Central nervous system lymphomas-Assessment and treatment and prevention of central nervous system relapse.
CNS lymphoma
CNS prophylaxis
elderly CNS
Journal
Hematological oncology
ISSN: 1099-1069
Titre abrégé: Hematol Oncol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 8307268
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
29 Jun 2023
29 Jun 2023
Historique:
revised:
30
05
2023
received:
08
04
2023
accepted:
07
06
2023
pubmed:
29
6
2023
medline:
29
6
2023
entrez:
29
6
2023
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
In this review focused on lymphoma and the central nervous system (CNS), we summarize recent developments in the management of primary (PCNSL) and secondary CNS lymphoma (SCNSL), treatment of CNS lymphoma in the older population, the neuroradiological assessment of CNS lymphoma and finally highlight the ongoing debate on optimal CNS prophylaxis. The section on PCNSL focuses on the different approaches available for frontline treatment in Europe and the United States and discusses consolidation strategies. We then highlight available strategies to treat PCNSL in the elderly population, an area of unmet need. New therapies aiming at minimizing toxicity and prioritizing quality of life are emerging for these patients. Secondary CNS lymphoma, especially in the relapsed/refractory setting is another area of unmet need, and the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy is being explored. We provide an overview of the imaging challenges in the neuroradiological assessment of CNS lymphoma. Finally, the section on CNS prophylaxis summarizes recent findings from large retrospective studies challenging the efficacy of present approaches to prophylaxis in higher-risk patients with lymphoma.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Références
Houillier C, Soussain C, Ghesquières H, et al. Management and outcome of primary CNS lymphoma in the modern era: an LOC network study. Neurology. 2020;94(10):e1027-e1039. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000008900
Mendez JS, Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, et al. The elderly left behind-changes in survival trends of primary central nervous system lymphoma over the past 4 decades. Neuro Oncol. 2018;20(5):687-694. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nox187
Ferreri AJ, Reni M, Foppoli M, et al. High-dose cytarabine plus high-dose methotrexate versus high-dose methotrexate alone in patients with primary CNS lymphoma: a randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9700):1512-1520. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61416-1
Morris PG, Correa DD, Yahalom J, et al. Rituximab, methotrexate, procarbazine, and vincristine followed by consolidation reduced-dose whole-brain radiotherapy and cytarabine in newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: final results and long-term outcome. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(31):3971-3979. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.50.4910
Ferreri AJ, Cwynarski K, Pulczynski E, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with methotrexate, cytarabine, thiotepa, and rituximab (MATRix regimen) in patients with primary CNS lymphoma: results of the first randomisation of the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group-32 (IELSG32) phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2016;3(5):e217-e227. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3026(16)00036-3
Batchelor T, Giri S, Ruppert AS, et al. Myeloablative versus non-myeloablative consolidative chemotherapy for newly diagnosed primary central nervous system lymphoma: results of CALGB 51101 (Alliance). J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(15_suppl):7506. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.7506
Reiss S, Yerram P, Modelevsky L, Grommes C. Rare-51. Rituximab, methotrexate, BCNU, etoposide, and prednisone (RMBVP) for the treatment of relapsed/recurrent primary central nervous system lymphoma: a retrospective single center study. Neuro Oncol. 2019;21(Supplement_6):vi232. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.1194
Ferreri AJM, Cwynarski K, Pulczynski E, et al. Long-term efficacy, safety and neurotolerability of MATRix regimen followed by autologous transplant in primary CNS lymphoma: 7-year results of the IELSG32 randomized trial. Leukemia. 2022;36(7):1870-1878. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-022-01582-5
Houillier C, Dureau S, Taillandier L, et al. Radiotherapy or autologous stem-cell transplantation for primary CNS lymphoma in patients age 60 years and younger: long-term results of the randomized phase II PRECIS study. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(32):3692-3698. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.22.00491
Correa DD, Braun E, Kryza-Lacombe M, et al. Longitudinal cognitive assessment in patients with primary CNS lymphoma treated with induction chemotherapy followed by reduced-dose whole-brain radiotherapy or autologous stem cell transplantation. J Neuro Oncol. 2019;144(3):553-562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-019-03257-1
