Frustration-aggression hypothesis reconsidered: The role of significance quest.
frustration
hostile aggression
reactive aggression
significance
social worth
Journal
Aggressive behavior
ISSN: 1098-2337
Titre abrégé: Aggress Behav
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 7502265
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
09 2023
09 2023
Historique:
received:
11
05
2023
accepted:
15
05
2023
medline:
8
8
2023
pubmed:
7
6
2023
entrez:
7
6
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
One of the oldest scientific theories of human aggression is the frustration-aggression hypothesis, advanced in 1939. Although this theory has received considerable empirical support and is alive and well today, its underlying mechanisms have not been adequately explored. In this article, we examine major findings and concepts from extant psychological research on hostile aggression and offer an integrative conception: aggression is a primordial means for establishing one's sense of significance and mattering, thus addressing a fundamental social-psychological need. Our functional portrayal of aggression as a means to significance yields four testable hypotheses: (1) frustration will elicit hostile aggression proportionately to the extent that the frustrated goal serves the individual's need for significance, (2) the impulse to aggress in response to significance loss will be enhanced in conditions that limit the individual's ability to reflect and engage in extensive information processing (that may bring up alternative, socially condoned means to significance), (3) significance-reducing frustration will elicit hostile aggression unless the impulse to aggress is substituted by a nonaggressive means of significance restoration, (4) apart from significance loss, an opportunity for significance gain can increase the impulse to aggress. These hypotheses are supported by extant data as well as novel research findings in real-world contexts. They have important implications for understanding human aggression and the conditions under which it is likely to be manifested and reduced.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
445-468Informations de copyright
© 2023 The Authors. Aggressive Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Ajzen, I., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2019). Reasoned action in the service of goal pursuit. Psychological Review, 126(5), 774-786. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000155
Alsarve, D., & Tjønndal, A. (2020). ‘The Nordic female fighter': Exploring women's participation in mixed martial arts in Norway and Sweden. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 55(4), 471-489. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690218822307
Anderson, C., John, O. P., Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M. (2001). Who attains social status? Effects of personality and physical attractiveness in social groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 116-132. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.116
Anderson, C. A. (2001). Heat and violence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(1), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00109
Anderson, C. A., & Anderson, K. B. (1996). Violent crime rate studies in philosophical context: A destructive testing approach to heat and southern culture of violence effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(4), 740-756.
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 27-51. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231
Anderson, C. A., Bushman, B. J., & Groom, R. W. (1997). Hot years and serious and deadly assault: Empirical tests of the heat hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(6), 1213-1223. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1213
Antonova, N. (2022, July 5). Putin's war was never about NATO. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/07/05/putin-russia-ukraine-war-nato/
Archer, J., & Coyne, S. M. (2005). An integrated review of indirect, relational, and social aggression. Personality and social psychology review, 9(3), 212-230. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0903_2
Arendt, H. (1970). On violence. Harcourt, Inc.
Armitage, C. J., & Rowe, R. (2017). Evidence that self-affirmation reduces relational aggression: A proof of concept trial. Psychology of Violence, 7(4), 489-497. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000062
Asimov, I. (1951). Foundation. Gnome Press.
Ayduk, Ö., Gyurak, A., & Luerssen, A. (2008). Individual differences in the rejection aggression link in the hot sauce paradigm: The case of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 775-782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.07.004
Baldwin, M. W., Carrell, S. E., & Lopez, D. F. (1990). Priming relationship schemas: My advisor and the Pope are watching me from the back of my mind. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26(5), 435-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(90)90068-W
Baron, R. A., & Bell, P. A. (1976). Physical distance and helping: Some unexpected benefits of "crowding in" on others. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 6, 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb01330.x
Baron, R. A., & Richardson, D. R. (2004). Human aggression. Springer Science & Business Media.
