sommer PM, He C et al (2017) Preserved analgesia with reduction in opioids through the use of an acute pain protocol in enhanced recovery after surgery for open hepatectomy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 42:451–457
pubmed: 28525409
doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000615
Ban KA, Gibbons MM, Ko CY et al (2019) Evidence review conducted for the agency for healthcare research and quality safety program for improving surgical care and recovery: focus on anesthesiology for colorectal surgery. Anesth Analg 128:879
pubmed: 29649026
doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000003366
Arron MNN, Lier EJ, de Wilt JHW et al (2020) Postoperative administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in colorectal cancer surgery does not increase anastomotic leak rate; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 46:2167–2173
pubmed: 32792221
doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2020.07.017
Park CM, Inouye SK, Marcantonio ER et al (2022) Perioperative gabapentin use and in-hospital adverse clinical events among older adults after major surgery. JAMA Intern Med 182:1117–1127
pubmed: 36121671
doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.3680
Pöpping DM, Elia N, Marret E et al (2008) Protective effects of epidural analgesia on pulmonary complications after abdominal and thoracic surgery: a meta-analysis. Arch Surg 143:990–999 (discussion 1000)
pubmed: 18936379
doi: 10.1001/archsurg.143.10.990
Guay J, Nishimori M, Kopp S (2016) Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens for postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, vomiting and pain after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7:CD001893
pubmed: 27419911
Werawatganon T, Charuluxanun S (2005) Patient controlled intravenous opioid analgesia versus continuous epidural analgesia for pain after intra-abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004088
De Oliveira Jr GS, Castro-Alves LJ, Nader A et al (2014) Transversus abdominis plane block to ameliorate postoperative pain outcomes after laparoscopic surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesth Analg 118:454–463
pubmed: 24445643
doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000066
Oh TK, Lee S-J, Do S-H, Song I-A (2018) Transversus abdominis plane block using a short-acting local anesthetic for postoperative pain after laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 32:545–552
pubmed: 29075970
doi: 10.1007/s00464-017-5871-8
Baeriswyl M, Kirkham KR, Kern C, Albrecht E (2015) The analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in adult patients: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 121:1640–1654
pubmed: 26397443
doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000967
Mrunalini P, Raju NVR, Nath VN, Saheb SM (2014) Efficacy of transversus abdominis plane block in patients undergoing emergency laparotomies. Anesth Essays Res 8:377–382
pubmed: 25886339
doi: 10.4103/0259-1162.143153
Sanderson BJ, Doane MA (2018) Transversus abdominis plane catheters for analgesia following abdominal surgery in adults. Reg Anesth Pain Med 43:5–13
pubmed: 29099414
doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000681
Bamigboye AA, Hofmeyr GJ (2009) Local anaesthetic wound infiltration and abdominal nerves block during caesarean section for postoperative pain relief. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD006954
Yu N, Long X, Lujan-Hernandez JR et al (2014) Transversus abdominis-plane block versus local anesthetic wound infiltration in lower abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Anesthesiol 14:121
pubmed: 25580086
doi: 10.1186/1471-2253-14-121
Karthikesalingam A, Walsh SR, Markar SR et al (2008) Continuous wound infusion of local anaesthetic agents following colorectal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 14:5301–5305
pubmed: 18785282
doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.5301
Marks JL, Ata B, Tulandi T (2012) Systematic review and metaanalysis of intraperitoneal instillation of local anesthetics for reduction of pain after gynecologic laparoscopy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 19:545–553
pubmed: 22763313
doi: 10.1016/j.jmig.2012.04.002
Weibel S, Jokinen J, Pace NL et al (2016) Efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative analgesia and recovery after surgery: a systematic review with trial sequential analysis. Br J Anaesth 116:770–783
pubmed: 27199310
doi: 10.1093/bja/aew101
Sun Y, Li T, Wang N et al (2012) Perioperative systemic lidocaine for postoperative analgesia and recovery after abdominal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dis Colon Rectum 55:1183–1194
pubmed: 23044681
doi: 10.1097/DCR.0b013e318259bcd8
McCarthy GC, Megalla SA, Habib AS (2010) Impact of intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative analgesia and recovery from surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Drugs 70:1149–1163