Lesueur P, Damaj G, Hoang-Xuan K, et al. Reduced-dose WBRT as consolidation treatment for patients with primary CNS lymphoma: an LOC network study. Blood Adv. 2022;6(16):4807-4815. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007011
Illerhaus G, Ferreri AJM, Binder M, et al. Effects on survival of non-myeloablative chemoimmunotherapy compared to high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (HDC-ASCT) as consolidation therapy in patients with primary CNS lymphoma - results of an international randomized phase III trial (MATRix/IELSG43). Blood. 2022;140(Supplement 2):LBA-3. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2022-171733
Soussain C, Hoang-Xuan K, Taillandier L, et al. Intensive chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic stem-cell rescue for refractory and recurrent primary CNS and intraocular lymphoma: Societe Francaise de Greffe de Moelle Osseuse-Therapie Cellulaire. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(15):2512-2518. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.13.5533
Sierra Del Rio M, Ricard D, Houillier C, et al. Prophylactic intrathecal chemotherapy in primary CNS lymphoma. J Neuro Oncol. 2012;106(1):143-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-011-0649-7
Kasenda B, Ihorst G, Schroers R, et al. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous haematopoietic stem cell support for relapsed or refractory primary CNS lymphoma: a prospective multicentre trial by the German Cooperative PCNSL study group. Leukemia. 2017;31(12):2623-2629. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2017.170
Raizer JJ, Rademaker A, Evens AM, et al. Pemetrexed in the treatment of relapsed/refractory primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer. 2012;118(15):3743-3748. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.26709
Fischer L, Thiel E, Klasen HA, et al. Prospective trial on topotecan salvage therapy in primary CNS lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2006;17(7):1141-1145. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdl070
Nayak L, Abrey LE, Drappatz J, et al. Multicenter phase II study of rituximab and temozolomide in recurrent primary central nervous system lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54(1):58-61. https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2012.698736
Soussain C, Choquet S, Blonski M, et al. Ibrutinib monotherapy for relapse or refractory primary CNS lymphoma and primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: final analysis of the phase II ‘proof-of-concept’ iLOC study by the Lymphoma study association (LYSA) and the French oculo-cerebral lymphoma (LOC) network. Eur J Cancer. 2019;117:121-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2019.05.024
Grommes C, Pastore A, Palaskas N, et al. Ibrutinib unmasks critical role of Bruton tyrosine kinase in primary CNS lymphoma. Cancer Discov. 2017;7(9):1018-1029. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-0613
Ghesquieres H, Chevrier M, Laadhari M, et al. Lenalidomide in combination with intravenous rituximab (REVRI) in relapsed/refractory primary CNS lymphoma or primary intraocular lymphoma: a multicenter prospective 'proof of concept' phase II study of the French Oculo-Cerebral lymphoma (LOC) Network and the Lymphoma Study Association (LYSA)dagger. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(4):621-628. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz032
Tun HW, Johnston PB, DeAngelis LM, et al. Phase 1 study of pomalidomide and dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory primary CNS or vitreoretinal lymphoma. Blood. 2018;132(21):2240-2248. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-02-835496
Houillier C, Chabrot CM, Moles-Moreau MP, et al. Rituximab-lenalidomide-ibrutinib combination for relapsed/refractory primary CNS lymphoma: a case series of the LOC network. Neurology. 2021;97(13):628-631. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000012515
Chapuy B, Roemer MG, Stewart C, et al. Targetable genetic features of primary testicular and primary central nervous system lymphomas. Blood. 2016;127(7):869-881. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-10-673236
Alcantara M, Houillier C, Blonski M, et al. CAR T-cell therapy in primary central nervous system lymphoma: the clinical experience of the French LOC network. Blood. 2022;139(5):792-796. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2021012932
Frigault MJ, Dietrich J, Gallagher K, et al. Safety and efficacy of tisagenlecleucel in primary CNS lymphoma: a phase 1/2 clinical trial. Blood. 2022;139(15):2306-2315. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2021014738
Kasenda B, Ferreri AJ, Marturano E, et al. First-line treatment and outcome of elderly patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL)--a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(7):1305-1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv076
Omuro A, Chinot O, Taillandier L, et al. Methotrexate and temozolomide versus methotrexate, procarbazine, vincristine, and cytarabine for primary CNS lymphoma in an elderly population: an intergroup ANOCEF-GOELAMS randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2015;2(6):e251-e259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(15)00074-5
