Effect of smoking, hypertension and lifestyle factors on kidney cancer - perspectives for prevention and screening programmes.
Journal
Nature reviews. Urology
ISSN: 1759-4820
Titre abrégé: Nat Rev Urol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101500082
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Nov 2023
Nov 2023
Historique:
accepted:
12
05
2023
medline:
3
11
2023
pubmed:
17
6
2023
entrez:
16
6
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) incidence has doubled over the past few decades. However, death rates have remained stable as the number of incidental renal mass diagnoses peaked. RCC has been recognized as a European health care issue, but to date, no screening programmes have been introduced. Well-known modifiable risk factors for RCC are smoking, obesity and hypertension. A direct association between cigarette consumption and increased RCC incidence and RCC-related death has been reported, but the underlying mechanistic pathways for this association are still unclear. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of RCC, but interestingly, improved survival outcomes have been reported in obese patients, a phenomenon known as the obesity paradox. Data on the association between other modifiable risk factors such as diet, dyslipidaemia and physical activity with RCC incidence are conflicting, and potential mechanisms underlying these associations remain to be elucidated.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37328546
doi: 10.1038/s41585-023-00781-8
pii: 10.1038/s41585-023-00781-8
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
669-681Informations de copyright
© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.
Références
Cairns, P. Renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biomark. 9, 461 (2011).
pmcid: 3308682
doi: 10.3233/CBM-2011-0176
Cimadamore, A. et al. Towards a new WHO classification of renal cell tumor: what the clinician needs to know-a narrative review. Transl. Androl. Urol. 10, 1506–1520 (2021).
pubmed: 33850785
pmcid: 8039604
doi: 10.21037/tau-20-1150
Signoretti, S., Flaifel, A., Chen, Y. B. & Reuter, V. E. Renal cell carcinoma in the era of precision medicine: from molecular pathology to tissue-based biomarkers. J. Clin. Oncol. 36, 3553–3559 (2018).
pmcid: 6299340
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2018.79.2259
Ferlay, J. et al. Source: Globocan 2020. Globocan 419, 3–4 (2020).
Ferlay, J. et al. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. Int. J. Cancer 144, 1941–1953 (2019).
pubmed: 30350310
doi: 10.1002/ijc.31937
American Cancer Society. Key Statistics About Kidney Cancer. American Cancer Society https://www.cancer.org/cancer/kidney-cancer/about/key-statistics.html (2023).
Capitanio, U. et al. Epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma [Figure presented]. Eur. Urol. 75, 74–84 (2019).
pubmed: 30243799
doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.08.036
Huang, J. et al. A global trend analysis of kidney cancer incidence and mortality and their associations with smoking, alcohol consumption, and metabolic syndrome. Eur. Urol. Focus. 8, 200–209 (2022).
pubmed: 33495133
doi: 10.1016/j.euf.2020.12.020
Patel, H. D. et al. Clinical stage migration and survival for renal cell carcinoma in the United States. Eur. Urol. Oncol. 2, 343–348 (2019).
pubmed: 31277771
doi: 10.1016/j.euo.2018.08.023
Sanchez, A., Feldman, A. S. & Ari Hakimi, A. Current management of small renal masses, including patient selection, renal tumor biopsy, active surveillance, and thermal ablation. J. Clin. Oncol. 36, 3591–3600 (2018).
pubmed: 30372390
pmcid: 6804853
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2018.79.2341
Al-Bayati, O., Hasan, A., Pruthi, D., Kaushik, D. & Liss, M. A. Systematic review of modifiable risk factors for kidney cancer. Urol. Oncol. 37, 359–371 (2019).
pubmed: 30685335
doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.12.008
Ba, Z. et al. Risk factors for the comorbidity of hypertension and renal cell carcinoma in the cardio-oncologic era and treatment for tumor-induced hypertension. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 9, 810262 (2022).
pubmed: 35252390
pmcid: 8892205
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.810262
Rai, B. P. et al. Systematic review of the incidence of and risk factors for urothelial cancers and renal cell carcinoma among patients with haematuria. Eur. Urol. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EURURO.2022.03.027 (2022).
doi: 10.1016/J.EURURO.2022.03.027
pubmed: 35393159
Chow, W. H., Dong, L. M. & Devesa, S. S. Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer. Nat. Rev. Urol. 7, 245–257 (2010).
pubmed: 20448658
pmcid: 3012455
doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2010.46
NCI. NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. NCI https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms (2010).
Jacob, L., Freyn, M., Kalder, M., Dinas, K. & Kostev, K. Impact of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing 25 different cancers in the UK: a retrospective study of 422,010 patients followed for up to 30 years. Oncotarget 9, 17420–17429 (2018).
pubmed: 29707117
pmcid: 5915125
doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.24724
MacLeod, L. C. et al. Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in the VITAL study. J. Urol. 190, 1657–1661 (2013).
pubmed: 23665301
pmcid: 4420476
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.04.130
Mariusdottir, E. et al. Occupation as a risk factor for renal cell cancer: a nationwide, prospective epidemiological study. Scand. J. Urol. 50, 181–185 (2016).
pubmed: 26999634
doi: 10.3109/21681805.2016.1151460
Wang, G. et al. Risk factor for clear cell renal cell carcinoma in Chinese population: a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol. 36, 177–182 (2012).
pubmed: 22000673
doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2011.09.006
National Cancer Institute. Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO). NCI https://prevention.cancer.gov/major-programs/prostate-lung-colorectal-and-ovarian-cancer-screening-trial-plco (2010).
Lotan, Y. et al. Renal-cell carcinoma risk estimates based on participants in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial and national lung screening trial. Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig. 34, 167.e9–167.e16 (2016).