pubmed: 20518581
doi: 10.2165/10898560-000000000-00000
Ventham NT, Hughes M, O’Neill S et al (2013) Systematic review and meta-analysis of continuous local anaesthetic wound infiltration versus epidural analgesia for postoperative pain following abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 100:1280–1289
pubmed: 24244968
doi: 10.1002/bjs.9204
Rollins KE, Javanmard-Emamghissi H, Scott MJ, Lobo DN (2020) The impact of peri-operative intravenous lidocaine on postoperative outcome after elective colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Anaesthesiol 37:659–670
pubmed: 32141934
doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000001165
Levy N, Quinlan J, El-Boghdadly K et al (2021) An international multidisciplinary consensus statement on the prevention of opioid-related harm in adult surgical patients. Anaesthesia 76:520–536
pubmed: 33027841
doi: 10.1111/anae.15262
Schwenk ES, Viscusi ER, Buvanendran A et al (2018) Consensus guidelines on the use of intravenous ketamine infusions for acute pain management from the american society of regional anesthesia and pain medicine, the american academy of pain medicine, and the american society of anesthesiologists. Reg Anesth Pain Med 43:456–466
pubmed: 29870457
Brueckmann B, Villa-Uribe JL, Bateman BT et al (2013) Development and validation of a score for prediction of postoperative respiratory complications. Anesthesiology 118:1276–1285
pubmed: 23571640
doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318293065c
Neto AS, da Costa LGV, Hemmes SNT et al (2018) The LAS VEGAS risk score for prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications: an observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 35:691–701
pubmed: 29916860
doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000845
Fernandez-Bustamante A, Frendl G, Sprung J et al (2017) Postoperative pulmonary complications, early mortality, and hospital stay following noncardiothoracic surgery: a multicenter study by the perioperative research network investigators. JAMA Surg 152:157–166
pubmed: 27829093
doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.4065
The Royal College of Surgeons and Department of Health (2011) The Higher Risk General Surgical Patient: Towards Improved Care for a Forgotten Group https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/rcs-publications/docs/the-higher-risk-general-surgical-patient/
Canet J, Mazo V (2010) Postoperative pulmonary complications. Minerva Anestesiol 76:138–143
pubmed: 20150855
Canet J, Gallart L, Gomar C et al (2010) Prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications in a population-based surgical cohort. Anesthesiology 113:1338–1350
pubmed: 21045639
doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181fc6e0a
Leone M, Einav S, Chiumello D et al (2020) Noninvasive respiratory support in the hypoxaemic peri-operative/periprocedural patient: a joint ESA/ESICM guideline. Intensive Care Med 46:697–713
pubmed: 32157356
doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05948-0
Squadrone V, Coha M, Cerutti E et al (2005) Continuous positive airway pressure for treatment of postoperative hypoxemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 293:589–595
pubmed: 15687314
doi: 10.1001/jama.293.5.589
Jaber S, Lescot T, Futier E et al (2016) Effect of noninvasive ventilation on tracheal reintubation among patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure following abdominal surgery: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 315:1345–1353
pubmed: 26975890
doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.2706
Ireland CJ, Chapman TM, Mathew SF, et al (2014) Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during the postoperative period for prevention of postoperative morbidity and mortality following major abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD008930
Pearse R, Ranieri M, Abbott T et al (2021) Postoperative continuous positive airway pressure to prevent pneumonia, re-intubation, and death after major abdominal surgery (PRISM): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Respir Med 9:1221–1230
doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00089-8
Odor PM, Bampoe S, Gilhooly D et al (2020) Perioperative interventions for prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 368:m540
pubmed: 32161042
doi: 10.1136/bmj.m540
Fagevik Olsén M, Hahn I, Nordgren S et al (1997) Randomized controlled trial of prophylactic chest physiotherapy in major abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 84:1535–1538
pubmed: 9393272
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2168.1997.02828.x
Boden I, Sullivan K, Hackett C et al (2018) ICEAGE (incidence of complications following emergency abdominal surgery: get exercising): study protocol of a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial testing physiotherapy for the prevention of complications and improved physical recovery after emergency abdominal surgery. World J Emerg Surg 13:29