Batalion, J. (2021). The light of days: Women fighters of the Jewish resistance-Their untold story. Little, Brown Book Group.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994). Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 243-267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.243
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103, 5-33. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.103.1.5
Belanger, J. J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Kessels, U. (2019). On sin and sacrifice: How intrinsic religiosity and sexual-guilt create support for martyrdom. Psychological Research on Urban Society, 2(2), 66-75. https://doi.org/10.7454/proust.v2i2.40
Berkowitz, L. (1964). Aggressive cues in aggressive behavior and hostility catharsis. Psychological Review, 71(2), 104-122. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043520
Berkowitz, L. (1981). On the difference between internal and external reactions to legitimate and illegitimate frustrations: A demonstration. Aggressive Behavior, 7(2), 83-96. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1981)7:2<83::AID-AB2480070202>3.0.CO;2-H
Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 59-73. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.59
Berkowitz, L. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A cognitive neoassociationistic analysis. American Psychologist, 45, 494-503. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.4.494
Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Berkowitz, L., Cochran, S. T., & Embree, M. C. (1981). Physical pain and the goal of aversively stimulated aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(4), 687-700. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.40.4.687
Berridge, K. C. (2007). The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience. Psychopharmacology, 191(3), 391-431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-0060578-x
Biddle, S. (2004). Military power. Princeton University Press.
Bloom, M. (2012). Bombshell: Women and terrorism. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Branscombe, N. R., & Wann, D. L. (1991). The positive social and self-concept consequences of sports team identification. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 15(2), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1177/019372359101500202
Breuer, J., & Elson, M. (2017). Frustration-aggression theory (pp. 1-12). Wiley Blackwell.
Breuer, J., Scharkow, M., & Quandt, T. (2015). Sore losers? A reexamination of the frustration-aggression hypothesis for colocated video game play. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 4(2), 126-137. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000020
Britannica, T., & Editors of Encyclopaedia. (2018). Duel. Encyclopedia britannica. Retrieved on July 16, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/duel
Bushman, B. J., & Cooper, H. M. (1990). Effects of alcohol on human aggression: An intergrative research review. Psychological Bulletin, 107(3), 341-354. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.3.341
Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219
Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Is it time to pull the plug on hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychological Review, 108(1), 273-279. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.273
Bushman, B. J., Ridge, R. D., Das, E., Key, C. W., & Busath, G. L. (2007). When god sanctions killing: Effect of scriptural violence on aggression. Psychological Science, 18(3), 204-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01873.x
Bushman, B. J., Newman, K., Calvert, S. L., Downey, G., Dredze, M., Gottfredson, M., Jablonski, N. G., Masten, A. S., Morrill, C., Neill, D. B., Romer, D., & Webster, D. W. (2016). Youth violence: What we know and what we need to know. American Psychologist, 71(1), 17-39. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039687
Buss, A. H. (1963). Physical aggression in relation to different frustrations. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040505
Buss, A. H. (1966). Instrumentality of aggression, feedback, and frustration as determinants of physical aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(2), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0022826
Buss, D. M., & Shackelford, T. K. (1997). Human aggression in evolutionary psychological perspective. Clinical Psychology Review, 17(6), 605-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/S02727358(97)00037-8
Campbell, A. (2013). The evolutionary psychology of women's aggression. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences, 368(1631), 20130078. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0078
Chagnon, N. A. (1988). Life histories, blood revenge, and warfare in a tribal population. Science, 239(4843), 985-992. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.239.4843.985
Channon, A., & Phipps, C. (2017). Pink gloves still give black eyes: Exploring ‘alternative' femininity in women's combat sports. Martial Arts Studies, 3, 24-37. https://doi.org/10.18573/j.2017.10093
Chester, D. S., & DeWall, C. N. (2017). Combating the sting of rejection with the pleasure of revenge: A new look at how emotion shapes aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(3), 413-430. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000080
Chow, R. M., Tiedens, L. Z., & Govan, C. L. (2008). Excluded emotions: The role of anger in antisocial responses to ostracism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 896-903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.09.004
Cialdini, R. B., & Richardson, K. D. (1980). Two indirect tactics of image management: Basking and blasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 406-415. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.406
Cichocka, A., & Cislak, A. (2020). Nationalism as collective narcissism. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.12.013
Cloward, R. A., & Ohlin, L. E. (1960). Illegitimate means and delinquent subcultures. Social Deviance: Readings in Theory & Research, 45-49.