Laaksonen, M. A. et al. The future burden of kidney and bladder cancers preventable by behavior modification in Australia: a pooled cohort study. Int. J. Cancer 146, 874–883 (2020).
pubmed: 31107541
doi: 10.1002/ijc.32420
Cumberbatch, M. G., Rota, M., Catto, J. W. F. & La Vecchia, C. The role of tobacco smoke in bladder and kidney carcinogenesis: a comparison of exposures and meta-analysis of incidence and mortality risks. Eur. Urol. 70, 458–466 (2016).
pubmed: 26149669
doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.042
Hara, T. et al. Active heavy cigarette smoking is associated with poor survival in Japanese patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: sub-analysis of the multi-institutional national database of the Japanese Urological Association. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 47, 1162–1169 (2017).
pubmed: 29121328
doi: 10.1093/jjco/hyx129
Ehdaie, B., Furberg, H., Zabor, E. C., Hakimi, A. A. & Russo, P. Comprehensive assessment of the impact of cigarette smoking on survival of clear cell kidney cancer. J. Urol. 191, 597–602 (2014).
pubmed: 24018238
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.08.081
Al Hussein Al Awamlh, B. et al. Association of smoking and death from genitourinary malignancies: analysis of the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. J. Urol. 202, 1248–1254 (2019).
pubmed: 31290707
doi: 10.1097/JU.0000000000000433
Kroeger, N. et al. Smoking negatively impacts renal cell carcinoma overall and cancer-specific survival. Cancer 118, 1795–1802 (2012).
pubmed: 21997347
doi: 10.1002/cncr.26453
Li, Y. & Hecht, S. S. Carcinogenic components of tobacco and tobacco smoke: a 2022 update. Food Chem. Toxicol. 165, 113179 (2022).
pubmed: 35643228
pmcid: 9616535
doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113179
Buendia Jimenez, I. et al. Effect of increased water intake on urinary DNA adduct levels and mutagenicity in smokers: a randomized study. Dis. Markers 2015, 478150 (2015).
Eckel-Passow, J. E. et al. ANKS1B is a smoking-related molecular alteration in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. BMC Urol. 14, 14 (2014).
pubmed: 24479813
pmcid: 3944917
doi: 10.1186/1471-2490-14-14
Lin, J. et al. Systematic evaluation of apoptotic pathway gene polymorphisms and lung cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 33, 1699–1706 (2012).
pubmed: 22665367
pmcid: 3514904
doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgs192
Zhang, R., Yip, V. L. Y. & Withers, S. G. Mechanisms of enzymatic glycosyl transfer. Compr. Nat. Prod. II Chem. Biol. 8, 385–422 (2010).
B, H., A, I., L, B. & B, I. Elevated urinary excretion of beta-hexosaminidase in smokers. Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 30, 131–133 (1992).
Kim, L. H. et al. A Systematic review and meta-analysis of the significance of body mass index on kidney cancer outcomes. J. Urol. 205, 346–355 (2021).
pubmed: 32945696
doi: 10.1097/JU.0000000000001377
Wang, F. & Xu, Y. Body mass index and risk of renal cell cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of published cohort studies. Int. J. Cancer 135, 1673–1686 (2014).
pubmed: 24615287
doi: 10.1002/ijc.28813
Choi, Y. et al. Body mass index and survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma: a clinical-based cohort and meta-analysis. Int. J. Cancer 132, 625–634 (2013).
pubmed: 22610826
doi: 10.1002/ijc.27639
Song, X. et al. Body mass index and cancer incidence: the FINRISK study. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 29, 477–487 (2014).
pubmed: 24997743
doi: 10.1007/s10654-014-9934-z
Landberg, A., Fält, A., Montgomery, S., Sundqvist, P. & Fall, K. Overweight and obesity during adolescence increases the risk of renal cell carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 145, 1232–1237 (2019).
pubmed: 30790271
pmcid: 6899622
doi: 10.1002/ijc.32147
Nam, G. E. et al. Obesity, abdominal obesity and subsequent risk of kidney cancer: a cohort study of 23.3 million East Asians. Br. J. Cancer 121, 271–277 (2019).
pubmed: 31231120
pmcid: 6738324
doi: 10.1038/s41416-019-0500-z
Lowrance, W. T. et al. Obesity is associated with a higher risk of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma than with other histologies. BJU Int. 105, 16–20 (2010).
pubmed: 19583732
doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08706.x
Beebe-Dimmer, J. L. et al. Body mass index and renal cell cancer: the influence of race and sex. Epidemiology 23, 821–828 (2012).
pubmed: 23007040
pmcid: 3466395
doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31826b7fe9
Brennan, P. et al. Tobacco smoking, body mass index, hypertension, and kidney cancer risk in central and eastern Europe. Br. J. Cancer 99, 1912–1915 (2008).
pubmed: 19034282
pmcid: 2600689
doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604761
Shen, T. et al. Association of hypertension and obesity with renal cell carcinoma risk: a report from the Shanghai Men’s and Women’s Health Studies. Cancer Causes Control. 26, 1173–1180 (2015).
pubmed: 26081424
pmcid: 4500104
doi: 10.1007/s10552-015-0611-7
Tchernof, A. & Després, J. P. Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update. Physiol. Rev. 93, 359–404 (2013).
pubmed: 23303913
doi: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2011
Calle, E. E. & Kaaks, R. Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4, 579–591 (2004).
pubmed: 15286738
doi: 10.1038/nrc1408
Waalkes, S. et al. Obesity is associated with improved survival in patients with organ-confined clear-cell kidney cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 21, 1905–1910 (2010).
pubmed: 20652393
doi: 10.1007/s10552-010-9618-2
AJ, R. et al. Obesity is associated with an improved cancer-specific survival, but an increased rate of postoperative complications after surgery for renal cell carcinoma. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 46, 348–357 (2012).
doi: 10.3109/00365599.2012.678382
Y, N. et al. Influence of visceral obesity on oncologic outcome in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Urol. Int. 85, 30–36 (2010).
doi: 10.1159/000318988
G, K. et al. Visceral obesity is associated with better recurrence-free survival after curative surgery for Japanese patients with localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 45, 210–216 (2015).