pubmed: 29988707
doi: 10.1186/s13017-018-0189-y
Boden I, Sullivan K, Hackett C et al (2022) Intensive physical therapy after emergency laparotomy: pilot phase of the Incidence of Complications following Emergency Abdominal surgery Get Exercising randomized controlled trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 92:1020–1030
pubmed: 35609291
doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000003542
Rochwerg B, Einav S, Chaudhuri D et al (2020) The role for high flow nasal cannula as a respiratory support strategy in adults: a clinical practice guideline. Intensive Care Med 46:2226–2237
pubmed: 33201321
doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06312-y
Lissauer ME, Galvagno SM Jr, Rock P et al (2014) Increased ICU resource needs for an academic emergency general surgery service. Crit Care Med 42:910–917
pubmed: 24335442
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000099
Sobol JB, Wunsch H (2011) Triage of high-risk surgical patients for intensive care. Crit Care 15:217
pubmed: 21457500
doi: 10.1186/cc9999
Pearse RM, Moreno RP, Bauer P et al (2012) Mortality after surgery in Europe: a 7 day cohort study. Lancet 380:1059–1065
pubmed: 22998715
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61148-9
Wunsch H, Gershengorn HB, Cooke CR et al (2016) Use of intensive care services for medicare beneficiaries undergoing major surgical procedures. Anesthesiology 124:899–907
pubmed: 26825149
doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001024
Aggarwal G, Broughton KJ, Williams LJ et al (2020) Early postoperative death in patients undergoing emergency high-risk surgery: towards a better understanding of patients for whom surgery may not be beneficial. J Clin Med 9:1288
pubmed: 32365617
doi: 10.3390/jcm9051288
Tengberg LT, Cihoric M, Foss NB et al (2017) Complications after emergency laparotomy beyond the immediate postoperative period - a retrospective, observational cohort study of 1139 patients. Anaesthesia 72:309–316
pubmed: 27809332
doi: 10.1111/anae.13721
Vester-Andersen M, Lundstrøm LH, Møller MH et al (2014) Mortality and postoperative care pathways after emergency gastrointestinal surgery in 2904 patients: a population-based cohort study. Br J Anaesth 112:860–870
pubmed: 24520008
doi: 10.1093/bja/aet487
Saunders DI, Murray D, Pichel AC et al (2012) Variations in mortality after emergency laparotomy: the first report of the UK Emergency Laparotomy Network. Br J Anaesth 109:368–375
pubmed: 22728205
doi: 10.1093/bja/aes165
Akyar S, Armenia SJ, Ratnani P, Merchant AM (2018) The impact of frailty on postoperative cardiopulmonary complications in the emergency general surgery population. Surg J (N Y) 4:e66–e77
pubmed: 29796424
doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1655756
McIsaac DI, Moloo H, Bryson GL, van Walraven C (2017) The association of frailty with outcomes and resource use after emergency general surgery: a population-based cohort study. Anesth Analg 124:1653–1661
pubmed: 28431425
doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001960
Gillies MA, Harrison EM, Pearse RM et al (2017) Intensive care utilization and outcomes after high-risk surgery in Scotland: a population-based cohort study. Br J Anaesth 118:123–131
pubmed: 28039249
doi: 10.1093/bja/aew396
Chana P, Joy M, Casey N et al (2017) Cohort analysis of outcomes in 69 490 emergency general surgical admissions across an international benchmarking collaborative. BMJ Open 7:e014484
pubmed: 28274969
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014484
Ingraham A, Nathens A, Peitzman A et al (2017) Assessment of emergency general surgery care based on formally developed quality indicators. Surgery 162:397–407
pubmed: 28647046
doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.03.025
Update to the high-risk surgical patient released by RCS England. https://www.nela.org.uk/RCS-Update-The-High-Risk-Surgical-Patient-Released . Accessed 19 Nov 2022
Saravana-Bawan B, Warkentin LM, Rucker D et al (2019) Incidence and predictors of postoperative delirium in the older acute care surgery population: a prospective study. Can J Surg 62:33–38
pubmed: 30693744
doi: 10.1503/cjs.016817
de Castro SMM, Ünlü Ç, Tuynman JB et al (2014) Incidence and risk factors of delirium in the elderly general surgical patient. Am J Surg 208:26–32
pubmed: 24841287
doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.12.029
Saljuqi AT, Hanna K, Asmar S et al (2020) Prospective evaluation of delirium in geriatric patients undergoing emergency general surgery. J Am Coll Surg 230:758–765
pubmed: 32088308
doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.01.029
Peden CJ, Miller TR, Deiner SG et al (2021) Improving perioperative brain health: an expert consensus review of key actions for the perioperative care team. Br J Anaesth 126:423–432
pubmed: 33413977
doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.10.037