Cohn, A., & Zeichner, A. (2006). Effects of masculine identity and gender role stress on aggression in men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 7(4), 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.7.4.179
Crombach, A., Weierstall, R., Hecker, T., Schalinski, I., & Elbert, T. (2013). Social status and the desire to resort to violence: Using the example of Uganda's former child soldiers. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 22(5), 559-575. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2013.785458
Da Cruz, M. (2020). Why do states acquire nuclear weapons? A theoretical framework in assessing nuclear proliferation in Israel, Iran and Saudi Arabia. Political Analysis, 21(1), 2. https://scholarship.shu.edu/pa/vol21/iss1/2
Davis, J. R., & Reyna, C. (2015). Seeing red: How perceptions of social status and worth influence hostile attributions and endorsement of aggression. British Journal of Social Psychology, 54(4), 728-747. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12109
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The” what” and” why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Deutsch, M. (1973). The resolution of conflict: Constructive and destructive processes. Yale University Press.
DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., Stillman, T. F., & Gailliot, M. T. (2007). Violence restrained: Effects of self-regulation and its depletion on aggression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(1), 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.005
de Zavala, A. (2006). Cognitive and motivational factors underlying individual responses to political conflicts. In A. G. de Zavala & K. Skarżyńska (Eds.), Understanding social change: Political psychology in Poland (pp. 13-31). Nova Science Publisher Ltd.
Dijkstra, J. K., Lindenberg, S., Veenstra, R., Steglich, C., Isaacs, J., Card, N. A., & Hodges, E. V. E. (2010). Influence and selection processes in weapon carrying during adolescence: The roles of status, aggression, and vulnerability. Criminology, 48(1), 187-220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00183.x
Dill, J. C., & Anderson, C. A. (1995). Effects of frustration justification on hostile aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 21(5), 359-369. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:5<359::AID-AB2480210505>3.0.CO;2-6
Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1146-1158. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.53.6.1146
Dolan, M., Anderson, I. M., & Deakin, J. F. W. (2001). Relationship between 5-HT function and impulsivity and aggression in male offenders with personality disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(4), 352-359. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.4.352
Dollard, J., Miller, N. E., Doob, L. W., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. Yale University Press.
Dower, J. (1987). War without mercy: Race and power in the Pacific war. Knopf-Doubleday.
Dyduch-Hazar, K., & Mrozinski, B. (2021). Opposite associations of collective narcissism and in-group satisfaction with intergroup aggression via belief in the hedonistic function of revenge. PLoS One, 16(3), e0247814. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247814
Fanon, F. (1961). The wretched of the earth. François Maspero.
Faris, R., & Ennett, S. (2012). Adolescent aggression: The role of peer group status motives, peer aggression, and group characteristics. Social Networks, 34(4), 371-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2010.06.003
Faris, R., & Felmlee, D. (2011). Status struggles: Network centrality and gender segregation in same-and cross-gender aggression. American Sociological Review, 76(1), 48-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410396196
Federico, C. M., Golec, A., & Dial, J. L. (2005). The relationship between the need for closure and support for military action against Iraq: Moderating effects of national attachment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(5), 621-632. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271588
Finkel, E. J., DeWall, C. N., Slotter, E. B., Oaten, M., & Foshee, V. A. (2009). Self-regulatory failure and intimate partner violence perpetration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(3), 483-499. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015433
Fiske, A. P., & Rai, T. S. (2014). Virtuous violence: Hurting and killing to create, sustain, end, and honor social relationships. Cambridge University Press.
Fiske, S. T. (2010). Interpersonal stratification: Status, power, and subordination. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (pp. 941-982). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Freud, S. (1930/2021). Civilization and its discontents. Benediction Classics.
Freud, S. (1933/1950). Why war? In collected works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 16). Imagio.
Freydefont, L., Gendolla, G. H. E., & Silvestrini, N. (2012). Beyond valence: The differential effect of masked anger and sadness stimuli on effort-related cardiac response. Psychophysiology, 49(5), 665-671. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14698986.2011.01340.x
Funkenstein, D. H., King, S. H., & Drolette, M. (1954). The direction of anger during a laboratory stress-inducing situation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 16(5), 404-413. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-195409000-00006
Gaertner, L., Iuzzini, J., & O'Mara, E. M. (2008). When rejection by one fosters aggression against many: Multiple-victim aggression as a consequence of social rejection and perceived groupness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 958-970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.02.004
Garandeau, C. F., Ahn, H.-J., & Rodkin, P. C. (2011). The social status of aggressive students across contexts: The role of classroom status hierarchy, academic achievement, and grade. Developmental Psychology, 47(6), 1699-1710. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025271
Garandeau, C. F., Lee, I. A., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). Inequality matters: Classroom status hierarchy and adolescents' bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(7), 1123-1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0040-4
Geen, R. G. (2001). Human aggression. Taylor & Francis.
