Coupling hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes (δ


Journal

Environmental geochemistry and health
ISSN: 1573-2983
Titre abrégé: Environ Geochem Health
Pays: Netherlands
ID NLM: 8903118

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
Aug 2023
Historique:
received: 09 05 2022
accepted: 24 05 2023
medline: 7 8 2023
pubmed: 22 6 2023
entrez: 22 6 2023
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

The study area is a part of the Salt Range, where water quality is being deteriorated by natural and anthropogenic sources. This research integrates water quality assessment, arsenic enrichment, hydrogeochemical processes, groundwater recharge and carbon sources in aquifer. Total dissolved solid (TDS) contents in springs water, lake water and groundwater are in range of 681-847 mg/L, 2460-5051 mg/L and 513-7491 mg/L, respectively. The higher concentrations of magnesium and calcium in water bodies next to sodium are because of carbonates, sulfates, halite and silicates dissolution. The average concentrations of ions in groundwater are in order of HCO

Identifiants

pubmed: 37347308
doi: 10.1007/s10653-023-01635-3
pii: 10.1007/s10653-023-01635-3
doi:

Substances chimiques

Arsenic N712M78A8G
Sodium Chloride 451W47IQ8X
Isotopes 0
Sodium 9NEZ333N27
Iron E1UOL152H7
Sodium Chloride, Dietary 0
Chlorides 0
Water Pollutants, Chemical 0