Soiza RL, Myint PK (2019) The Scottish intercollegiate guidelines network (SIGN) 157: guidelines on risk reduction and management of delirium. Medicina 55:491
pubmed: 31443314
doi: 10.3390/medicina55080491
Culley DJ, Flaherty D, Fahey MC et al (2017) Poor performance on a preoperative cognitive screening test predicts postoperative complications in older orthopedic surgical patients. Anesthesiology 127:765–774
pubmed: 28891828
doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001859
Mohanty S, Rosenthal RA, Russell MM et al (2016) Optimal perioperative management of the geriatric patient: a best practices guideline from the American college of surgeons nsqip and the american geriatrics society. J Am Coll Surg 222:930–947
pubmed: 27049783
doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.12.026
Arias F, Wiggins M, Urman RD et al (2020) Rapid in-person cognitive screening in the preoperative setting: test considerations and recommendations from the society for perioperative assessment and quality improvement (SPAQI). Perioper Care Oper Room Manage 19:100089
doi: 10.1016/j.pcorm.2020.100089
Hughes CG, Boncyk CS, Culley DJ et al (2020) American society for enhanced recovery and perioperative quality initiative joint consensus statement on postoperative delirium prevention. Anesth Analg 130:1572–1590
pubmed: 32022748
doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004641
Hshieh TT, Yue J, Oh E et al (2015) Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 175:512–520
pubmed: 25643002
doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7779
Chen CC-H, Li H-C, Liang J-T et al (2017) Effect of a modified hospital elder life program on delirium and length of hospital stay in patients undergoing abdominal surgery: a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg 152:827–834
pubmed: 28538964
doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2017.1083
Wang Y-Y, Yue J-R, Xie D-M et al (2020) Effect of the tailored, family-involved hospital elder life program on postoperative delirium and function in older adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 180:17–25
pubmed: 31633738
doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.4446
Guideline for Perioperative Care for People Living with Frailty Undergoing Elective and Emergency Surgery (2021) Centre for Perioperative Care (CPOC) https://www.cpoc.org.uk/sites/cpoc/files/documents/2021-09/CPOC-BGS-Frailty-Guideline-2021.pdf
Gou RY, Hshieh TT, Marcantonio ER et al (2021) One-year medicare costs associated with delirium in older patients undergoing major elective surgery. JAMA Surg 156:430–442
pubmed: 33625501
doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2020.7260
Deeken F, Sánchez A, Rapp MA et al (2021) Outcomes of a delirium prevention program in older persons after elective surgery: a stepped-wedge cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg 157:e216370
doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2021.6370
Murphy PB, Vogt KN, Lau BD et al (2018) Venous thromboembolism prevention in emergency general surgery: a review. JAMA Surg 153:479–486
pubmed: 29541758
doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2018.0015
Ross SW, Kuhlenschmidt KM, Kubasiak JC et al (2020) Association of the Risk of a venous thromboembolic event in emergency vs elective general surgery. JAMA Surg 155:503–511
pubmed: 32347908
doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2020.0433
Mallick S, Aiken T, Varley P et al (2022) Readmissions from venous thromboembolism after complex cancer surgery. JAMA Surg 157:312–320
pubmed: 35080619
doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2021.7126
Fleming F, Gaertner W, Ternent CA et al (2018) The American society of colon and rectal surgeons clinical practice guideline for the prevention of venous thromboembolic disease in colorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 61:14–20
pubmed: 29219916
doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000982
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2018) Venous Thromboembolism in over 16s: reducing the risk of hospital-acquired deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. NICE guideline [NG89]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng89
Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ et al (2012) Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: american college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 141:e419S-e496S
pubmed: 22315268
doi: 10.1378/chest.11-2301
Anderson DR, Morgano GP, Bennett C et al (2019) American Society of Hematology 2019 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical hospitalized patients. Blood Adv 3:3898–3944
pubmed: 31794602
doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000975
Sweetland S, Green J, Liu B et al (2009) Million Women Study collaborators. Duration and magnitude of the postoperative risk of venous thromboembolism in middle aged women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 339:b4583