Gelfand, M. J., Severance, L., Lee, T., Bruss, C. B., Lun, J., Abdel-Latif, A. H., Al-Moghazy, A. A., & Moustafa Ahmed, S. (2015). Culture and getting to yes: The linguistic signature of creative agreements in the United States and Egypt. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(7), 967-989. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2026
Gendolla, G. H. E. (2012). Implicit affect primes effort: A theory and research on cardiovascular response. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 86(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.05.003
Golec, A. (2002). Cognitive skills as predictor of attitudes toward political conflict: A study of Polish Politicians. Political Psychology, 23(4), 731-757. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162895X.00305
Golec de Zavala, A., Cichocka, A., & Iskra-Golec, I. (2013). Collective narcissism moderates the effect of in-group image threat on intergroup hostility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(6), 1019-1039. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032215
Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., Gangestad, S. W., Perea, E. F., Shapiro, J. R., & Kenrick, D. T. (2009). Aggress to impress: Hostility as an evolved context-dependent strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 980-994. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013907
Gross, J., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2019). The rise and fall of cooperation through reputation and group polarization. Nature Communications, 10(1), 776. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08727-8
Hales, A. H., & Williams, K. D. (2018). Marginalized individuals and extremism: The role of ostracism in openness to extreme groups. Journal of Social Issues, 74(1), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12257
Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 252-264. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Wiley.
Higgins, E. T. (1996). Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 133-168). Guilford Press.
Higgins, E. T. (2012). Beyond pleasure and pain: How motivation works. OUP USA.
Higgins, E. T. (2019). Shared reality: What makes us strong and tears us apart. Oxford University Press.
Honneth, A. (1995). The fragmented world of the social: Essays in social and political philosophy. Suny Press.
Honneth, A. (2001). Recognition or redistribution? Theory, Culture & Society, 18(2-3), 43-55.
Ito, T. A., Miller, N., & Pollock, V. E. (1996). Alcohol and aggression: A meta-analysis on the moderating effects of inhibitory cues, triggering events, and self-focused attention. Psychological Bulletin, 120(1), 60-82.
James, W. (1910/2011). The moral equivalent of war. Read Books Ltd.
Janoff-Bulman, R., & Werther, A. (2008). The social psychology of respect: Implications for delegitimization and reconciliation. In A. Nadler, T. E. Malloy & J. D. Fisher (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup reconciliation (pp. 145-170). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300314.003.0008
Jasko, K., Szastok, M., Grzymala-Moszczynska, J., Maj, M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2019). Rebel with a cause: Personal significance from political activism predicts willingness to self-sacrifice. Journal of Social Issues, 75(1), 314-349. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12307
Jasko, K., Webber, D., Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M., Taufiqurrohman, M., Hettiarachchi, M., & Gunaratna, R. (2020). Social context moderates the effects of quest for significance on violent extremism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(6), 1165-1187. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000198
Keegan, J. (1993). A history of warfare. Alfred A. Knopf.
Kirkpatrick, L. A., Waugh, C. E., Valencia, A., & Webster, G. D. (2002). The functional domain specificity of self-esteem and the differential prediction of aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 756-767. https://doi.org/10.1037/00223514.82.5.756
Kjaervik, S. L., & Bushman, B. J. (2021). The link between narcissism and aggression: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 147(5), 477-503. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000323
Kosic, A., Mannetti, L., & Livi, S. (2014). Forming impressions of in-group and out-group members under self-esteem threat: The moderating role of the need for cognitive closure and prejudice. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 40, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.01.004
Kreager, D. A. (2007). When it's good to be “bad”: Violence and adolescent peer acceptance. Criminology, 45(4), 893-923. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00097.x
Kruglanski, A. W., & Szumowska, E. (2020). Habitual behavior is goal-driven. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(5), 1256-1271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620917676
Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., & Gunaratna, R. (2019). The three pillars of radicalization: Needs, narratives, and networks. Oxford University Press.