Schorb E, Isbell LK, Illerhaus G, et al. Treatment regimens for immunocompetent elderly patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma: a scoping review. Cancers. 2021;13(17):4268. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13174268
Martinez-Calle N, Isbell LK, Cwynarski K, Schorb E. Advances in treatment of elderly primary central nervous system lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2022;196(3):473-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.17799
Fritsch K, Kasenda B, Schorb E, et al. High-dose methotrexate-based immuno-chemotherapy for elderly primary CNS lymphoma patients (PRIMAIN study). Leukemia. 2017;31(4):846-852. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2016.334
Pulczynski EJ, Kuittinen O, Erlanson M, et al. Successful change of treatment strategy in elderly patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma by de-escalating induction and introducing temozolomide maintenance: results from a phase II study by the Nordic Lymphoma Group. Haematologica. 2015;100(4):534-540. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2014.108472
Schorb E, Kasenda B, Ihorst G, et al. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant in elderly patients with primary CNS lymphoma: a pilot study. Blood Adv. 2020;4(14):3378-3381. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002064
Schorb E, Finke J, Ihorst G, Kasenda B, Fricker H, Illerhaus G. Age-adjusted high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant in elderly and fit primary CNS lymphoma patients. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):287. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-5473-z
Schorb E, Isbell L, Kerkhoff A, et al. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant in elderly and fit primary CNS lymphoma patients - a multicenter study by the cooperative PCNSL study group (MARTA study). Blood. 2022;140(Supplement 1):1773-1774.
Omuro AMP, DeAngelis LM, Karrison T, et al. Randomized phase II study of rituximab, methotrexate (MTX), procarbazine, vincristine, and cytarabine (R-MPV-A) with and without low-dose whole-brain radiotherapy (LD-WBRT) for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL). J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(15_suppl):2501. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.2501
Mishima K, Nishikawa R, Narita Y, et al. Randomized phase III study of high-dose methotrexate and whole-brain radiotherapy with/without temozolomide for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: JCOG1114C. Neuro Oncol. 2023;25(4):687-698. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac246
Narita Y, Nagane M, Mishima K, et al. Phase I/II study of tirabrutinib, a second-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in relapsed/refractory primary central nervous system lymphoma. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(1):122-133. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa145
Rubenstein JL, Geng H, Fraser EJ, et al. Phase 1 investigation of lenalidomide/rituximab plus outcomes of lenalidomide maintenance in relapsed CNS lymphoma. Blood Adv. 2018;2(13):1595-1607. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2017014845
Enting RH, Demopoulos A, DeAngelis LM, Abrey LE. Salvage therapy for primary CNS lymphoma with a combination of rituximab and temozolomide. Neurology. 2004;63(5):901-903. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000137050.43114.42
Lee TH, Lee JH, Chang JH, et al. Reduced-dose whole-brain radiotherapy with tumor bed boost after upfront high-dose methotrexate for primary central nervous system lymphoma. Radiat Oncol J. 2020;38(1):35-43. https://doi.org/10.3857/roj.2020.00052
Ng AK, Yahalom J, Goda JS, et al. Role of radiation therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: guidelines from the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2018;100(3):652-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.12.005
Brown PD, Gondi V, Pugh S, et al. Hippocampal avoidance during whole-brain radiotherapy plus memantine for patients with brain metastases: phase III trial NRG oncology CC001. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(10):1019-1029. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.02767
Brown PD, Pugh S, Laack NN, et al. Memantine for the prevention of cognitive dysfunction in patients receiving whole-brain radiotherapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neuro Oncol. 2013;15(10):1429-1437. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/not114
Wu SY, Braunstein SE, Rubenstein JL, Sneed PK. Stereotactic radiosurgery for primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cureus. 2023;15(2):e34817. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.34817
Ferreri AJ, Donadoni G, Cabras MG, et al. High doses of antimetabolites followed by high-dose sequential chemoimmunotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with systemic B-cell lymphoma and secondary CNS involvement: final results of a multicenter phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(33):3903-3910. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.61.1236