pubmed: 19959589
doi: 10.1136/bmj.b4583
Streiff MB, Holmstrom B, Angelini D et al (2021) Cancer-associated venous thromboembolic disease, Version 2.2021, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 19:1181–1201
pubmed: 34666313
Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM et al (2012) Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141:e227S-e277S
pubmed: 22315263
doi: 10.1378/chest.11-2297
DeWane MP, Davis KA, Schuster KM et al (2018) Venous thromboembolism-related readmission in emergency general surgery patients: a role for prophylaxis on discharge? J Am Coll Surg 226:1072-1077.e3
pubmed: 29574180
doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2018.03.021
Ljungqvist O, Scott M, Fearon KC (2017) Enhanced recovery after surgery: a review. JAMA Surg 152:292–298
pubmed: 28097305
doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.4952
Wald HL, Ma A, Bratzler DW, Kramer AM (2008) Indwelling urinary catheter use in the postoperative period: analysis of the national surgical infection prevention project data. Arch Surg 143:551–557
pubmed: 18559747
doi: 10.1001/archsurg.143.6.551
Lee Y, McKechnie T, Springer JE et al (2019) Optimal timing of urinary catheter removal following pelvic colorectal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 34:2011–2021
pubmed: 31707560
doi: 10.1007/s00384-019-03404-0
Patel DN, Felder SI, Luu M et al (2018) Early urinary catheter removal following pelvic colorectal surgery: a prospective, randomized, noninferiority trial. Dis Colon Rectum 61:1180–1186
pubmed: 30192326
doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000001206
Sadeghi M, Leis JA, Laflamme C et al (2019) Standardisation of perioperative urinary catheter use to reduce postsurgical urinary tract infection: an interrupted time series study. BMJ Qual Saf 28:32–38
pubmed: 29844230
doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2017-007458
Okrainec A, Aarts M-A, Conn LG et al (2017) Compliance with urinary catheter removal guidelines leads to improved outcome in enhanced recovery after surgery patients. J Gastrointest Surg 21:1309–1317
pubmed: 28547632
doi: 10.1007/s11605-017-3434-x
Gould CV, Umscheid CA, Agarwal RK, Kuntz G, Pegues DA, Committee HICPA (2010) Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections 2009. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31:319–326
pubmed: 20156062
doi: 10.1086/651091
Meddings J, Saint S, Fowler KE et al (2015) The ann arbor criteria for appropriate urinary catheter use in hospitalized medical patients: results obtained by using the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method. Ann Intern Med 162:S1-34
pubmed: 25938928
doi: 10.7326/M14-1304
Nelson R, Edwards S, Tse B (2007) Prophylactic nasogastric decompression after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004929
Vermeulen H, Storm-Versloot MN, Busch ORC, Ubbink DT (2006) Nasogastric intubation after abdominal surgery: a meta-analysis of recent literature. Arch Surg 141:307–314
pubmed: 16549699
doi: 10.1001/archsurg.141.3.307
Nelson R, Tse B, Edwards S (2005) Systematic review of prophylactic nasogastric decompression after abdominal operations. Br J Surg 92:673–680
pubmed: 15912492
doi: 10.1002/bjs.5090
Sapkota R, Bhandari RS (2013) Prophylactic nasogastric decompression after emergency laparotomy. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 52:437–442
pubmed: 24907946
Venara A, Barbieux J, Mucci S et al (2018) Short-term outcomes of colorectal resection for cancer in elderly in the era of enhanced recovery. Scand J Surg 107:31–37
pubmed: 28464708
doi: 10.1177/1457496917706010
Weimann A, Braga M, Carli F et al (2017) ESPEN guideline: Clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin Nutr 36:623–650
pubmed: 28385477
doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.02.013
Lobo DN, Gianotti L, Adiamah A et al (2020) Perioperative nutrition: Recommendations from the ESPEN expert group. Clin Nutr 39:3211–3227
pubmed: 32362485
doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.03.038
Klappenbach RF, Yazyi FJ, Alonso Quintas F et al (2013) Early oral feeding versus traditional postoperative care after abdominal emergency surgery: a randomized controlled trial. World J Surg 37:2293–2299
pubmed: 23807124
doi: 10.1007/s00268-013-2143-1
Lee SH, Jang JY, Kim HW et al (2014) Effects of early enteral nutrition on patients after emergency gastrointestinal surgery: a propensity score matching analysis. Medicine 93:e323
pubmed: 25526487
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000323
Lobo DN, Williams RN, Welch NT et al (2006) Early postoperative jejunostomy feeding with an immune modulating diet in patients undergoing resectional surgery for upper gastrointestinal cancer: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Clin Nutr 25:716–726
pubmed: 16777271
doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2006.04.007
