How Do Face-to-Face Stacked Aromatic Rings Activate Each Other to Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution?

We have found that face-to-face π-stacked aromatic rings show the propensity to activate one another toward electrophilic aromatic substitution through direct influence of the probe aromatic ring by the adjacent stacked ring, rather than through the formation of relay or "sandwich complexes." This activation remains in force even when one of the rings is deactivated through nitration. The resulting dinitrated products are shown to crystallize in an extended parallel offset stacked form, in stark contrast to the substrate.