Concentration of the main persistent organic pollutants in sewage sludge in relation to wastewater treatment plant parameters and sludge stabilisation.

Concentration of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 7 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 11 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sewage sludge from 40 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was investigated. Relationship between pollutant sludge contents, main WWTP parameters and type of sludge stabilisation was carefully evaluated. Average load of PAHs, PCBs, and OCPs in different sludges from Czech Republic was 3096, 95.7 and 76.1 μg/kg dry weight, respectively. There were moderate/strong correlations among the individual tested pollutants in sludge (r = 0.40-0.76). Relationship between total pollutant contents in sludge, common WWTP parameters and sludge stabilisation was not evident. Only individual pollutants such anthracene and PCB 52 correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with biochemical oxygen demand (r = -0.35) and chemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies (r = -0.35), suggesting recalcitrance to degradation during wastewater treatment. When sorted according to the design capacity, a linear correlation between WWTP size and pollutant contents in sludge was evident with growing WWTP capacity. Our study indicated that WWTPs with anaerobic digestion are prone to accumulate a statistically higher content of PAHs and PCBs (P < 0.05) in digested sludges compared to aerobically digested ones. The influence of anaerobic digestion temperature of treated sludge on tested pollutants was not evident.

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.