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

6643-6673

Informations de copyright

© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

Références

Abu-Alnaeem, M. F., Yusoff, I., Ng, T. F., Alias, Y., & Raksme, M. (2018). Assessment of groundwater salinity and quality in Gaza coastal aquifer, Gaza Strip, Palestine: An integrated statistical, geostatistical and hydrogeochemical approaches study. Science of the Total Environment, 615, 972–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.320
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.320
Addy, S. E. A. (2008). Electrochemical arsenic remediation for rural Bangladesh (p. 69). Berkeley: University of California.
doi: 10.2172/946461
Aghazadeh, N., Chitsazan, M., & Golestan, Y. (2016). Hydrochemistry and quality assessment of groundwater in the Ardabil area, Iran. Applied Water Science, 7, 3599–3616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0498-9
doi: 10.1007/s13201-016-0498-9
Akbar, M., Khan, S. A., Dilawar, S., & Hassan, M. T. (2021). Water crisis in Pakistan: Prospects and implications. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/ Egyptology (PJAEE), 18(1), 4884–4892.
Akhtar, M. M., Tang, Z., & Mohamadi, B. (2014). Contamination potential assessment of potable groundwater in Lahore, Pakistan. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 23(6), 1905–1916.
Ali, K. F., & De Boer, D. H. (2007). Spatial patterns and variation of suspended sediment yield in the upper Indus River basin, Northern Pakistan. Journal of Hydrology, 334, 368–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.10.013
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.10.013
Ali, W., Mushtaq, N., Javed, T., Zhang, H., Ali, K., Rasool, A., & Farooqi, A. (2019). Vertical mixing with return irrigation water the cause of arsenic enrichment in groundwater of district Larkana Sindh, Pakistan. Environmental Pollution, 245, 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.103
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.103
APHA. (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (21st ed.). American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation.
Appelo, C. A. J., & Postma, D. (1999). Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema. 536.
Appelo, C. A. J., Van der Weiden, M. J. J., Tournassat, C., & Charlet, L. (2002). Surface complexation of ferrous iron and carbonate on ferrohydrite and the mobilization of arsenic. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 3096–103. https://doi.org/10.1021/es010130n
doi: 10.1021/es010130n
Arshad, M. (2011). Site management plan, Kallar Kahar Game Reserve, WWF, Wetlands, The Ministry of Environment’s Pakistan Wetlands Programme. PWP-The Ministry of Environment’s Pakistan Wetlands Programme House, Islamabad.
Atekwana, E. A., Molwalefhe, L., Kgaodi, O., & Cruse, A. M. (2016). Effect of evapotranspiration on dissolved inorganic carbon and stable carbon isotopic evolution in rivers in semiarid climates: The Okavango Delta in North West Botswana. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 7, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2016.05.003
doi: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2016.05.003
Azizullah, A., Khattak, M. N. K., Richter, P., & Häder, D. P. (2011). Water pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health: A review. Environment International, 37, 479–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.007
doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.007
Baig, J. A., Kazi, T. G., Shah, A. Q., Afridi, H. I., Kandhro, G. A., Khan, S., Kolachi, N. F., Wadhwa, S. K., Shah, F., & Arain, M. B. (2011). Evaluation of arsenic levels in grain crops samples, irrigated by tube well and canal water. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49, 265–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.002
doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.002
Baker, D. M., Lillie, R. J., Yeats, R. S., Johnson, G. D., Yousuf, M., & Zamin, A. S. H. (1988). Development of the Himalayan frontal thrust zone-Salt Range, Pakistan. Geology, 16, 3–7.
doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0003:DOTHFT>2.3.CO;2
Bauer, M., & Blodau, C. (2006). Mobilization of arsenic by dissolved organic matter from iron oxides, soils and sediments. Science of the Total Environment, 354, 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.027
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.027
Bhateria, R., & Jain, D. (2016). Water quality assessment of lake water: A review. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 2, 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-015-0014-7
doi: 10.1007/s40899-015-0014-7
Bhattacharya, P., Welch, A. H., Stollenwerk, K. G., McLaughlin, M. J., Bundschuh, J., & Panaullah, G. (2007). Arsenic in the environment: Biology and Chemistry. Science of the Total Environment, 379, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.037
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.037
Bibi, M., Hashmi, M. Z., & Malik, R. N. (2015). Human exposure to arsenic in groundwater from Lahore District, Pakistan. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 39, 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2014.10.020
doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.10.020
Bilal, S., Rais, M., Anwar, M., Hussain, I., Sharif, M., & Kabeer, B. (2013). Habitat association of Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis) at Kallar Kahar Lake, Pakistan. Journal of King Saud University- Science, 25, 267–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2013.03.001
doi: 10.1016/j.jksus.2013.03.001
Boerner, A. R., & Gates, J. B. (2015). Temporal dynamics of ground water-dissolved inorganic carbon beneath a drought-affected braided stream: Platte River case study. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeoscience, 120, 924–937.
doi: 10.1002/2015JG002950
Brindha, K., Paul, R., Walter, J., Tan, M. L., & Singh, M. K. (2020). Trace metals contamination in groundwater and implications on human health: Comprehensive assessment using hydrogeochemical and geostatistical methods. Environmental Geochemical and Health, 42, 3819–3839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00637-9
doi: 10.1007/s10653-020-00637-9
Butler, R. W. H., Coward, M. P., Harwood, G. M., & Knipe, J. (1987). Salt, its control on thrust geometry, structural style and gravitational collapse along the Himalayan mountain front in the Salt Range of Northern Pakistan. In I. Lerche & J. J. O’Brien (Eds.), Dynamical geology of salt and related structures (pp. 339–418). Academic Press.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-444170-5.50013-0
Cheung, J. S. J., Hu, X. F., Parajuli, R. P., Rosol, R., Torng, A., Mohapatra, A., Lye, A., & Chan, H. M. (2020). Health risk assessment of arsenic exposure among the residents in Ndilǫ, Dettah, and Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 230, 113623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113623
doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113623
Clark, I. D., & Fritz, P. (1997). Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. Lewis Publishers.
Coleman, M. L., Shepherd, T. J., Durham, J. J., Rouse, J. E., & Moore, G. R. (1982). Reduction of water with zinc for hydrogen isotope analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 54, 993–995. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00243a035
doi: 10.1021/ac00243a035
Corniello, A., Guida, M., Stellato, L., Trifuoggi, T., Carraturo, F., Gaudio, C. D., Forte, G., Giarra, A., Iorio, M., Marzaioli, F., & Toscanesi, M. (2021). Hydrochemical, isotopic and microbiota characterization of telese mineral waters (Southern Italy). Environmental Geochemistry & Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00806-4
doi: 10.1007/s10653-021-00806-4
Cotovicz, L. C., Jr., Knoppers, B. A., Deirmendjian, L., & Abril, G. (2019). Sources and sinks of dissolved inorganic carbon in an urban tropical coastal bay revealed by δ
doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2019.02.048
Craig, H. (1961). Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science, 133, 1702–1703. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.133.3465.1702
doi: 10.1126/science.133.3465.1702
Cuoco, E., Viaroli, S., Paolucci, V., Mazza, R., & Tedesco, D. (2021). Fe and As geochemical self-removal dynamics in mineral waters: Evidence from the Ferrarelle groundwater system (Riardo Plain Southern Italy). Environmental Geochemistry and Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00891-5
doi: 10.1007/s10653-021-00891-5
Datta, P. S., & Tyagi, S. K. (1996). Major ion chemistry of groundwater in Delhi area: Chemical weathering processes and groundwater flow regime. Journal of Geological Society of India, 47, 179–188.
Deen, S. (2015). Pakistan 2010 floods. Policy gaps in disaster preparedness and response. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 12, 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.03.007
doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.03.007
Deirmendjian, L., & Abril, G. (2018). Carbon dioxide degassing at the groundwater-stream-atmosphere interface: isotopic equilibration and hydrological mass balance in a sandy watershed. Journal of Hydrology, 558, 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.01.003
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.01.003
Deirmendjian, L., Loustau, D., Augusto, L., Lafont, S., Chipeaux, C., Poirier, D., & Abril, G. (2018). Hydro-ecological controls on dissolved carbon dynamics in groundwater and export to streams in a temperate Pine forest. Biogeosciences, 15, 669–691. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-669-2018
doi: 10.5194/bg-15-669-2018
Delkhahi, B., Nassery, H. R., Vilarrasa, V., Alijani, F., & Ayora, C. (2020). Impacts of natural CO
doi: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2020.103001
Deshpande, R. D., Bhattacharya, S. K., Jani, R. A., & Gupta, S. K. (2003). Distribution of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in shallow groundwaters from Southern India: Influence of a dual monsoon system. Journal of Hydrology, 271, 226–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00354-2
doi: 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00354-2
DeVore, C. L., Rodriguez-Freire, L., Mehdi-Ali, A., Ducheneaux, C., Artyushkova, K., Zhou, Z., Latta, D. E., Lueth, V. W., Gonzales, M., Lewis, J., & Cerrato, J. M. (2019). Effect of bicarbonate and phosphate on arsenic release from mining-impacted sediments in the Cheyenne River watershed, South Dakota, USA. Environmental Science: Process & Impacts, 21(3), 456–468. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EM00461G
doi: 10.1039/C8EM00461G
Ding, L., Yang, Q., Yang, Q., Yang, Y., Ma, H., Delgad, J., & Martin, J. D. (2021). Potential risk assessment of groundwater to address the agricultural and domestic challenges in Ordos Basin. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 43, 717–732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00512-2
doi: 10.1007/s10653-019-00512-2
Dinka, M. O., Loiskandl, W., & Ndambuki, J. M. (2015). Hydrochemical characterization of various surface water and groundwater resources available in Matahara areas, Fantalle Woreda of Oromiya region. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 3(2015), 444–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.02.007
doi: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.02.007
Domenico, P. A., & Schwartz, F. W. (1990). Physical and chemical hydrogeology (p. 824). Wiley.
Drever, J. I. (1997). The geochemistry of natural waters (3rd ed., p. 436). Prentice Hall.
El-Aassy, I. K., El-Feky, M. G., Issa, F. A., Ibrahim, N. M., Desouky, O. A., & Khattab, M. R. (2015). Characterization of groundwater and uranium isotopic ratios (
Epstein, S., & Mayeda, T. (1953). Variation of O-18 content of waters from natural sources. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 4(5), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(53)90051-9
doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(53)90051-9
Fang, J., Barcelona, M. J., Krishnamurthy, R. V., & Atekwana, E. A. (2000). Stable carbon isotope biogeochemistry of a shallow sand aquifer contaminated with fuel hydrocarbons. Applied Geochemistry, 15, 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-008-9033-4
doi: 10.1007/s10498-008-9033-4
Farooqi, A., Masuda, H., & Firdous, N. (2007). Toxic fluoride and arsenic contaminated groundwater in the Lahore and Kasur Districts, Punjab, Pakistan and possible contaminant sources. Environmental Pollution, 145, 839–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.007
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.007
Favara, R., Grassa, F., Inguaggiato, S., Pecoraino, G., & Capasso, G. (2002). A simple method to determine the δ
Florkowski, T. (1985). Sample preparation for hydrogen isotope analysis by mass spectrometry. International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 36(12), 991–992.
doi: 10.1016/0020-708X(85)90263-7
Freeze, R. A., & Cherry, J. A. (1979). Groundwater (p. 07632). Prentice-Hall Inc.
Garcia, G., Hidalgo, V., & Blesa, A. (2001). Geochemistry of groundwater in alluvial plain of Tucuman province. Argentina. Hydrogeology Journal, 9, 597–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10040-001-0166-4
doi: 10.1007/S10040-001-0166-4
Gat, J. R. (1971). Comments on the stable isotope method in regional groundwater investigations. Water Resource Research, 7, 980–993. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR007i004p00980
doi: 10.1029/WR007i004p00980
Gee, E. R. (1989). Overview of the geology and structure of the Salt Range, with observations on related areas of Northern Pakistan. In L. L. Malinconico Jr. & R. J. Lillie (Eds.), Tectonics of the western Himalayas (Vol. 232, pp. 95–111). Geological Society of America.
doi: 10.1130/SPE232-p95