Weimann A, Braga M, Carli F et al (2021) ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin Nutr 40:4745–4761
pubmed: 34242915
doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.031
Marimuthu K, Varadhan KK, Ljungqvist O, Lobo DN (2012) A meta-analysis of the effect of combinations of immune modulating nutrients on outcome in patients undergoing major open gastrointestinal surgery. Ann Surg 255:1060–1068
pubmed: 22549749
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318252edf8
Schuetz P, Seres D, Lobo DN et al (2021) Management of disease-related malnutrition for patients being treated in hospital. Lancet 398:1927–1938
pubmed: 34656286
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01451-3
Chapuis PH, Bokey L, Keshava A et al (2013) Risk factors for prolonged ileus after resection of colorectal cancer: an observational study of 2400 consecutive patients. Ann Surg 257:909–915
pubmed: 23579542
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318268a693
Bragg D, El-Sharkawy AM, Psaltis E et al (2015) Postoperative ileus: Recent developments in pathophysiology and management. Clin Nutr 34:367–376
pubmed: 25819420
doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.01.016
Barletta JF, Senagore AJ (2014) Reducing the burden of postoperative ileus: evaluating and implementing an evidence-based strategy. World J Surg 38:1966–1977
pubmed: 24682277
doi: 10.1007/s00268-014-2506-2
Grass F, Slieker J, Jurt J et al (2017) Postoperative ileus in an enhanced recovery pathway—a retrospective cohort study. Int J Colorectal Dis 32:675–681
pubmed: 28285365
doi: 10.1007/s00384-017-2789-5
Lobo DN (2004) Fluid, electrolytes and nutrition: physiological and clinical aspects. Proc Nutr Soc 63:453–466
pubmed: 15373958
doi: 10.1079/PNS2004376
Lobo DN, Bostock KA, Neal KR et al (2002) Effect of salt and water balance on recovery of gastrointestinal function after elective colonic resection: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 359:1812–1818
pubmed: 12044376
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08711-1
Chowdhury AH, Lobo DN (2011) Fluids and gastrointestinal function. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 14:469–476
pubmed: 21681086
doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328348c084
Kummer A, Slieker J, Grass F et al (2016) Enhanced recovery pathway for right and left colectomy: comparison of functional recovery. World J Surg 40:2519–2527
pubmed: 27194560
doi: 10.1007/s00268-016-3563-5
Branco BC, Barmparas G, Schnüriger B et al (2010) Systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic and therapeutic role of water-soluble contrast agent in adhesive small bowel obstruction. Br J Surg 97:470–478
pubmed: 20205228
doi: 10.1002/bjs.7019
Traut U, Brügger L, Kunz R, et al (2008) Systemic prokinetic pharmacologic treatment for postoperative adynamic ileus following abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004930
Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M et al (2019) Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS
pubmed: 30426190
doi: 10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y
Du Y, Karvellas CJ, Baracos V et al (2014) Sarcopenia is a predictor of outcomes in very elderly patients undergoing emergency surgery. Surgery 156:521–527
pubmed: 24929435
doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2014.04.027
Engelhardt KE, Reuter Q, Liu J et al (2018) Frailty screening and a frailty pathway decrease length of stay, loss of independence, and 30-day readmission rates in frail geriatric trauma and emergency general surgery patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 85:167–173
pubmed: 29659475
doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000001931
Tan HL, Chia STX, Nadkarni NV et al (2019) Frailty and functional decline after emergency abdominal surgery in the elderly: a prospective cohort study. World J Emerg Surg 14:62
pubmed: 31892937
doi: 10.1186/s13017-019-0280-z
Khadaroo RG, Warkentin LM, Wagg AS, et al (2020) Clinical Effectiveness of the Elder-Friendly Approaches to the Surgical Environment Initiative in Emergency General Surgery. JAMA Surg e196021
Castelino T, Fiore JF Jr, Niculiseanu P et al (2016) The effect of early mobilization protocols on postoperative outcomes following abdominal and thoracic surgery: a systematic review. Surgery 159:991–1003
pubmed: 26804821
doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.11.029
Balvardi S, Pecorelli N, Castelino T et al (2021) Impact of facilitation of early mobilization on postoperative pulmonary outcomes after colorectal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 273:868–875
pubmed: 32324693
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003919
Schaller SJ, Anstey M, Blobner M et al (2016) Early, goal-directed mobilisation in the surgical intensive care unit: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 388:1377–1388
pubmed: 27707496
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31637-3