Ferreri AJM, Doorduijn JK, Re A, et al. MATRix-RICE therapy and autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with secondary CNS involvement (MARIETTA): an international, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2021;8(2):e110-e121. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3026(20)30366-5
Wilson MR, Eyre TA, Kirkwood AA, et al. Timing of high-dose methotrexate CNS prophylaxis in DLBCL: a multicenter international analysis of 1384 patients. Blood. 2022;139(16):2499-2511. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2021014506
Khwaja J, Kirkwood AA, Isbell LK, et al. International multicentre retrospective analysis of thiotepa-based autologous stem cell transplantation for secondary central nervous system lymphoma. Haematologica. 2022;108(3):882-888. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2022.281640
Grommes C, Tang SS, Wolfe J, et al. Phase 1b trial of an ibrutinib-based combination therapy in recurrent/refractory CNS lymphoma. Blood. 2019;133(5):436-445. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-09-875732
Lionakis MS, Dunleavy K, Roschewski M, et al. Inhibition of B cell receptor signaling by ibrutinib in primary CNS lymphoma. Cancer Cell. 2017;31(6):833-843.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2017.04.012
Siddiqi T, Wang X, Blanchard MS, et al. CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy for treatment of primary CNS lymphoma. Blood Adv. 2021;5(20):4059-4063. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020004106
Jacobson CA, Falvey C, Bouvier R, et al. A pilot study of axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) for the treatment of relapsed/refractory primary and secondary central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL). Blood. 2022;140(Supplement 1):1060-1061. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2022-165256
Cook MR, Dorris CS, Makambi KH, et al. Toxicity and efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy in primary and secondary CNS lymphoma: a meta-analysis of 128 patients. Blood Adv. 2023;7(1):32-39. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008525
Jiménez de la Peña MD, Vicente LG, Alonso RC, Cabero SF, Suárez AM, de Vega VM. The multiple faces of nervous system lymphoma. A typical magnetic resonance imaging features and contribution of the advanced imaging. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2017;46(2):136-145. https://doi.org/10.1067/j.cpradiol.2016.04.004
Chiavazza C, Pellerino A, Ferrio F, Cistaro A, Soffietti R, Rudà R. Primary CNS lymphomas: challenges in diagnosis and monitoring. BioMed Res Int. 2018;2018:3606970. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3606970
Kremer S, Abu Eid M, Bierry G, et al. Accuracy of delayed post-contrast FLAIR MR imaging for the diagnosis of leptomeningeal infectious or tumoral diseases. J Neuroradiol. 2006;33(5):285-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0150-9861(06)77286-8
Barajas RF, Politi LS, Anzalone N, et al. Consensus recommendations for MRI and PET imaging of primary central nervous system lymphoma: guideline statement from the International Primary CNS Lymphoma Collaborative Group (IPCG). Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(7):1056-1071. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab020
Morales-Martinez A, Nichelli L, Hernandez-Verdin I, Houillier C, Alentorn A, Hoang-Xuan K. Prognostic factors in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Curr Opin Oncol. 2022;34(6):676-684. https://doi.org/10.1097/cco.0000000000000896
Koike H, Morikawa M, Ishimaru H, et al. Amide proton transfer MRI differentiates between progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and malignant brain tumors: a pilot study. BMC Med Imag. 2022;22(1):227. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-022-00959-3
Klanova M, Sehn LH, Bence-Bruckler I, et al. Integration of COO into the clinical CNS International Prognostic Index could improve CNS relapse prediction in DLBCL. Blood. 2019;133(9):blood-2018-07-862862. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-07-862862
Gleeson M, Counsell N, Cunningham D, et al. Central nervous system relapse of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era: results of the UK NCRI R-CHOP-14 versus 21 trial. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(10):2511-2516. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx353
El-Galaly TC, Cheah CY, Bendtsen MD, et al. Treatment strategies, outcomes and prognostic factors in 291 patients with secondary CNS involvement by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Eur J Cancer. 2018;93:57-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2018.01.073
Schmitz N, Zeynalova S, Nickelsen M, et al. CNS International Prognostic Index: a risk model for CNS relapse in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(26):3150-3156. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.65.6520
Harrysson S, Eloranta S, Ekberg S, et al. Incidence of relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) including CNS relapse in a population-based cohort of 4243 patients in Sweden. Blood Cancer J. 2021;11(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-020-00403-1