Ghoraba, S. M., & Khan, A. D. (2013). Hydrochemistry and groundwater quality assessment in Balochistan Province, Pakistan. International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, 17(2), 185–199.
Gibson, J. J., Edwards, T. W. D., Birks, S. J., St Amour, N. A., Buhay, W. M., McEachern, P., Wolfe, B. B., & Peters, D. L. (2005). Progress in isotope tracer hydrology in Canada. Hydrological Processes, 19, 303–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5766
doi: 10.1002/hyp.5766
Giordano, M. (2009). Global groundwater, issues and solutions. Annual Review of Environmental and Resources, 1, 153–178. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.030308.100251
doi: 10.1146/annurev.environ.030308.100251
Glover, E. T., & Osae, S. (2012). Major ion chemistry and identification of hydrogeochemical processes of groundwater in the Accra Plains. Elixir Geoscience, 50, 10279–10288. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2016.01.00008
doi: 10.15406/mojes.2016.01.00008
Gonfiantini, R., & Zuppi, G. M. (2003). Carbon isotope exchange rate of DIC in karst groundwater. Chemical Geology, 197, 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00402-3
doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00402-3
GOP, (2008). Government of Pakistan, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PEPA), (Ministry of Environment) National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWG).
Gul, N., Shah, M. T., Khan, S., Khattak, N. U., & Muhammad, S. (2015). Arsenic and heavy metals contamination, risk assessment and their source in drinking water of the Mardan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan. Journal of Water and Health, 13(4), 1073–1084. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.011
doi: 10.2166/wh.2015.011
Guo, Q., Zhang, J., Hu, Z., & Zhou, Z. (2020). Hydrochemical and isotopic evolution of groundwater flowing downstream of the Daqing River (Liaodong Bay, China). Journal of Coastal Research, 36(3), 608–618. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-19-00114.1
doi: 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-19-00114.1
Guo, X., Zuo, R., Wang, J., Meng, L., Teng, Y., Shi, R., Gao, X., & Ding, F. (2018). Hydrochemical evolution of interaction between surface water and groundwater affected by exploitation. Groundwater. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5464373
doi: 10.1155/2016/5464373
Han, D., & Currell, M. J. (2018). Delineating multiple salinization processes in a coastal plain aquifer, northern China: Hydrochemical and isotopic evidence. Hydrology and Earth System Science, 22, 3473–3491. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3473-2018
doi: 10.5194/hess-22-3473-2018
He, X., Li, P., Wu, J., Wei, M., Ren, X., & Wang, D. (2021). Poor groundwater quality and high potential health risks in the Datong Basin, Northern China: Research from published data. Environmental Geochemistry & Health, 2021(43), 791–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00520-7
doi: 10.1007/s10653-020-00520-7
Hem, J. D. (1985). Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water; Third Edition, US, Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254.
Herath, I., Vithanage, M., Bundschuh, J., Maity, J., & Bhattacharya, P. (2016). Natural arsenic in global groundwaters: Distribution and Geochemical Triggers for Mobilization. Current Pollution Reports, 2, 68–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-016-0028-2
doi: 10.1007/s40726-016-0028-2
Herczeg, L., & Edmunds, M. (1999). Inorganic ions as tracers. In G. Cook & L. Herczeg (Eds.), Environmental tracers in subsurface hydrology (pp. 31–77). Kluwer.
Hosono, T., Wang, C. H., Umezawa, Y., Nakano, T., Onodera, S., Nagata, T., Yoshimizu, C., Tayasu, I., & Taniguchi, M. (2011). Multiple isotope (H, O, N, S and Sr) approach elucidates complex pollution causes in the shallow groundwaters of the Taipei urban area. Journal of Hydrology, 397, 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.025
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.025
Hussain, S. A., Han, F.-Q., Ma, Z., Hussain, A., Mughal, M. S., Han, J., Alhassan, A., & Widory, D. (2021). Unraveling sources and climate conditions prevailing during the deposition of neoproterozoic evaporites using coupled chemistry and boron isotope compositions (δ11B): The example of the salt range, Punjab. Pakistan. Minerals, 11, 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11020161
doi: 10.3390/min11020161
Hussain, S., Noreen, A., Younas, T., Khan, I., Aziz, H., Rehman, E-ur., Saleem, A., Imam, M. F., & Saeed, A. (2022). Cropping pattern to cope with climate change scenario in Pakistan. Bioscience Research 19(2): 957–963.
Hussain, S., Xianfang, S., Hussain, I., Jianrong, L., Mei, H. D., Hu, Y. L., & Huang, W. (2015). Controlling factors of the stable isotope composition in the precipitation of Islamabad Pakistan. Advances in Meteorology. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/817513
doi: 10.1155/2015/817513
IAEA, (2008). Atlas of isotope hydrology, Asia and the Pacific, Water Resources Programme STI/PUB/1364.
IARC, (2004). Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 84 (Some Drinking-Water Disinfectants and Contaminants, including Arsenic). Lyon, France. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Ibrahim, R. G., Ali, M. E., Abdel Satar, Y. M., Sabaa, M., & Ezzat, H. (2021). Ionic ratios as tracers to assess seawater intrusion and to identify salinity sources in Ras Sudr Coastal Aquifer, South West Sinai Egypt. Current Science International, 10(4), 599–622. https://doi.org/10.36632/csi/2021.10.4.51
doi: 10.36632/csi/2021.10.4.51
Iqbal, S. Z. (2001). Arsenic contamination in Pakistan. Presentation at a UN-ESCAP meeting, Geology and Health: Solving the Arsenic Crisis in the Asia-Pacific Region; UNESCAP, Bangkok, May 2001.
Iqbal, F., Raza, N., Ali, M., & Athar, M. (2006). Contamination of Kallar Kahar Lake by inorganic elements and heavy metals and their temporal variations. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 10(2), 95–98. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v10i2.43675
doi: 10.4314/jasem.v10i2.43675
Isa, N. M., Aris, A. Z., Lim, W. Y., Azmin, W. N., Sulaiman, W. N. A. W., & Praveena, S. M. (2013). Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in groundwater samples from Kapas Island Terengganu Malaysia. Arabian Journal of Geoscience. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0818-9
doi: 10.1007/s12517-012-0818-9
Jabeen, A., Huang, X., & Aamir, M. (2015). The challenges of water pollution, threat to public health, flaws of water laws and policies in Pakistan. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2015(7), 1516–1526.
doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2015.717125
Jain, C. K., & Ali, I. (2000). Arsenic: occurrence, toxicity and speciation techniques. Water research, 34(17), 4304–4312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00182-2
doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00182-2