doi: 10.1093/jjco/hyu193
Sanchez, A. et al. Transcriptomic signatures related to the obesity paradox in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 21, 283–293 (2020).
pubmed: 31870811
doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30797-1
Mizuno, R. et al. Impact of baseline visceral fat accumulation on prognosis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with systemic therapy. Med. Oncol. 34, 47 (2017).
pubmed: 28213730
doi: 10.1007/s12032-017-0908-3
Lee, S. W. et al. Size and volumetric growth kinetics of renal masses in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Urology https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2015.10.051 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.10.051
pubmed: 28034532
pmcid: 5112679
Albiges, L. et al. Body mass index and metastatic renal cell carcinoma: clinical and biological correlations. J. Clin. Oncol. 34, 3655–3663 (2016).
pubmed: 27601543
pmcid: 5065111
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.66.7311
Lauby-Secretan, B. et al. Body fatness and cancer — Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 375, 794–798 (2016).
pubmed: 27557308
pmcid: 6754861
doi: 10.1056/NEJMsr1606602
Balkwill, F. R., Capasso, M. & Hagemann, T. The tumor microenvironment at a glance. J. Cell Sci. 125, 5591–5596 (2012).
pubmed: 23420197
doi: 10.1242/jcs.116392
Yuan, Y. et al. Expression and prognostic significance of fatty acid synthase in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Pathol. Res. Pract. 216, 153227 (2020).
pubmed: 33027752
doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153227
Ito, R. et al. The impact of obesity and adiponectin signaling in patients with renal cell carcinoma: a potential mechanism for the ‘obesity paradox’. PLoS One 12, 1–22 (2017).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171615
Barazzoni, R. et al. Sarcopenic obesity: time to meet the challenge. Obes. Facts 11, 294–305 (2018).
pubmed: 30016792
pmcid: 6189532
doi: 10.1159/000490361
Christakoudi, S. et al. Blood pressure and risk of cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Int. J. Cancer 146, 2680–2693 (2020).
pubmed: 31319002
doi: 10.1002/ijc.32576
Schouten, L. J. et al. Hypertension, antihypertensives and mutations in the Von Hippel-Lindau gene in renal cell carcinoma: results from the Netherlands Cohort Study. J. Hypertens. 23, 1997–2004 (2005).
pubmed: 16208141
doi: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000186023.74245.48
Fraser, G. E., Phillips, R. L. & Beeson, W. L. Hypertension, antihypertensive medication and risk of renal carcinoma in California seventh-day adventists. Int. J. Epidemiol. 19, 832–838 (1990).
pubmed: 2084009
doi: 10.1093/ije/19.4.832
Flaherty, K. T. et al. A prospective study of body mass index, hypertension, and smoking and the risk of renal cell carcinoma (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 16, 1099–1106 (2005).
pubmed: 16184476
doi: 10.1007/s10552-005-0349-8
Setiawan, V. W., Stram, D. O., Nomura, A. M. Y., Kolonel, L. N. & Henderson, B. E. Risk factors for renal cell cancer: the multiethnic cohort. Am. J. Epidemiol. 166, 932–940 (2007).
pubmed: 17656615
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm170
Washio, M. et al. Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in a Japanese population. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 15, 9065–9070 (2014).
pubmed: 25422180
doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.21.9065
McLaughlin, J. K. et al. Risk factors for renal‐cell cancer in Shanghai, China. Int. J. Cancer 52, 562–565 (1992).
pubmed: 1399137
doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910520411
Hofmann, J. N. et al. Chronic kidney disease and risk of renal cell carcinoma: differences by race. Epidemiology 26, 59–67 (2015).
pubmed: 25393631
pmcid: 4422505
doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000205
Grove, J. S., Nomura, A., Severson, R. K. & Stemmermann, G. N. The association of blood pressure with cancer incidence in a prospective study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134, 942–947 (1991).
pubmed: 1951291
doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116178
Chow, W.-H., Gridley, G., Fraumeni, J. F. & Järvholm, B. Obesity, hypertension, and the risk of kidney cancer in men. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 1305–1311 (2000).
pubmed: 11058675
doi: 10.1056/NEJM200011023431804
Vatten, L. J., Trichopoulos, D., Holmen, J. & Nilsen, T. I. L. Blood pressure and renal cancer risk: the HUNT Study in Norway. Br. J. Cancer 97, 112–114 (2007).
pubmed: 17519895
pmcid: 2359653
doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603823
Häggström, C. et al. Metabolic factors associated with risk of renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 8, e57475 (2013).
pubmed: 23468995
pmcid: 3585341
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057475
Sanfilippo, K. M. et al. Hypertension and obesity and the risk of kidney cancer in 2 large cohorts of US men and women. Hypertension 63, 934–941 (2014).
pubmed: 24637660
doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02953
Fryzek, J. P. et al. A cohort study of antihypertensive treatments and risk of renal cell cancer. Br. J. Cancer 92, 1302–1306 (2005).
pubmed: 15812478
pmcid: 2361985
doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602490
Heaf, J. G., Hansen, A. & Laier, G. H. Hypertensive nephropathy is associated with an increased risk of myeloma, skin, and renal cancer. J. Clin. Hypertens. 21, 786–791 (2019).
doi: 10.1111/jch.13565
Karamzad, N., Ayubi, E., Rahmani, V. & Safiri, S. Hypertension is the primary component of metabolic syndrome associated with pathologic features of kidney cancer: methodological issues. World J. Urol. 35, 1467–1468 (2017).
pubmed: 27864618
doi: 10.1007/s00345-016-1974-4
McLaughlin, J. K. et al. International renal‐cell cancer study. VIII. Role of diuretics, other anti‐hypertensive medications and hypertension. Int. J. Cancer 63, 216–221 (1995).
pubmed: 7591207
doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910630212
Yuan, J. M., Castelao, J. E., Gago-Dominguez, M., Ross, R. K. & Yu, M. C. Hypertension, obesity and their medications in relation to renal cell carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 77, 1508–1513 (1998).