El-Galaly TC, Villa D, Michaelsen TY, et al. The number of extranodal sites assessed by PET/CT scan is a powerful predictor of CNS relapse for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: an international multicenter study of 1532 patients treated with chemoimmunotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2017;75:195-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.12.029
Villa D, Connors JM, Sehn LH, Gascoyne RD, Savage KJ. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with involvement of the kidney: outcome and risk of central nervous system relapse. Haematologica. 2011;96(7):1002-1007. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2011.041277
Tomita N, Yokoyama M, Yamamoto W, et al. Central nervous system event in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era. Cancer Sci. 2012;103(2):245-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02139.x
Ong SY, Phipps C, Nagarajan C, et al. Cell-of-origin and bone marrow involvement increase specificity of defining patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma at high risk of CNS relapse: a study of 793 patients treated with chemoimmunotherapy in Asia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2020;61(1):225-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2019.1648805
El-Galaly TC, Cheah CY, Hutchings M, et al. Uterine, but not ovarian, female reproductive organ involvement at presentation by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is associated with poor outcomes and a high frequency of secondary CNS involvement. Br J Haematol. 2016;175(5):876-883. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14325
Hosein PJ, Maragulia JC, Salzberg MP, et al. A multicentre study of primary breast diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era. Br J Haematol. 2014;165(3):358-363. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.12753
Ryan G, Martinelli G, Kuper-Hommel M, et al. Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the breast: prognostic factors and outcomes of a study by the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group. Ann Oncol. 2007;19(2):233-241. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdm471
Kridel R, Telio D, Villa D, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with testicular involvement: outcome and risk of CNS relapse in the rituximab era. Br J Haematol. 2017;176(2):210-221. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14392
Savage KJ, Slack GW, Mottok A, et al. Impact of dual expression of MYC and BCL2 by immunohistochemistry on the risk of CNS relapse in DLBCL. Blood. 2016;127(18):2182-2188. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-10-676700
Bobillo S, Crespo M, Escudero L, et al. Cell free circulating tumor DNA in cerebrospinal fluid detects and monitors central nervous system involvement of B-cell lymphomas. Haematologica. 2021;106(2):513-521. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2019.241208
McKay P, Wilson MR, Chaganti S, Smith J, Fox CP, Cwynarski K. The prevention of central nervous system relapse in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a British Society for Haematology good practice paper. Br J Haematol. 2020;190(5):708-714. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16866
Hutchings M, Ladetto M, Buske C, et al. ESMO Consensus Conference on malignant lymphoma: management of ‘ultra-high-risk’ patients. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(8):1687-1700. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdy167
Wight J, Hamad N, Campbell BA, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a consensus practice statement from the Australasian Lymphoma Alliance. Intern Med J. 2021;52(9):1609-1623. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.15533
Eyre TA, Savage KJ, Cheah CY, et al. CNS prophylaxis for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Lancet Oncol. 2022;23(9):e416-e426. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00371-0
Young RC, Howser DM, Anderson T, Fisher RI, Jaffe E, DeVita VT, Jr. Central nervous system complications of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The potential role for prophylactic therapy. Am J Med. 1979;66(3):435-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(79)91065-9
Hollender A, Kvaloy S, Nome O, Skovlund E, Lote K, Holte H. Central nervous system involvement following diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a risk model. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(7):1099-1107. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdf175
Haioun C, Besson C, Lepage E, et al. Incidence and risk factors of central nervous system relapse in histologically aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma uniformly treated and receiving intrathecal central nervous system prophylaxis: a GELA study on 974 patients. Groupe d'Etudes des Lymphomes de l'Adulte. Ann Oncol. 2000;11(6):685-690. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008394827806
Arkenau HT, Chong G, Cunningham D, et al. The role of intrathecal chemotherapy prophylaxis in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(3):541-545. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdl434