Jalal, F. N., & Sanalkumar MG,. (2012). Hydrology and water quality assessment of Achencovil River in Relation to Pilgrimage Season. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2(12), 1–5.
Javed, T., Ahmad, N., Mashiatullah, A., & Khan, K. (2021). Chronological record, source identification and ecotoxicological impact assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Kallar Kahar Lake, Salt Range-Punjab, Pakistan. Environmental Earth Sciences, 80, 546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09764-7
doi: 10.1007/s12665-021-09764-7
Kale, V. S. (2016). Consequence of temperature, pH, turbidity and dissolved oxygen water quality parameters. International Advanced Research Journal in Science Engineering and Technology, 3(8), 186–186.
Karberg, N. J., Pregitzer, S., King, S. J., Friend, A. L., & Wood, J. R. (2005). Soil carbon dioxide partial pressure and dissolved inorganic carbonate chemistry under elevated carbon dioxide and ozone. Oecologia, 142, 296–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1665-5
doi: 10.1007/s00442-004-1665-5
Karim, A., & Veizer, V. (2000). Weathering processes in the Indus River Basin: Implications from riverine carbon, sulfur, oxygen, and strontium isotopes. Chemical Geology, 170, 153–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00246-6
doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00246-6
Karunanidhi, D., Aravinthasamy, P., Deepali, M., Subramani, T., & Sunkari, E. D. (2021). Appraisal of subsurface hydrogeochemical processes in a geologically heterogeneous semi-arid region of south India based on mass transfer and fuzzy comprehensive modeling. Environmental Geochemistry & Health, 2021(43), 1009–1028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00676-2
doi: 10.1007/s10653-020-00676-2
Keesari, T., & Dauji, S. (2021). Groundwater salinization processes: Pitfalls of inferences from Na
doi: 10.1007/s10653-020-00622-2
Khan, A. F., Srinivasamoorthy, K., Prakash, R., & Rabina, C. (2021). Hydrochemical and statistical techniques to decode groundwater geochemical interactions and saline water intrusion along the coastal regions of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India. Environmental Geochemistry & Health, 43, 1051–1067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00713-0
doi: 10.1007/s10653-020-00713-0
Khan, K., Ikram, M., Faridi, R., Amjad, R., & Chaudhary, M. N. (2015). Perils of eutrophication and spatio-temporal dynamics of Lake Kalar Kahar, Potohar Pleatue, Salt Range, Pakistan. Science International (lahore), 27(3), 3341–3346.
Khan, M. S., Aadil, N., & Khan, K. (2011). Assessment of environmental degradation of Kalar Kahar Lake, Salt Range, Pakistan due to anthropogenic activities and its remedial measures. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 4(10), 1252–1255.
doi: 10.17485/ijst/2011/v4i10.28
Khan, S., & Shah, M. M. (2019). Multiphase dolomitization in the Jutana Formation (Cambrian), Salt Range (Pakistan): Evidences from field observations, microscopic studies and isotopic analysis. Geologica Acta, 17(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1344/GeologicaActa2019.17.2
doi: 10.1344/GeologicaActa2019.17.2
Kim, K., Rajmohan, N., Kim, H. J., Kim, S. H., Hwang, G. S., Yun, S. T., Gu, B., Cho, M. J., & Lee, S. H. (2005). Evaluation of geochemical processes affecting groundwater chemistry based on mass balance approach: A case study in Namwon, Korea. Geochemical Journal, 39, 357–369. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1094/vnuees.4693
doi: 10.25073/2588-1094/vnuees.4693
Kim, Y., Lee, K. S., Koh, D. C., Lee, D. H., Lee, S. G., Park, W. B., Koh, G. W., & Woo, N. C. (2003). Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evidence of groundwater salinization in a coastal aquifer: A case study in Jeju volcanic Island, Korea. Journal of Hydrology, 270, 282–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00307-4
doi: 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00307-4
Klein, L. (1973). River pollution-causes and effects (Vol. 2). Butter-worth and Co. Ltd.
Kohfahl, C., Sprenger, C., Herrera, B. J., Meyer, H., Chacόn, F. F., & Pekdeger, A. (2008). Recharge sources and hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in Semi-Arid and karstic environments: A field study in the Granada Basin (Southern Spain). Applied Geochemistry, 23, 846–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.09.009
doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.09.009
Korte, N. E., & Fernando, Q. (1991). A Review of arsenic(III) in groundwater. Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, 21, 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389109388408
doi: 10.1080/10643389109388408
Kousa, A., Havulinna, A. S., Moltchanova, E., Taskinen, O., Nikkarinen, M., Eriksson, J., & Karvonen, M. (2006). Calcium: Magnesium ratio in local groundwater and incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction among Males in Rural Finland. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(5), 730–734. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8438
doi: 10.1289/ehp.8438
Lachlan, R., Fred, J., Stephen, C. A., & Clare, K. R. (2021). Deformation recorded in polyhalite from evaporite detachments revealed by
Langmuir, D. (1997). Aqueous environmental geochemistry (p. 600). Prentice-Hall.
Ledesma-Ruiz, R., Pastén-Zapata, E., Parra, R., Harter, T., & Mahlknecht, J. (2015). Investigation of the geochemical evolution of groundwater under agricultural land: A case study in Northeastern Mexico. Journal of Hydrology, 521, 410–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.12.026
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.12.026
Lee, K. S., Wenner, D. B., & Lee, I. (1999). Using H and O isotopic data for estimating the relative contributions of rainy and dry season precipitation to groundwater: Example from Cheju Island, Korea. Journal of Hydrology, 222, 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00099-2
doi: 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00099-2
Li, P., Wu, J., & Qian, H. (2013). Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes and identification of hydrogeochemical evolution mechanisms in Pengyang County, China. Environmental Earth Science, 69, 2211–2225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-2049-5
doi: 10.1007/s12665-012-2049-5
Li, P., Wu, J., Qian, H., Lyu, X., & Liu, H. (2013). Origin and assessment of groundwater pollution and associated health risk: a case study in an industrial park, Northwest China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 36(4), 693–712.
doi: 10.1007/s10653-013-9590-3
Li, S.-L., Liu, C.-Q., Tao, F.-X., Lang, Y.-C., & Han, G.-L. (2005). Carbon biogeochemistry of groundwater, Guiyang Southwest China. Groundwater, 43(4), 494–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0036.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0036.x
Li, X., Liu, W., & Xu, L. (2012). Carbon isotopes in surface-sediment carbonates of modern Lake Qinghai (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau): Implications for lake evolution in arid areas. Chemical Geology, 300–301, 88–96.
doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.01.010
Li, X., Sha, J., & Wang, Z.-L. (2017). Chlorophyll-A prediction of lakes with different water quality patterns in China Based on Hybrid Neural Networks. Water, 9(524), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9070524
doi: 10.3390/w9070524
Li, X., Wu, H., Qian, H., & Gao, Y. (2018). Groundwater chemistry regulated by Hydrochemical Processes and Geological Structures: A Case Study in Tongchuan, China. Water, 10, 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10030338
doi: 10.3390/w10030338
Liang, Z., Chen, J., Jiang, T., Li, K., Gao, L., Wang, Z., Li, S., & Xie, Z. (2018). Identification of the dominant hydrogeochemical processes and characterization of potential contaminants in groundwater in Qingyuan, China, by multivariate statistical analysis. Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 8, 33243–33255. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA06051G
doi: 10.1039/C8RA06051G
Lodh, R., Paul, R., Karmakar, B., & Das, M. K. (2014). Physicochemical studies of water quality with special reference to ancient lakes of Udaipur City, Tripura, India. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(6), 2250–3153.
Lu, Y., Tang, C., Cheng, J., & Chen, J. (2015). Groundwater recharge and hydrogeochemical evolution in Leizhou Peninsula, China. Journal of chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/427579
doi: 10.1155/2015/427579
Lyon, W. B., Leslie, D. L., Harmon, R. S., Neumann, K., Welch, K. A., Bisson, K. M., & Mcknight, D. M. (2013). The carbon stable isotope biogeochemistry of streams, Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Applied Geochemistry, 32, 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.08.019
doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.08.019
Ma, R., Shi, J., Liu, J., & Gui, C. (2014). Combined use of multivariate statistical analysis and hydrochemical analysis for groundwater quality evolution: A case study in north chain plain. Journal of Earth Science, 25(3), 587–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-014-0446-2
doi: 10.1007/s12583-014-0446-2
Malana, M. A., & Khosa, M. A. (2011). Groundwater pollution with special focus on arsenic, Dera Ghazi Khan-Pakistan. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 15, 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2010.09.009
doi: 10.1016/j.jscs.2010.09.009
Mallick, J., Singh, C. K., Al-Mesfer, M. K., Kumar, A., Khan, R. A., Islam, S., & Rahman, A. (2018). Hydro-geochemical assessment of groundwater quality in Aseer Region Saudi Arabia. Water, 10, 1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121847
doi: 10.3390/w10121847
Manzoor, M., Bibi, S., Manzoor, M., & Jabeen, R. (2013). Historical analysis of flood information and impacts assessment and associated response in Pakistan (1947–2011). Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 5(3), 139–146.
doi: 10.19026/rjees.5.5649
Maqbool, N. (2022). Water crisis in Pakistan: Manifestation, causes and the way forward. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 2022(60), 1–8.
McArthur, J. M., Banerjee, D. M., Hudson-Edwards, K. A., Mishra, R., Purohit, R., Ravenscroft, P., Cronin, A., Howarth, R. J., Chatterjee, A., Talukder, T., Lowry, D., Houghton, S., & Chadha, D. K. (2004). Natural organic matter in sedimentary basins and its relation to arsenic in anoxic ground water: The example of West Bengal and its worldwide implications. Applied Geochemistry, 19(8), 1255–1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.02.001
doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.02.001
McMahon, P. B., Cowdery, T. K., Chapelle, F. H., & Jurgens, B. C. (2009). Redox conditions in selected principal aquifers of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009–3041, 6 p. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093041 .
McCrea, J. M. (1950). On the isotopic chemistry of carbonates and a paleo-temperature scale. Journal of Chemical Physics, 18, 849–857. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1747785
doi: 10.1063/1.1747785
Mehrdadi, N., Baghvand, A., Etemadi, H., Razmkhah, N., & Bidhendi, M. E. (2009). Chemical analysis of groundwaters in Tabriz area. Northwestern Iran. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 21(2), 1217–1224.
Merke, B. J., & Planner-Friendfrich, B. (2008). Groundwater Geochemistry: A practical guide to modeling of natural and contaminated aquatic systems. In D. Kirk (Ed.), Nordstrom (2nd ed.). Springer.
Mohamed, C., & Zineb, A. (2015). Geochemistry and hydrogeochemical process of groundwater in Soulf Valley of low Septentrional Sahar, Algeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 9(3), 261–273.
doi: 10.5897/AJEST2014.1710
Mook, W. G., & de Vries, J. J. (2001). Environmental Isotopes in the Hydrogeological Cycle: Principles and Application, Volume I: Introduction, Theory, Methods, Review, Vienna, Austria and Paris, France.
Mook, W. G., Bommerson, J. C., & Staverman, W. H. (1974). Carbon isotope fractionation between dissolved bicarbonate and gaseous carbon dioxide. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 22, 169–176.
doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(74)90078-8
Mueller, B. (2017). Arsenic in groundwater in the southern lowlands of Nepal and its mitigation options: A review. Environmental Reviews, 25, 296–305. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2016-0068
doi: 10.1139/er-2016-0068
Munir, M., Qureshi, R., Arshad, M., Chaudhary, A. K., & Leghari, M. K. (2012). Taxonomic study of bacillariophyta from Kallar Kahar Lake Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal Botany, 44(5), 1805–1814.
Mushtaq, N., Younas, A. M., Mashiatullah, A., Javed, T., Ahmad, A., & Farooqi, A. (2018). Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evaluation of groundwater with elevated arsenic in alkaline aquifers in Eastern Punjab, Pakistan. Chemosphere, 200, 576–586.
doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.154
Narany, T. S., Ramali, M. F., Aris, A. Z., Azmin, W. N. A., Juahir, H., & Fakharian, K. (2014). Identification of the hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater using classic integrated geochemical methods and geostatistical techniques, in Amol-Babol Plain Iran. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1–14.
doi: 10.1155/2014/419058
Naseem, S., Hamza, S., & Bashir, E. (2010). Groundwater Geochemistry of Winder Agricultural Forms, Balochistan, Pakistan and assessment for irrigation quality. European Water, 31, 21–32.
Nawale, V. P., Yenkie, M. K. N., & Malpe, D. B. (2016). Physicochemical characteristics of groundwater in Wardha sub basin Mahashtra, India. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and technology, 5(6), 2347–6710. https://doi.org/10.15680/IJIRSET.2016.0506098
doi: 10.15680/IJIRSET.2016.0506098