pubmed: 9652770
pmcid: 2150191
doi: 10.1038/bjc.1998.248
Colt, J. S. et al. Hypertension and risk of renal cell carcinoma among white and black Americans. Epidemiology 22, 797–804 (2011).
pubmed: 21881515
pmcid: 3188386
doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182300720
McCredie, M. & Stewart, J. H. Risk factors for kidney cancer in New South Wales, Australia. II. Urologic disease, hypertension, obesity, and hormonal factors. Cancer Causes Control. 3, 323–331 (1992).
pubmed: 1617119
doi: 10.1007/BF00146885
Finkle, W. D., McLaughlin, J. K., Rasgon, S. A., Yeoh, H. H. & Low, J. E. Increased risk of renal cell cancer among women using diuretics in the United States. Cancer Causes Control. 4, 555–558 (1993).
pubmed: 8280833
doi: 10.1007/BF00052431
Kreiger, N., Marrett, L. D., Dodds, L., Hilditch, S. & Darlington, G. A. Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma: results of a population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 4, 101–110 (1993).
pubmed: 8481488
doi: 10.1007/BF00053150
Hiatt, R. A., Tolan, K. & Quesenberry, C. P. Renal cell carcinoma and thiazide use: a historical, case-control study (California, USA). Cancer Causes Control. 5, 319–325 (1994).
pubmed: 8080943
doi: 10.1007/BF01804982
Weikert, S. et al. Blood pressure and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Am. J. Epidemiol. 167, 438–446 (2008).
pubmed: 18048375
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm321
Kocher, N. J., Rjepaj, C., Robyak, H., Lehman, E. & Raman, J. D. Hypertension is the primary component of metabolic syndrome associated with pathologic features of kidney cancer. World J. Urol. 35, 67–72 (2017).
pubmed: 27189620
doi: 10.1007/s00345-016-1850-2
Shapiro, J. A. et al. Hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Am. J. Epidemiol. 149, 521–530 (1999).
pubmed: 10084241
doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009848
Hidayat, K., Du, X., Zou, S. Y. & Shi, B. M. Blood pressure and kidney cancer risk: meta-analysis of prospective studies. J. Hypertens. 35, 1333–1344 (2017).
pubmed: 28157813
doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001286
Seretis, A. et al. Association between blood pressure and risk of cancer development: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Sci. Rep. 9, 8565 (2019).
pubmed: 31189941
pmcid: 6561976
doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45014-4
McLaughlin, J. K. et al. International renal‐cell cancer study. VIII. Role of diuretics, other anti‐hypertensive medications and hypertension. Int. J. Cancer 63, 216–221 (1995).
pubmed: 7591207
doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910630212
Colt, J. S. et al. Antihypertensive medication use and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Causes Control. 28, 289–297 (2017).
pubmed: 28224412
pmcid: 6417807
doi: 10.1007/s10552-017-0857-3
Liu, Y. et al. Hypertension as a prognostic factor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Urol. 19, 49 (2019).
pubmed: 31174518
pmcid: 6555944
doi: 10.1186/s12894-019-0481-5
Suyama, T. et al. Impact of hypertension on recurrence and survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma after surgery. J. Clin. Oncol. 36, 611–611 (2018).
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2018.36.6_suppl.611
Chow, W. H. et al. Risk of renal cell cancer in relation to diuretics, antihypertensive drugs, and hypertension. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 4, 327–331 (1995).
Heath, C. W., Lally, C. A., Calle, E. E., McLaughlin, J. K. & Thun, M. J. Hypertension, diuretics, and antihypertensive medications as possible risk factors for renal cell cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 145, 607–613 (1997).
pubmed: 9098177
doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009157
Graff, R. E. et al. Type 2 diabetes in relation to the risk of renal cell carcinoma among men and women in two large prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Care 41, 1432–1437 (2018).
pubmed: 29678810
pmcid: 6014546
doi: 10.2337/dc17-2518
Sawada, N. et al. Body mass index and subsequent risk of kidney cancer: a prospective cohort study in Japan. Ann. Epidemiol. 20, 466–472 (2010).
pubmed: 20470974
doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.03.008
Dankner, R. et al. Time-dependent risk of cancer after a diabetes diagnosis in a cohort of 2.3 million adults. Am. J. Epidemiol. 183, 1098–1106 (2016).
pubmed: 27257115
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwv290
Habib, S. L., Prihoda, T. J., Luna, M. & Werner, S. A. Diabetes and risk of renal cell carcinoma. J. Cancer 3, 42–48 (2012).
pubmed: 22232697
doi: 10.7150/jca.3718
Tseng, C. H. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and kidney cancer risk: a retrospective cohort analysis of the National Health Insurance. PLoS One 10, e0142480 (2015).
pubmed: 26559055
pmcid: 4641625
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142480
Lindblad, P. et al. The role of diabetes mellitus in the aetiology of renal cell cancer. Diabetologia 42, 107–112 (1999).
pubmed: 10027588
doi: 10.1007/s001250051122
Ballotari, P. et al. Diabetes and risk of cancer incidence: results from a population-based cohort study in northern Italy. BMC Cancer 17, 703 (2017).
pubmed: 29070034
pmcid: 5657107
doi: 10.1186/s12885-017-3696-4
Tseng, C. H. Use of metformin and risk of kidney cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur. J. Cancer 52, 19–25 (2016).
pubmed: 26630530
doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.09.027
Wei Lai, S. et al. Kidney cancer and diabetes mellitus: a population-based case-control study in Taiwan. Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 42, 120–124 (2013).
doi: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V42N3p120
Chen, L. et al. The impact of diabetes mellitus on renal cell carcinoma prognosis: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Medicine 94, e1055 (2015).
pubmed: 26131819
pmcid: 4504607
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001055
Li, Y., Hu, L., Xia, Q., Yuan, Y. & Mi, Y. The impact of metformin use on survival in kidney cancer patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 49, 975–981 (2017).
pubmed: 28271326
pmcid: 5443884
doi: 10.1007/s11255-017-1548-4
Nayan, M. et al. Diabetes and kidney cancer survival in patients undergoing nephrectomy: a Canadian multi-center, propensity score analysis. Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig. 37, 576.e11–576.e16 (2019).