Kansara R, Villa D, Gerrie AS, et al. Site of central nervous system (CNS) relapse in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) by the CNS-IPI risk model. Br J Haematol. 2017;179(3):508-510. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14229
Eyre TA, Djebbari F, Kirkwood AA, Collins GP. Efficacy of central nervous system prophylaxis with stand-alone intrathecal chemotherapy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy in the rituximab era: a systematic review. Haematologica. 2020;105(7):1914-1924. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2019.229948
Perez-Soler R, Smith TL, Cabanillas F. Central nervous system prophylaxis with combined intravenous and intrathecal methotrexate in diffuse lymphoma of aggressive histologic type. Cancer. 1986;57(5):971-977. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19860301)57:5<971::aid-cncr2820570516>3.0.co;2-x
Ferreri AJ, Guerra E, Regazzi M, et al. Area under the curve of methotrexate and creatinine clearance are outcome-determining factors in primary CNS lymphomas. Br J Cancer. 2004;90(2):353-358. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6601472
Cheah CY, Herbert KE, Prince HM, et al. A multicentre retrospective comparison of central nervous system prophylaxis strategies among patients with high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Br J Cancer. 2014;111(6):1072-1079. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2014.405
Ferreri AJM, Bruno-Ventre M, Donadoni G, et al. Risk-tailored CNS prophylaxis in a mono-institutional series of 200 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated in the rituximab era. Br J Haematol. 2015;168(5):654-662. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.13194
Ferreri AJM, Assanelli A, Crocchiolo R, Ciceri F. Central nervous system dissemination in immunocompetent patients with aggressive lymphomas: incidence, risk factors and therapeutic options. Hematol Oncol. 2009;27(2):61-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/hon.881
Abramson JS, Hellmann M, Barnes JA, et al. Intravenous methotrexate as central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis is associated with a low risk of CNS recurrence in high-risk patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer. 2010;116(18):4283-4290. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25278
Ong SY, de Mel S, Grigoropoulos NF, et al. High-dose methotrexate is effective for prevention of isolated CNS relapse in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Blood Cancer J. 2021;11(8):143. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-021-00535-y
Fleming M, Huang Y, Dotson E, et al. Feasibility of high-dose methotrexate administered on day 1 of (R)CHOP in aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Blood Adv. 2022;6(2):460-472. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005999
Thieblemont C, Altmann B, Frontzek F, et al. Central nervous system relapse in younger patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a LYSA and GLA/DSHNHL analysis. Blood Adv. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008888
Bobillo S, Joffe E, Sermer D, et al. Prophylaxis with intrathecal or high-dose methotrexate in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and high risk of CNS relapse. Blood Cancer J. 2021;11(6):113. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-021-00506-3
Puckrin R, El Darsa H, Ghosh S, Peters A, Owen C, Stewart D. Ineffectiveness of high-dose methotrexate for prevention of CNS relapse in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Am J Hematol. 2021;96(7):764-771. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.26181
Orellana-Noia VM, Reed D, McCook AA, et al. Single-route CNS prophylaxis for aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas: real-world outcomes from 21 US academic institutions. Blood. 2021;139(3):413-423. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2021012888
Lewis K, Jakobsen L, Villa D, et al. High-dose methotrexate is not associated with reduction in CNS relapse in patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma: an international retrospective study of 2300 high-risk patients. Blood. 2021;138(Supplement 1):181. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-146737
Lee K, Yoon DH, Hong JY, et al. Systemic HD-MTX for CNS prophylaxis in high-risk DLBCL patients: a prospectively collected, single-center cohort analysis. Int J Hematol. 2019;110(1):86-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12185-019-02653-7
Goldschmidt N, Horowitz NA, Heffes V, et al. Addition of high-dose methotrexate to standard treatment for patients with high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma contributes to improved freedom from progression and survival but does not prevent central nervous system relapse. Leuk Lymphoma. 2019;60(8):1890-1898. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2018.1564823
Bennett R, Ruskova A, Coomarasamy C, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma at risk of secondary CNS involvement: the inefficacy of intravenous high-dose methotrexate CNS prophylaxis and the importance of baseline cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Am J Hematol. 2023;98(7):1070-1079. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.26953