Kruglanski, A. W., Szumowska, E., Kopetz, C. H., Vallerand, R. J., & Pierro, A. (2021). On the psychology of extremism: How motivational imbalance breeds intemperance. Psychological Review, 128(2), 264-289. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000260
Kruglanski, A. W., Shah, J. Y., Fishbach, A., Friedman, R., Chun, W., & Sleeth-Keppler, D. (2002). A theory of goals systems. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 331-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(02)80008-9
Kruglanski, A. W., Chen, X., Dechesne, M., Fishman, S., & Orehek, E. (2009). Fully committed: Suicide bombers' motivation and the quest for personal significance. Political psychology, 30(3), 331-357.
Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M., & Gunaratna, R. (2012). Terrorism as means to an end: How political violence bestows significance. In P. R. Shaver & M. Mikulincer, (Eds.), Meaning, mortality, and choice: The social psychology of existential concerns (pp. 203-212). American Psychological Association.
Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., Gelfand, M., Gunaratna, R., Hettiarachchi, M., Reinares, F., & Sharvit, K. (2013). Terrorism-A (self) love story: Redirecting the significance quest can end violence. American Psychologist, 68(7), 559.
Kruglanski, A. W., Molinario, E., Jasko, K., Webber, D., Leander, N. P., & Pierro, A. (2022). Significance Quest Theory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17, 1050-1071. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211034825
Kruglanski, A. W., Fishbach, A., Woolley, K., Bélanger, J. J., Chernikova, M., Molinario, E., & Pierro, A. (2018). A structural model of intrinsic motivation: On the psychology of means-ends fusion. Psychological Review, 125(2), 165-182. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000095
Larkin, B., & Fink, J. S. (2019). Toward a better understanding of fan aggression and dysfunction: The moderating role of collective narcissism. Journal of Sport Management, 33(2), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0012
Larrick, R. P., Timmerman, T. A., Carton, A. M., & Abrevaya, J. (2011). Temper, temperature, and temptation: Heat-related retaliation in baseball. Psychological Science, 22(4), 423-428. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611399292
Leander, N. P., & Chartrand, T. L. (2017). On thwarted goals and displaced aggression: A compensatory competence model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 72, 88-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.04.010
Leander, N. P., Stroebe, W., Kreienkamp, J., Agostini, M., Gordijn, E., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2019). Mass shootings and the salience of guns as means of compensation for thwarted goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116, 704-723. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000150
Leander, N. P., Agostini, M., Stroebe, W., Kreienkamp, J., Spears, R., Kuppens, T., Van Zomeren, M., Otten, S., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2020). Frustration-affirmation? Thwarted goals motivate compliance with social norms for violence and nonviolence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(2), 249-271. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000190
Leary, M. R., Twenge, J. M., & Quinlivan, E. (2006). Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(2), 111-132. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_2
Leary, M. R., Kelly, K. M., Cottrell, C. A., & Schreindorfer, L. S. (2013). Construct validity of the need to belong scale: Mapping the nomological network. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(6), 610-624. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.819511
Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 146-159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.146
Levin, S., Roccas, S., Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (2015). Personal values and intergroup outcomes of concern for group honor. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 374-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.047
Lewin, K. (1947). Group decision and social change. Readings in Social Psychology, 3(1), 197-211.
Lindner, E. (2006). Making enemies: Humiliation and international conflict. Praeger Security International.
Lipsey, M. W., Wilson, D. B., Cohen, M. A., & Derzon, J. H. (2002). Is there a causal relationship between alcohol use and violence? Recent Developments in Alcoholism, 13, 245-282.
Lorenz, K. (1966). On aggression. In M. K. Wilson (Trans.). Harcourt, Brace.
Mahadevan, N., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2019). Is self-regard a sociometer or a hierometer? Self-esteem tracks status and inclusion, narcissism tracks status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116(3), 444-466. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000189
Marcus-Newhall, A., Pedersen, W. C., Carlson, M., & Miller, N. (2000). Displaced aggression is alive and well: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 670-689. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.670
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346
Mazarr, M. J. (2014). The ageage of grievance. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/2014-07-03/age-grievance
McDermott, R., Tingley, D., Cowden, J., Frazzetto, G., & Johnson, D. D. P. (2009). Monoamineoxidase A gene (MAOA) predicts behavioral aggression following provocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(7), 2118-2123. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808376106
McDougall, W. (1908). An introduction to social psychology (1st ed.). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315724256
Mead, G. H. (1934). Self and society (pp. 173-175). University of Chicago.