Antonelli, A. et al. Pre-existing type-2 diabetes is not an adverse prognostic factor in patients with renal cell carcinoma: a single-center retrospective study. Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig. 31, 1310–1315 (2013).
Ha, Y. S. et al. Multi-institutional analysis of localized renal cell carcinoma that demonstrates the impact of diabetic status on prognosis after nephrectomy. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 20, 3662–3668 (2013).
pubmed: 23907313
doi: 10.1245/s10434-013-3147-7
Psutka, S. P. et al. Diabetes mellitus is independently associated with an increased risk of mortality in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol. 192, 1620–1627 (2014).
pubmed: 24931804
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.06.014
Lee, H. et al. Diabetes mellitus as an independent predictor of survival of patients surgically treated for renal cell carcinoma: a propensity score matching study. J. Urol. 194, 1554–1560 (2015).
pubmed: 26066406
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.05.097
Süer, E., Öztürk, E., Gülpinar, Ö., Kayiş, A. & Baltaci, S. Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on prognosis of nonmetastatic renal cell cancer. Korean J. Urol. 54, 499–503 (2013).
pubmed: 23956823
pmcid: 3742900
doi: 10.4111/kju.2013.54.8.499
Lee, S., Hong, S. K., Kwak, C., Kim, H. H. & Lee, S. E. Prognostic significance of diabetes mellitus in localized renal cell carcinoma. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 42, 318–324 (2012).
pubmed: 22389274
doi: 10.1093/jjco/hys018
Nayan, M. et al. Diabetes and kidney cancer outcomes: a propensity score analysis. Endocrine 55, 470–477 (2017).
pubmed: 27815768
doi: 10.1007/s12020-016-1149-5
Yang, H. et al. Pre-existing type 2 diabetes is an adverse prognostic factor in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J. Diabetes 11, 993–1001 (2019).
pubmed: 31141620
doi: 10.1111/1753-0407.12957
Zhang, C. et al. Association of dyslipidemia with renal cell carcinoma: a 1:2 matched case-control study. PLoS One 8, e59796 (2013).
pubmed: 23536888
pmcid: 3607555
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059796
Bao, C. et al. Diabetes mellitus and incidence and mortality of kidney cancer: a meta-analysis. J. Diabetes Complicat. 27, 357–364 (2013).
doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.01.004
Pottegård, A., Clark, P., Friis, S., Hallas, J. & Lund, L. Long-term use of statins and risk of renal cell carcinoma: a population-based case-control study. Eur. Urol. 69, 877–882 (2016).
pubmed: 26603781
doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.10.020
Khurana, V., Caldito, G. & Ankem, M. Statins might reduce risk of renal cell carcinoma in humans: case-control study of 500,000 veterans. Urology 71, 118–122 (2008).
pubmed: 18242378
doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.08.039
Zhang, G. M. et al. Prevalence of dyslipidaemia in patients with renal cell carcinoma: a case-control study in China. BJU Int 113, E75–E81 (2014).
pubmed: 24274674
doi: 10.1111/bju.12581
Liu, W., Choueiri, T. K. & Cho, E. Statin use and the risk of renal cell carcinoma in 2 prospective US cohorts. Cancer 118, 797–803 (2012).
pubmed: 21751202
doi: 10.1002/cncr.26338
Ohno, Y. et al. Clinical implications of preoperative serum total cholesterol in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Urology 83, 154–158 (2014).
pubmed: 24149106
doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.08.052
Lee, H. et al. Preoperative cholesterol level is associated with worse pathological outcomes and postoperative survival in localized renal cell carcinoma patients: a propensity score–matched study. Clin. Genitourin. Cancer 15, e935–e941 (2017).
pubmed: 28558989
doi: 10.1016/j.clgc.2017.05.008
Kang, H. W. et al. Low preoperative serum cholesterol level is associated with aggressive pathologic features and poor cancer-specific survival in patients with surgically treated renal cell carcinoma. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 142–150 (2018).
pubmed: 28791497
doi: 10.1007/s10147-017-1172-4
De Martino, M. et al. Preoperative serum cholesterol is an independent prognostic factor for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). BJU Int. 115, 397–404 (2015).
pubmed: 24698164
doi: 10.1111/bju.12767
CHOI, S.-K. et al. Effects of statins on the prognosis of local and locally advanced renal cell carcinoma following nephrectomy. Mol. Clin. Oncol. 1, 365–368 (2013).
pubmed: 24649176
doi: 10.3892/mco.2012.55
Hamilton, R. J. et al. The association between statin medication and progression after surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol. 191, 914–919 (2014).
pubmed: 24291547
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.10.141
Krane, L. S., Sandberg, J. M., Rague, J. T. & Hemal, A. K. Do statin medications impact renal functional or oncologic outcomes for robot-assisted partial nephrectomy? J. Endourol. 28, 1308–1312 (2014).
pubmed: 24934083
doi: 10.1089/end.2014.0276
Kaffenberger, S. D. et al. Statin use is associated with improved survival in patients undergoing surgery for renal cell carcinoma. Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig. 33, 21.e11–21.e17 (2015).
Viers, B. R. et al. The association of statin therapy with clinicopathologic outcomes and survival among patients with localized renal cell carcinoma undergoing nephrectomy. Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig. 33, 388.e11–388.e18 (2015).
