Evolutionary traces of miniaturization in a giant-Comparative anatomy of brain and brain nerves in Bathochordaeus stygius (Tunicata, Appendicularia).
comparative anatomy
invertebrate morphology
molecular systematics
phylogenetics
Journal
Journal of morphology
ISSN: 1097-4687
Titre abrégé: J Morphol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0406125
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 2023
07 2023
Historique:
revised:
04
05
2023
received:
28
03
2023
accepted:
07
05
2023
medline:
15
6
2023
pubmed:
14
6
2023
entrez:
14
6
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Appendicularia comprises 70 marine, invertebrate, chordate species. Appendicularians play important ecological and evolutionary roles, yet their morphological disparity remains understudied. Most appendicularians are small, develop rapidly, and with a stereotyped cell lineage, leading to the hypothesis that Appendicularia derived progenetically from an ascidian-like ancestor. Here, we describe the detailed anatomy of the central nervous system of Bathochordaeus stygius, a giant appendicularian from the mesopelagic. We show that the brain consists of a forebrain with on average smaller and more uniform cells and a hindbrain, in which cell shapes and sizes vary to a greater extent. Cell count for the brain was 102. We demonstrate the presence of three paired brain nerves. Brain nerve 1 traces into the epidermis of the upper lip region and consists of several fibers with some supportive bulb cells in its course. Brain nerve 2 innervates oral sensory organs and brain nerve 3 innervates the ciliary ring of the gill slits and lateral epidermis. Brain nerve 3 is asymmetric, with the right nerve consisting of two neurites originating posterior to the left one that contains three neurites. Similarities and differences to the anatomy of the brain of the model species Oikopleura dioica are discussed. We interpret the small number of cells in the brain of B. stygius as an evolutionary trace of miniaturization and conclude that giant appendicularians evolved from a small, progenetic ancestor that secondarily increased in size within Appendicularia.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e21598Informations de copyright
© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Morphology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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