Mearsheimer, J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics. The University of Chicago, W.W. Norton & Company.
Miles-Novelo, A., & Anderson, C. A. (2022). Climate change and human behavior: Impacts of a rapidly changing climate on human aggression and violence. Cambridge University Press.
Mill, J. S. (1843). A system of logic, ratiocinative and inductive: Being a connected view of the principles of evidence, and methods of scientific investigation. J.W. Parker.
Miller, N. E. (1941). I. The frustration-aggression hypothesis. Psychological Review, 48(4), 337-342. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055861
Miller, W. B. (1958). Lower class culture as a generating milieu of gang delinquency. Journal of Social Issues, 14(3), 5-19.
Milyavsky, M., Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M. J., Chernikova, M., Ellenberg, M., & Pierro, A. (2022). People who need people (and some who think they don't): On compensatory personal and social means of goal pursuit. Psychological Inquiry. 33(1),1-22. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1047840X.2022.2037986
Molinario, E., Elster, A., Kruglanski, A. W., Jasko, K., Webber, D., Sensales, G., Agostini, M., Leander, N. P., & Szumowska, E., (2022). Striving for respect: Development and validation of the Quest for Significance Scale [Unpublished manuscript].
Neel, R., Kenrick, D. T., White, A. E., & Neuberg, S. L. (2016). Individual differences in fundamental social motives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(6), 887-907.
Nisbett, R. E., & Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the South. Westview.
Nowak, M. A., & Sigmund, K. (2005). Evolution of indirect reciprocity. Nature, 437(7063), 1291-1298. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04131
O'Connor, D. B., Archer, J., & Wu, F. W. C. (2001). Measuring aggression: Self-reports, partner reports, and responses to provoking scenarios. Aggressive Behavior, 27(2), 79-101. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.2
Ojanen, T., Grönroos, M., & Salmivalli, C. (2005). An interpersonal circumplex model of children's social goals: Links with peer-reported behavior and sociometric status. Developmental Psychology, 41(5), 699-710. https://doi.org/10.1037/00121649.41.5.699
Pastore, N. (1952). The role of arbitrariness in the frustration-aggression hypothesis. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47(3), 728-731. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0060884
Pellegrini, A. D., Bartini, M., & Brooks, F. (1999). School bullies, victims, and aggressive victims: Factors relating to group affiliation and victimization in early adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(2), 216-224. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.91.2.216
Pennebaker, J. W., Boyd, R. L., Jordan, K., & Blackburn, K. (2015). The development and psychometric properties of LIWC2015. https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/31333/LIWC2015_LanguageManual.pdf
Perović, J. (2018). The Putin's challenges. Russian Analytical Digest, 225(218), 6-8. https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/CSSAnalyse225-EN.pdf
Perrin, P. B. (2016). Translating psychological science: Highlighting the media's contribution to contagion in mass shootings: Comment on Kaslow (2015). American Psychologist, 71(1), 71-72. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039994
Pfattheicher, S., Keller, J., & Knezevic, G. (2017). Sadism, the intuitive system, and antisocial punishment in the public goods game. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(3), 337-346. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216684134
Pinker, S. (2011). The better angels of our nature. Viking.
Poon, K. T., Chen, Z., Teng, F., & Wong, W. Y. (2020). The effect of objectification on aggression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 87, 103940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103940
Prilleltensky, I., & Prilleltensky, O. (2021). How people matter: Why it affects health, happiness, love, work, and society. Cambridge University Press.
Rajchert, J., Konopka, K., & Huesmann, L. R. (2017). It is more than thought that counts: The role of readiness for aggression in the relationship between ostracism and displaced aggression. Current Psychology, 36(3), 417-427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-0169430-6
Ren, D., Wesselmann, E. D., & Williams, K. D. (2018). Hurt people hurt people: Ostracism and aggression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 34-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.026
Renström, E. A., Bäck, H., & Knapton, H. M. (2020). Exploring a pathway to radicalization: The effects of social exclusion and rejection sensitivity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23(8), 1204-1229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220917215
Resta, E., Ellenberg, M., Kruglanski, A., & Pierro, A. (2022a). Ambition-driven aggression in response to significance-threatening frustration [Unpublished manuscript].