Haddad, A. Q. et al. Statin use and serum lipid levels are associated with survival outcomes after surgery for renal cell carcinoma. Urology 86, 1146–1152 (2015).
pubmed: 26416007
doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.09.015
Lee, C. K. et al. Increase in cholesterol predicts survival advantage in renal cell carcinoma patients treated with temsirolimus. Clin. Cancer Res. 18, 3188–3196 (2012).
pubmed: 22472176
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3137
Nayan, M. et al. Statin use and kidney cancer outcomes: a propensity score analysis. Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig. 34, 487.e1–487.e6 (2016).
Nielsen, S. F., Nordestgaard, B. G. & Bojesen, S. E. Statin use and reduced cancer-related mortality. N. Engl. J. Med. 367, 1792–1802 (2012).
pubmed: 23134381
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1201735
Nayan, M. et al. Statin use and kidney cancer survival outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat. Rev. 52, 105–116 (2017).
pubmed: 27992843
doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.11.009
Kriegmair, M. C. et al. Metabolic syndrome negatively impacts the outcome of localized renal cell carcinoma. Horm. Cancer 8, 127–134 (2017).
pubmed: 28247362
pmcid: 10355923
doi: 10.1007/s12672-017-0289-2
Bulut, S. et al. Metabolic syndrome prevalence in renal cell cancer patients. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 15, 7925–7928 (2014).
pubmed: 25292088
doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.18.7925
Eskelinen, T. J., Kotsar, A., Tammela, T. L. J. & Murtola, T. J. Components of metabolic syndrome and prognosis of renal cell cancer. Scand. J. Urol. 51, 435–441 (2017).
pubmed: 28743221
doi: 10.1080/21681805.2017.1352616
Bergström, A. et al. Occupational physical activity and renal cell cancer: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden. Int. J. Cancer 83, 186–191 (1999).
pubmed: 10471525
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991008)83:2<186::AID-IJC7>3.0.CO;2-6
Bergström, A. et al. Physical activity and risk of renal cell cancer. Int. J. Cancer 92, 155–157 (2001).
pubmed: 11279620
doi: 10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::AID-IJC1162>3.0.CO;2-S
Ihira, H. et al. Physical activity and subsequent risk of kidney, bladder and upper urinary tract cancer in the Japanese population: the Japan Public Health Centre-based Prospective Study. Br. J. Cancer 120, 571–574 (2019).
pubmed: 30745583
pmcid: 6461777
doi: 10.1038/s41416-019-0392-y
Mahabir, S. et al. Physical activity and renal cell cancer risk in a cohort of male smokers. Int. J. Cancer 108, 600–605 (2004).
pubmed: 14696127
doi: 10.1002/ijc.11580
Moore, S. C. et al. Physical activity during adulthood and adolescence in relation to renal cell cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 168, 149–157 (2008).
pubmed: 18468990
pmcid: 2878095
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwn102
Williams, P. T. Reduced risk of incident kidney cancer from walking and running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 46, 312–317 (2014).
pubmed: 23863620
pmcid: 4067489
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182a4e89c
Arem, H. et al. Physical activity and cancer-specific mortality in the NIH-AARP diet and health study cohort. Int. J. Cancer 135, 423–431 (2014).
pubmed: 24311115
doi: 10.1002/ijc.28659
Schmid, D., Matthews, C. E. & Leitzmann, M. F. Physical activity and sedentary behavior in relation to mortality among renal cell cancer survivors. PLoS One 13, e0198995 (2018).
pubmed: 29894512
pmcid: 5997343
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198995
Liss, M. et al. Physical activity decreases kidney cancer mortality. Curr. Urol. 10, 193–198 (2017).
pubmed: 29234262
pmcid: 5704719
doi: 10.1159/000447180
Nicodemus, K. K., Sweeney, C. & Folsom, A. R. Evaluation of dietary, medical and lifestyle risk factors for incident kidney cancer in postmenopausal women. Int. J. Cancer 108, 115–121 (2004).
pubmed: 14618625
doi: 10.1002/ijc.11532
Cannioto, R. et al. The association of lifetime physical inactivity with bladder and renal cancer risk: a hospital-based case-control analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. 49, 24–29 (2017).
pubmed: 28528291
pmcid: 5544555
doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2017.04.017
Tavani, A. et al. Lifetime physical activity and the risk of renal cell cancer. Int. J. Cancer 120, 1977–1980 (2007).
pubmed: 17266025
doi: 10.1002/ijc.22438
Mellemgaard, A. et al. International renal‐cell cancer study. III. Role of weight, height, physical activity, and use of amphetamines. Int. J. Cancer 60, 350–354 (1995).
pubmed: 7829243
doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910600313
Goodman, M. T., Morgenstern, H. & Wynder, E. L. A case-control study of factors affecting the development of renal cell cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 124, 926–941 (1986).
pubmed: 3776975
doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114482
Parent, M. É. et al. Occupational and recreational physical activity during adult life and the risk of cancer among men. Cancer Epidemiol. 35, 151–159 (2011).
pubmed: 21030330
doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2010.09.004
Chiu, B. C. H. et al. Body mass index, physical activity, and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Int. J. Obes. 30, 940–947 (2006).
doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803231
Pan, S. Y. et al. Obesity, high energy intake, lack of physical activity, and the risk of kidney cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 15, 2453–2460 (2006).
doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0616
Brownson, R. C., Chang, J. C., Davis, J. R. & Smith, C. A. Physical activity on the job and cancer in Missouri. Am. J. Public Health 81, 639–642 (1991).
pubmed: 2014869
pmcid: 1405078
doi: 10.2105/AJPH.81.5.639
Mctiernan, A. et al. Physical activity in cancer prevention and survival: a systematic review. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 51, 1252–1261 (2019).
pubmed: 31095082
pmcid: 6527123
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001937
Behrens, G. & Leitzmann, M. F. The association between physical activity and renal cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Cancer 108, 798–811 (2013).
pubmed: 23412105
pmcid: 3590672
doi: 10.1038/bjc.2013.37
World Cancer Research Fund & American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective (AICR, 2007)
Brock, K. E. et al. Fruit, vegetables, fibre and micronutrients and risk of US renal cell carcinoma. Br. J. Nutr. 108, 1077–1085 (2012).
