Sex and gender in infection and immunity: addressing the bottlenecks from basic science to public health and clinical applications.
bottlenecks
immunity
infection
sex and gender
Journal
Royal Society open science
ISSN: 2054-5703
Titre abrégé: R Soc Open Sci
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101647528
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jul 2023
Jul 2023
Historique:
received:
20
12
2022
accepted:
14
06
2023
medline:
7
7
2023
pubmed:
7
7
2023
entrez:
7
7
2023
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Although sex and gender are recognized as major determinants of health and immunity, their role is rarely considered in clinical practice and public health. We identified six bottlenecks preventing the inclusion of sex and gender considerations from basic science to clinical practice, precision medicine and public health policies. (i) A terminology-related bottleneck, linked to the definitions of sex and gender themselves, and the lack of consensus on how to evaluate gender. (ii) A data-related bottleneck, due to gaps in sex-disaggregated data, data on trans/non-binary people and gender identity. (iii) A translational bottleneck, limited by animal models and the underrepresentation of gender minorities in biomedical studies. (iv) A statistical bottleneck, with inappropriate statistical analyses and results interpretation. (v) An ethical bottleneck posed by the underrepresentation of pregnant people and gender minorities in clinical studies. (vi) A structural bottleneck, as systemic bias and discriminations affect not only academic research but also decision makers. We specify guidelines for researchers, scientific journals, funding agencies and academic institutions to address these bottlenecks. Following such guidelines will support the development of more efficient and equitable care strategies for all.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37416827
doi: 10.1098/rsos.221628
pii: rsos221628
pmc: PMC10320357
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Pagination
221628Informations de copyright
© 2023 The Authors.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
K.A.-P.'s institution has received travel grants and advisory fees from MSD, Gilead and ViiV healthcare unrelated to this work. I.A.A. has received travel grants and advisory fees from Gilead and Sanofi unrelated to this work. R.D.K. has received research fundings from Gilead unrelated to this work.
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