Resta, E., Ellenberg, M., Kruglanski, A., & Pierro, A. (2022b). The ambition scale: Italian and English validation [Unpublished manuscript].
Richardson, D. R., Hammock, G. S., Smith, S. M., Gardner, W., & Signo, M. (1994). Empathy as a cognitive inhibitor of interpersonal aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 20(4), 275-289. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1994)20:4<275::AID-AB2480200402>3.0.CO;2-4
Ridgeway, C. L., & Walker, H. A. (1995). Status structures. Sociological perspectives on social psychology, 281, 310.
Rule, B. G., Dyck, R., & Nesdale, A. R. (1978). Arbitrariness of frustration: Inhibition or instigation effects on aggression. European Journal of Social Psychology, 8(2), 237-244. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420080208
Sageman, M. (2004). Understanding terror networks. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Sageman, M. (2008). Leaderless jihad. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Salmivalli, C., Ojanen, T., Haanpää, J., & Peets, K. (2005). “I'm OK but you're not” and other peer-relational schemas: Explaining individual differences in children's social goals. Developmental Psychology, 41(2), 363-375. https://doi.org/10.1037/00121649.41.2.363
Sartre, J. P. (1961). Preface to F. Fannon, The wretched of the earth (Vol. X, pp. liii-lxii). https://www.amazon.com/Wretched-Earth-Frantz-Fanon/dp/0802141323
Schacter, H. L., & Juvonen, J. (2017). Depressive symptoms, friend distress, and self-blame: Risk factors for adolescent peer victimization. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 51, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.02.005
Schoel, C., Eck, J., & Greifeneder, R. (2014). A matter of vertical position: Consequences of ostracism differ for those above versus below its perpetrators. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(2), 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613488953
Sears, R. R. (1941). II. Non-aggressive reactions to frustration. Psychological Review, 48(4), 343-346. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0059717
Seligman, M. (1990). Learned optimism. Simon & Shuster.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_18
Sell, A. (2017). Recalibration theory of anger. In T. Shackelford, & V. Weekes-Shackelford (Eds), Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science (pp. 1-3). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1687-1
Shah, E. (2003). Social design: Tank irrigation technology and agrarian transformation in Karnataka, South India. Wageningen University and Research.
Sherif, M. (1958). Superordinate goals in the reduction of intergroup conflict. American Journal of Sociology, 63(4), 349-356. https://doi.org/10.1086/222258
Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006). The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 183-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38004-5
Sijtsema, J. J., Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., & Salmivalli, C. (2009). Empirical test of bullies' status goals: Assessing direct goals, aggression, and prestige. Aggressive Behavior, 35(1), 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20282
Simon, B. (2020). A new perspective on intergroup conflict: The social psychology of politicized struggles for recognition. Theory & Psychology, 30(2), 147-163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354319887227
Sommer, F., Leuschner, V., & Scheithauer, H. (2014). Bullying, romantic rejection, and conflicts with teachers: The crucial role of social dynamics in the development of school shootings-A systematic review. International Journal of Developmental Science, 8(1-2), 3-24. https://doi.org/10.3233/DEV-140129
Sorel, G. (1912). Réflexions sur la violence. M. Riveère et cie.
Sperber, D., & Baumard, N. (2012). Moral reputation: An evolutionary and cognitive perspective. Mind & Language, 27(5), 495-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12000
Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 261-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60229-4
Stone, P. J., Dunphy, D. C., & Smith, M. S. (1966). The general inquirer: A computer approach to content analysis. M.I.T. Press.
Suedfeld, P., & Tetlock, P. (1977). Integrative complexity of communications in international crises. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 21(1), 169-184. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200277702100108
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., Fletcher, C., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(4), 669-675. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.62.4.669
Tesser, A., Crepaz, N., Collins, J. C., Cornell, D., & Beach, S. R. H. (2000). Confluence of self-esteem regulation mechanisms: On integrating the self-zoo. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(12), 1476-1489. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672002612003
Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. John Wiley & Sons.