pubmed: 22186835
doi: 10.1017/S0007114511006489
Daniel, C. R. et al. Intake of fiber and fiber-rich plant foods is associated with a lower risk of renal cell carcinoma in a large US cohort. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 97, 1036–1043 (2013).
pubmed: 23515007
pmcid: 3628376
doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.045351
Jung, E. L. et al. Intakes of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 18, 1730–1739 (2009).
doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0045
Bertoia, M. et al. No association between fruit, vegetables, antioxidant nutrients and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 126, 1504–1512 (2010).
pubmed: 19685494
pmcid: 2811212
doi: 10.1002/ijc.24829
Bravi, F. et al. Food groups and renal cell carcinoma: a case-control study from Italy. Int. J. Cancer 120, 681–685 (2007).
pubmed: 17058282
doi: 10.1002/ijc.22225
Weikert, S. et al. Fruits and vegetables and renal cell carcinoma: findings from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Int. J. Cancer 118, 3133–3139 (2006).
pubmed: 16425278
doi: 10.1002/ijc.21765
Handa, K. & Kreiger, N. Diet patterns and the risk of renal cell carcinoma. Public Health Nutr. 5, 757–767 (2002).
pubmed: 12570884
doi: 10.1079/PHN2002347
De Stefani, E. et al. Meat intake, ‘mate’ drinking and renal cell cancer in Uruguay: a case-control study. Br. J. Cancer 78, 1239–1243 (1998).
pubmed: 9820187
pmcid: 2062999
doi: 10.1038/bjc.1998.661
Dolwick Grieb, S. M. et al. Food groups and renal cell carcinoma: results from a case-control study. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 109, 656–667 (2009).
doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2008.12.020
Lee, J. E. et al. Intakes of fruits, vegetables, vitamins A, C, and E, and carotenoids and risk of renal cell cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 15, 2445–2452 (2006).
doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0553
Daniel, C. R. et al. Meat-cooking mutagens and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 105, 1096–1104 (2011).
pubmed: 21897389
pmcid: 3185955
doi: 10.1038/bjc.2011.343
Talamini, R. et al. A case-control study of risk factor for renal cell cancer in northern Italy. Cancer Causes Control. 1, 125–132 (1990).
pubmed: 2102282
doi: 10.1007/BF00053163
Wolk, A. et al. International renal cell cancer study. VII. Role of diet. Int. J. Cancer 65, 67–73 (1996).
pubmed: 8543399
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19960103)65:1<67::AID-IJC12>3.0.CO;2-F
Mellemgaard, A., McLaughlin, J. K., Overvad, K. & Olsen, J. H. Dietary risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in Denmark. Eur. J. Cancer 32, 673–682 (1996).
doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00633-8
Huang, T. B. et al. Dietary fiber intake and risk of renal cell carcinoma: evidence from a meta-analysis. Med. Oncol. 31, 125 (2014).
pubmed: 25038944
doi: 10.1007/s12032-014-0125-2
Zhang, S., Jia, Z., Yan, Z. & Yang, J. Consumption of fruits and vegetables and risk of renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Oncotarget 8, 27892–27903 (2017).
pubmed: 28427188
pmcid: 5438616
doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.15841
Daniel, C. R. et al. Large prospective investigation of meat intake, related mutagens, and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95, 155–162 (2012).
pubmed: 22170360
doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.019364
Faramawi, M. F., Johnson, E., Fry, M. W., Sall, M. & Yi, Z. Consumption of different types of meat and the risk of renal cancer: meta-analysis of case-control studies. Cancer Causes Control. 18, 125–133 (2007).
pubmed: 17242980
doi: 10.1007/s10552-006-0104-9
Lee, J. E. et al. Fat, protein, and meat consumption and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 100, 1695–1706 (2008).
pubmed: 19033572
pmcid: 2727138
doi: 10.1093/jnci/djn386
Rohrmann, S. et al. Meat and fish consumption and the risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Int. J. Cancer 136, E423–E431 (2015).
pubmed: 25258006
doi: 10.1002/ijc.29236
Wijarnpreecha, K., Thongprayoon, C., Thamcharoen, N., Panjawatanan, P. & Cheungpasitporn, W. Association between coffee consumption and risk of renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Intern. Med. J. 47, 1422–1432 (2017).
pubmed: 28892303
doi: 10.1111/imj.13621
Shen, C., Huang, Y., Yi, S., Fang, Z. & Li, L. Association of vitamin E intake with reduced risk of kidney cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Med. Sci. Monit. 21, 3420–3426 (2015).
pubmed: 26547129
pmcid: 4644018
doi: 10.12659/MSM.896018
Melkonian, S. C. et al. Gene-environment interaction of genome-wide association study-identified susceptibility loci and meat-cooking mutagens in the etiology of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 122, 108–115 (2016).
pubmed: 26551148
doi: 10.1002/cncr.29543
Parker, A. S., Cerhan, J. R., Lynch, C. F., Ershow, A. G. & Cantor, K. P. Gender, alcohol consumption, and renal cell carcinoma. Am. J. Epidemiol. 155, 455–462 (2002).
pubmed: 11867357
doi: 10.1093/aje/155.5.455
Song, D. Y., Song, S., Song, Y. & Lee, J. E. Alcohol intake and renal cell cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Br. J. Cancer 106, 1881–1890 (2012).
pubmed: 22516951
pmcid: 3364130
doi: 10.1038/bjc.2012.136
Lee, J. E. et al. Alcohol intake and renal cell cancer in a pooled analysis of 12 prospective studies. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 99, 801–810 (2007).
pubmed: 17505075
doi: 10.1093/jnci/djk181
Lew, J. Q., Chow, W. H., Hollenbeck, A. R., Schatzkin, A. & Park, Y. Alcohol consumption and risk of renal cell cancer: the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Br. J. Cancer 104, 537–541 (2011).
pubmed: 21245859
pmcid: 3049576
doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6606089
Bellocco, R. et al. Alcohol drinking and risk of renal cell carcinoma: results of a meta-analysis. Ann. Oncol. 23, 2235–2244 (2012).
pubmed: 22398178
doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds022
Karami, S., Daugherty, S. E. & Purdue, M. P. A prospective study of alcohol consumption and renal cell carcinoma risk. Int. J. Cancer 137, 238–242 (2015).
pubmed: 25431248
doi: 10.1002/ijc.29359
IWH. Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. IWH https://www.iwh.on.ca/what-researchers-mean-by/primary-secondary-and-tertiary-prevention (2015).