Neil, C. W., Yang, Y. J., Schupp, D., & Jun, Y.-S. (2014). Water chemistry impacts on arsenic mobilization from arsenopyrite dissolution and secondary mineral precipitation: Implications for managed aquifer recharge. Environmental Science Technology, 2014(48), 4395–4405. https://doi.org/10.1021/es405119q
doi: 10.1021/es405119q
Nganje, T. N., Hursthouse, A. S., Edet, A., Stirling, D., & Adamu, C. I. (2017). Hydrochemistry of surface water and groundwater in the shale bedrock Cross River Basin and Niger Delta Region, Nigeria. Applied Water Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0308-9
doi: 10.1007/s13201-015-0308-9
Nickson, R. T., McArthur, J. M., Shrestha, B., Kyaw-Myint, T. O., & Lowry, D. (2005). Arsenic and other drinking water quality issues, Muzaffargarh District, Pakistan. Applied Geochemistry, 20, 55–56.
doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.06.004
Nowak, M. E., Schwab, V. F., Lazar, C. S., Behrendt, T., Kohlhepp, B., Totsche, K. U., Küsel, K., & Trumbore, S. E. (2017). Carbon isotopes of dissolved inorganic carbon reflect utilization of different carbon sources by microbial communities in two limestone aquifer assemblages. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 21, 4283–4300. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4283-2017
doi: 10.5194/hess-21-4283-2017
O’Shea, B. M. (2006). Delineating the source, geochemical sinks and aqueous mobilization processes of naturally occurring arsenic in a coastal sandy aquifer, Ph.D thesis, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia August 2006
O’Leary, M. H. (1988). Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis, fractionation techniques may reveal new aspects of carbon dynamics in plants. BioScience, 38, 328–336. https://doi.org/10.2307/1310735
doi: 10.2307/1310735
Parker, S. R., Gammons, C. H., Smith, M. G., & Poulson, S. R. (2012). Behavior of stable isotopes of dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon and nitrate in groundwater at a former wood treatment facility containing hydrocarbon contamination. Applied Geochemistry, 27, 1101–1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.02.035
doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.02.035
Parkhurst, D. L., & Appelo, C. A. J. (1999). User’s Guide of PhreeqC (Version 2)-A computer program for speciation, Batch-Reaction, One-Dimensional Transport, and Inverse Geochemical Calculations, Water-Resources Investigations Report 99–4259.
Piper, A. M. (1944). A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water-analyses. Transactions-American Geophysical Union, 25, 914–923. https://doi.org/10.1029/TR025i006p00914
doi: 10.1029/TR025i006p00914
Pitkanen, P., Kaija, J., Blomqvist, R., Smellie, J.A.T., Frape, S. K., Laaksoharju, M., Negral, P. H., Casanova, J. & Karhu, J, (2002). Hydro geochemical interpretation of groundwater at Palmottu, Paper EUR 19118 EN, European Commission, Brussels, 2002, 155–167. https://DOI: https://doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-1-4-1
Podgorski, J. E., Eqani, S. A. M. A. S., Khanam, T., Ullah, R., Shen, H., & Berg, M. (2017). Extensive arsenic contamination in high-pH unconfined aquifers in the Indus Valley. Science Advance. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700935
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1700935
Rais, M., Kabeer, B., Anwar, M., & Mehmood, T. (2010). Effect of habitat degradation on breeding water birds at Kallar Kahar Lake District Chakwal. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 20(4), 318–320.
Raza, S. T., Ali, Z., Zainab, I., Sidra, S., Nimra, A., Zona, Z., & Aziz, K. (2007). Soil and water analysis for micro-nutrients in Wetland’s. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 25, 1168–1175.
Renard, F., Putnis, C. V., Montes-Hernandez, G., Ruiz-Agudo, E., Hovelmann, J., & Sarret, G. (2015). Interactions of arsenic with calcite surfaces revealed by in situ nanoscale imaging. Geochimica Et. Cosmochimica Acta, 159, 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.03.025
doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2015.03.025
Richards, L., King, R. C., Collins, A. S., Sayab, M., Khan, M. A., Hanif, M., Morley, C. K., & Warren, J. (2015). Macrostructures vs microstructures in evaporate detachments: An example from the Salt Range Pakistan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 113(Part 2), 922–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.04.015
doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.04.015
Robertson, F. N. (1989). Arsenic in groundwater under oxidizing conditions, south-west United-States. Environmental, Geochemistry and Health, 11(3–4), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01758668
doi: 10.1007/BF01758668
Roman-Ross, G., Cuello, G. J., Turrillas, X., Fernandez-Martinez, A., & Charlet, L. (2006). Arsenite sorption and co-precipitation with calcite. Chemical Geology, 233(3–4), 328–336.
doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.04.007
Saka, D., Akiti, T. T., Osae, S., Appenteng, M. K., & Gibrilla, A. (2013). Hydrogeochemistry and isotope studies of groundwater in the Ga West Municipal Area, Ghana. Applied Water Science, 3, 577–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0104-3
doi: 10.1007/s13201-013-0104-3
Sako, A., Yaro, J. M., & Bamba, O. (2018). Impacts of hydrogeochemical processes and anthropogenic activities on groundwater quality in the Upper Precambrian sedimentary aquifer of Northwestern Burkina Faso. Applied Water Science, 8(88), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0735-5
doi: 10.1007/s13201-018-0735-5
Salbu, B., & Steinnes, E. (1995). Trace Elements in Natural Waters. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995, 151–176.
Saleem, S., Ali, W., & Afzal, M. S. (2018). Status of drinking water quality and its contamination in Pakistan. Journal of Environmental Research, 2(1), 6.
Salem, Z. E., ElNahrawy, A., Attiah, A. M., & Edokpayi, J. N. (2022). Vertical and spatial evaluation of the groundwater chemistry in the Central Nile Delta Quaternary aquifer to assess the effects of human activities and seawater intrusion. Frontiers in Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.961059
doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.961059
Salifu, M., Aiglsperger, T., & Alakangas, L. (2020). Biogeochemical controls on
doi: 10.3390/min10090758
Sameeni, S.J. (2009). The Salt Range: Pakistan's unique field museum of geology and paleontology.- In: LIPPS J.H. & GRANIER B.R.C. (eds.), PaleoParks - The protection and conservation of fossil sites worldwide.- Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks on Geology, Brest, Book 2009/03, Chapter 6 (CG2009_BOOK_03/06)
Sanjrani, M. A., Mek, T., Sanjrani, N. D., Leghari, S. J., Moryani, H. T., & Shabnam, A. B. (2017). Current situation of aqueous arsenic contamination in Pakistan, Focused on Sindh and Punjab Province, Pakistan: A review. Journal of Pollution Effects and Control, 5(4), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4176/2375-4397.1000207
doi: 10.4176/2375-4397.1000207