Thomaes, S., Bushman, B. J., Castro, B. O., Cohen, G. L., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2009). Reducing narcissistic aggression by buttressing self-esteem: An experimental field study. Psychological Science, 20(12), 1536-1542. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14679280.2009.02478.x
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2003). “Isn't it fun to get the respect that we're going to deserve?” Narcissism, social rejection, and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(2), 261-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202239051
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can't join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1058-1069. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1058
Vaillancourt, T., McDougall, P., Hymel, S., & Sunderani, S. (2010). Respect or fear? The relationship between power and bullying behavior. In S. R. Jimerson, S. M. Swearer, & D. L. Espelage (Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 211-222). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Vaish, A. (2018). The prosocial functions of early social emotions: The case of guilt. Current Opinion in Psychology, 20, 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.008
Vasquez, E. A. (2009). Cognitive load, trigger salience, and the facilitation of triggered displaced aggression. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(5), 684-693. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.566
DeWall, C. N., Twenge, J. M., Gitter, S. A., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009). It's the thought that counts: The role of hostile cognition in shaping aggressive responses to social exclusion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 45-59. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013196
DeWall, C. N., Twenge, J. M., Bushman, B., Im, C., & Williams, K. (2010). A little acceptance goes a long way: Applying social impact theory to the rejection-aggression link. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(2), 168-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550610361387
DeWall, C. N., Finkel, E. J., Lambert, N. M., Slotter, E. B., Bodenhausen, G. V., Pond, Jr., R. S., Renzetti, C. M., & Fincham, F. D. (2013). The voodoo doll task: Introducing and validating a novel method for studying aggressive inclinations. Aggressive Behavior, 39(6), 419-439.
Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of international politics. University of California, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1990). Person perception when aggressive or nonaggressive sports are primed. Aggressive Behavior, 16(1), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1002/10982337(1990)16:1<27::AID-AB2480160104>3.0.CO;2-L
Warburton, W. A., Williams, K. D., & Cairns, D. R. (2006). When ostracism leads to aggression: The moderating effects of control deprivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(2), 213-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.03.005
Webber, D., Klein, K., Kruglanski, A., Brizi, A., & Merari, A. (2017). Divergent paths to martyrdom and significance among suicide attackers. Terrorism and Political Violence, 29(5), 852-874. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2015.1075979
Webber, D., Chernikova, M., Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M. J., Hettiarachchi, M., Gunaratna, R., & Belanger, J. J. (2018). Deradicalizing detained terrorists. Political Psychology, 39(3), 539-556.
Wesselmann, E. D., Grzybowski, M. R., Steakley-Freeman, D. M., DeSouza, E. R., Nezlek, J. B., & Williams, K. D. (2016). Social exclusion in everyday life. In the forthcoming. In P. Riva & J. Eck (Eds.), Social exclusion: Psychological approaches to understanding and reducing its impact. Springer.
Westerman, E. B. (2021). Drunk on genocide: Alcohol and mass murder in Nazi Germany. Cornell University Press.
Wilkinson, R. (2004). Why is violence more common where inequality is greater? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1036(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1330.001
Willer, R. (2009). Groups reward individual sacrifice: The status solution to the collective action problem. American Sociological Review, 74(1), 23-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400102
Williams, K. D., Hales, A. H., & Michels, C. (2019). Social ostracism as a factor motivating interest in extreme groups. In S. C. Rudert, R. Greifeneder & K. D. Williams (Eds.), Current directions in ostracism, social exclusion, and rejection research (pp. 18-31). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351255912-2
Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1985). Competitiveness, risk taking, and violence: The young male syndrome. Ethology and Sociobiology, 6(1), 59-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(85)90041-X
Winter, T. (2007). Post-conflict heritage, postcolonial tourism: Tourism, politics, and development at Angkor. Routledge.
Wolke, D., Woods, S., & Samara, M. (2009). Who escapes or remains a victim of bullying in primary school. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(4), 835-851. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151008X383003
Worchel, S. (1974). The effect of three types of arbitrary thwarting on the instigation to aggression. Journal of Personality, 42(2), 300-318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14676494.1974.tb00676.x
Zillmann, D. (1988). Cognition-excitation interdependences in aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 14(1), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1988)14:1<51::AID-AB2480140107>3.0.CO;2-C
Zillmann, D., & Cantor, J. R. (1976). Effect of timing of information about mitigating circumstances on emotional responses to provocation and retaliatory behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12(1), 38-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/00221031(76)90085-8