Tahbaz, R., Schmid, M. & Merseburger, A. S. Prevention of kidney cancer incidence and recurrence: lifestyle, medication and nutrition. Curr. Opin. Urol. 28, 62–79 (2018).
pubmed: 29059103
doi: 10.1097/MOU.0000000000000454
Ljungberg, B. et al. EAU guidelines on renal cell carcinoma: 2014 update. Eur. Urol. 67, 913–924 (2015).
pubmed: 25616710
doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.01.005
Ljungberg, B. et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on renal cell carcinoma: the 2022 update. Eur. Urol. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EURURO.2022.03.006 (2022).
doi: 10.1016/J.EURURO.2022.03.006
pubmed: 36526491
Wozniak, M. B. et al. Alcohol consumption and the risk of renal cancers in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Int. J. Cancer 137, 1953–1966 (2015).
pubmed: 25866035
doi: 10.1002/ijc.29559
Xu, X., Zhu, Y., Zheng, X. & Xie, L. Does beer, wine or liquor consumption correlate with the risk of renal cell carcinoma? A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Oncotarget 6, 13347–13358 (2015).
pubmed: 25965820
pmcid: 4537019
doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.3749
Al-Bayati, O., Hasan, A., Pruthi, D., Kaushik, D. & Liss, M. A. Systematic review of modifiable risk factors for kidney cancer. Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig. 37, 359–371 (2019).
Raffle, A. E. & Muir, J. A. Books & electronic media Screening: evidence and practice. Bulletin of the World Health Organization vol. 86 (Oxford University Press, 2008).
Bonita, R., Beaglehole, R., Kjellström, T. & Organization, W. H. Basic epidemiology. Teacher’s guide for basic epidemiology, WHO document (WHO, 2006).
Usher-Smith, J., Simmons, R. K., Rossi, S. H. & Stewart, G. D. Current evidence on screening for renal cancer. Nat. Rev. Urol. 17, 637–642 (2020).
pubmed: 32860009
pmcid: 7610655
doi: 10.1038/s41585-020-0363-3
Harrison, H. et al. Risk prediction models for kidney cancer: a systematic review. Eur. Urol. Focus. 7, 1380–1390 (2021).
pubmed: 32680829
pmcid: 8642244
doi: 10.1016/j.euf.2020.06.024
Diana, P. et al. Screening programs for renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review by the EAU young academic urologists renal cancer working group. World J. Urol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-022-03993-6 (2022).
doi: 10.1007/s00345-022-03993-6
pubmed: 35980449
pmcid: 10160199
ROSE, G. Sick individuals and sick populations. Int. J. Epidemiol. 14, 32–38 (1985).
pubmed: 3872850
doi: 10.1093/ije/14.1.32
Rossi, S. H. et al. A decision analysis evaluating screening for kidney cancer using focused renal ultrasound. Eur. Urol. Focus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2019.09.002 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.euf.2019.09.002
pubmed: 31530498
Roussel, E. et al. Novel imaging methods for renal mass characterization: a collaborative review. Eur. Urol. 81, 476–488 (2022).
pubmed: 35216855
pmcid: 9844544
doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.01.040
Rossi, S. H. et al. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of renal cancer detected by abdominal ultrasonography. Br. J. Surg. 104, 648–659 (2017).
pubmed: 28407225
doi: 10.1002/bjs.10523
Crosbie, P. A. et al. Yorkshire Lung Screening Trial (YLST): protocol for a randomised controlled trial to evaluate invitation to community-based low-dose CT screening for lung cancer versus usual care in a targeted population at risk. BMJ Open 10, e037075 (2020).
pubmed: 32912947
pmcid: 7485242
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037075
US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05005195 (2022).
Scelo, G. et al. KIM-1 as a blood-based marker for early detection of kidney cancer: a prospective nested case-control study. Clin. Cancer Res. 24, 5594–5601 (2018).
pubmed: 30037816
pmcid: 6239904
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-1496
Usher-Smith, J. A., Sharp, S. J., Luben, R. & Griffin, S. J. Development and validation of lifestyle-based models to predict incidence of the most common potentially preventable cancers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 28, 67–75 (2019).
doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0400
Harrison, H. et al. Validation and public health modelling of risk prediction models for kidney cancer using the UK Biobank. BJU Int. https://doi.org/10.1111/BJU.15598 (2021).
doi: 10.1111/BJU.15598
pubmed: 34538014
Usher-Smith, J. A. et al. External validation of risk prediction models for incident colorectal cancer using UK Biobank. Br. J. Cancer 118, 750–759 (2018).
pubmed: 29381683
pmcid: 5846069
doi: 10.1038/bjc.2017.463
Amir, E., Freedman, O. C., Seruga, B. & Evans, D. G. Assessing women at high risk of breast cancer: a review of risk assessment models. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 102, 680–691 (2010).
pubmed: 20427433
doi: 10.1093/jnci/djq088
Flitcroft, J. G. et al. Early detection of kidney cancer using urinary proteins: a truly non-invasive strategy. BJU Int. 129, 290–303 (2022).
pubmed: 34570419
doi: 10.1111/bju.15601
Scelo, G. & Larose, T. L. Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 36, 3574–3581 (2018).
pmcid: 6299342
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2018.79.1905