Saxe, J. K., Bowers, T. S., & Reid, K. R. (2006). Arsenic. In R. D. Morrison & B. L. Murphy (Eds.), Environmental forensics: Contaminant specific guide (pp. 279–292). Academic Press.
Scholl, M. A., Ingebritsen, S. E., Janik, C. J., & Kauahikaua, J. P. (1998). Use of precipitation and groundwater isotopes to interpret regional hydrology on a tropical volcanic Island; Kilauea volcano area, Hawaii. Water Resource Research, 32, 3525–3537. https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR02837
doi: 10.1029/95WR02837
Schulte, P., Geldern, R. V., Freitag, H., Karim, A., Négrel, P., Petelet-Giraud, E., Probst, A., Probst, J. L., Telmer, K., Veizer, J., & Barth, J. A. C. (2011). Applications of stable water and carbon isotopes in watershed research: Weathering, carbon cycling, and water balances. Earth Science Reviews, 109, 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5
doi: 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5
Shah, S. M. I. (1977). Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan Memoirs, 885(12), 138.
Shakoor, A., Khan, Z. M., Arshad, M., Farid, H. U., Sultan, M., Azmat, M., Shahid, M. A., & Hussain, Z. (2017). Regional groundwater quality management through hydrogeological modeling in Lower Chenab Canal, West Faisalabad, Pakistan. Journal of Chemistry, 2041648, 16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2041648
doi: 10.1155/2017/2041648
Shakoor, M. B., Bibi, I., Niazi, N. K., Shahid, M., Nawaz, M. F., Farooqi, A., Naidu, R., Rahman, M. M., Murtaza, G., & Lüttge, A. (2018). The evaluation of arsenic contamination potential, speciation and hydrogeochemical behaviour in aquifers of Punjab, Pakistan. Chemosphere, 199, 737–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.002
doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.002
Shaw, G. D., White, E. S., & Gammons, C. H. (2013). Characterizing groundwater-lake interactions and its impact on lake water quality. Journal of Hydrology, 492(2013), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2014.03.085
doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2014.03.085
Smedley, P. L., & Kinniburgh, D. G. (2002). A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Applied Geochemistry, 17, 517–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5
doi: 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5
Smith, A. H., Lopipero, P. A., Bates, M. N., & Steinmaus, C. A. (2002). Arsenic epidemiology and drinking water standards. Science, 296(5576), 2145–2146. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072896
doi: 10.1126/science.1072896
Striegl, R. G., Kortelainen, P., Chanton, J. P., Wickland, K. P., Bugna, G. C., & Rantakari, M. (2001). Carbon dioxide partial pressure and
doi: 10.4319/lo.2001.46.4.0941
Stuckey, J. W., Schaefer, M. V., Kocar, B. D., Benner, S. G., & Fendorf, S. (2016). Arsenic release metabolically limited to permanently water-saturated soil in Mekong Delta. Nature Geoscience, 9, 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2589
doi: 10.1038/NGEO2589
Stumm, W., & Morgan, J. J. (1996). Aquatic chemistry: Chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters (3rd ed., p. 1022). Wiley.
Todd, D. K. (1980). Groundwater hydrology (2nd ed., p. 535). Wiley.
Walter, J., Chesnaux, R., Cloutier, V., & Gaboury, D. (2017). The influence of water/rock-water/clay interactions and mixing in the salinization processes of groundwater. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 13, 168–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.07.004
doi: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.07.004
Wang, L., Li, G., Dong, Y., Han, D., & Zhang, J. (2014). Using hydrochemical and isotopic data to determine sources of recharge and groundwater evolution in an arid region: A case study in the upper–middle reaches of the Shule River basin, Northwestern China. Environmental Earth Science, 73, 1901–1915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3719-2
doi: 10.1007/s12665-014-3719-2
Wang, S., Zhang, M., Hughes, C. E., Crawford, J., Wang, G., Chen, F., Du, M., Qiu, X., & Zhou, S. (2018). Meteoric water lines in arid Central Asia using event-based and monthly data. Journal of Hydrology, 562, 435–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.05.034
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.05.034
WHO. (2004). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 3
WWF. (2007). Pakistan's waters at risk, water and health related issues in Pakistan and key recommendations; p. 1–33. A special report, WWF-Pakistan, Ferozepur Road, Lahore-54600, Pakistan.
Yeh, H., Lee, Cheng-Haw., & Kuo-Chin, Hsu. (2011). Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes for the characteristics of groundwater recharge: A case study from the Chih-Pen Creek basin. Taiwan. Environmental Earth Science, 62, 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12665-010-0534-2
doi: 10.1007/S12665-010-0534-2
Young, William J., Arif, A., Tousif, B., Edoardo, B., Stephen, D., Garthwaite III, W. R., Michael, G. E., Christina, L., Lucy, L., Ian, M., & Basharat, S. (2019). Pakistan: Getting More from Water. World Bank, Washington, DC.  http://hdl.handle.net/10986/31160
Zaidi, F. K., Nazzal, Y., Jafri, M. K., Naeem, M., & Ahmad, I. (2015). Reverse ion exchange as a major process controlling the groundwater chemistry in an arid environment: A case study from Northwestern Saudi Arabia. Environment Monitoring and Assessment, 187(10), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4828-4
doi: 10.1007/s10661-015-4828-4
Zandagba, J., Adandedji, F. M., Mama, D., Chabi, A., & Afouda, A. (2016). Assessment of the physicochemical pollution of a water body in a perspective of integrated water resource management: Case study of Nokoué Lake. Journal of Environmental Protection, 7, 656–669. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2016.75059
doi: 10.4236/jep.2016.75059
Zhang, Y., Sun, J., & Huang, G. (2012). Relationship of arsenic contamination and ecology environment, 44–45, In Arsenic in the Environment-Proceedings; Understanding the Geological and Medical Interface of Arsenic, Bundschuh and Bhattacharya (eds), Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978–0–415–63763–3.
Zubair, M., Martyniuk, C. J., & Shaheen, A. (2018). Rising level of arsenic in water and fodder: A growing threat to livestock and human populations in Pakistan. Toxin Reviews, 37(3), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2017.1348360
doi: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1348360

Auteurs

Tariq Javed (T)

Isotope Application Division (IAD), Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan. javed_t@msn.com.

Nasir Ahmad (N)

Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.

Sajid Rashid Ahmad (SR)

College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.

Articles similaires

Fragaria Light Plant Leaves Osmosis Stress, Physiological
India Carbon Sequestration Environmental Monitoring Carbon Biomass
Rivers Turkey Biodiversity Environmental Monitoring Animals
1.00
Iran Environmental Monitoring Seasons Ecosystem Forests

Classifications MeSH