Gender differences in reported frequency and consequences of hypoglycemia among adults living with type 1 diabetes: Results from the BETTER registry.

To evaluate the frequency and consequences of level 2 (L2H, glucose level < 3.0 mmol/L with autonomous management) and level 3 hypoglycemia (L3H requiring external assistance to treat), in adults living with type 1 diabetes (T1D), while investigating the role of gender. Cross-sectional analysis of self-reported retrospective data from a Canadian registry of 900 adults living with T1D using logistic regression models adjusted for age, T1D management modalities, hypoglycemia history, and validated patient-reported outcomes scales. Changes in diabetes management, seeking healthcare resources, and impacts on daily well-being were explored. Of the 900 adults (66% women, mean age 43.7 ± 14.8 years, mean T1D duration 25.5 ± 14.6 years), 87% used wearable diabetes technology. L3H in the past year was reported by 15% participants, similar between genders. Women reported more L2H than men (median (Q1, Q3): 4 (2, 10) vs 3 (1,8), p = 0.015), and were more likely to report persistent fatigue after both L2H and L3H (Odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.95 [1.16, 3.28] and 1.86 [1.25, 2.75], respectively) and anxiety (1.70 [1.05, 2.75]) after a L3H. The findings suggest taking a gender-based differential approach when addressing hypoglycemia and its various consequences for people living with T1D.

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Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: [M.T., M.L., and A.V. have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Z.W reports the following: Postdoctoral fellowship: Fonds de recherche du Québec en Santé and Eli Lilly Canada Inc. Diabetes. Research grant: Canadian Institutes of Health Research & Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. A.S.B. is a Fonds de recherche du Québec en Santé Research scholar and reports the following: Research grants: Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, Société Francophone du Diabète, Diabète Québec. Speaker fees: Dexcom, E Lilly. M-L.L.M. reports the following: Consulting for Novo-Nordisk, grants for hospitality including inscription, transport or accommodation to scientific congresses from Sanofi Aventis France, Novo Nordisk, Roche Sas, Dinno santé, Novartis Pharma Sas, Pierre Fabre Médicament, Radenkovic Sacha, Bayer Health Care Sas, Seprodom Antilles., and hospitality grants for lunch from Novo Nordisk, Sanofi Aventis France, Dinno Santé, Bayer Healthcare Sas, Eqinox Healthcare France, Sepropharm international, Pierre Fabre Medicament. R.R.L. reports the following: 1. Research grants: Diabetes Canada, AstraZeneca, E Lilly, Cystic Fibrosis Canada, CIHR, FFRD, Janssen, JDRF, Merck, NIH, Novo-Nordisk, Société Francophone du Diabète, Sanofi-Aventis, Vertex Pharmaceutical. 2. Consulting /advisory panel: Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer I, Dexcom, E Lilly, HLS therapeutics, INESSS, Insulet, Janssen, Medtronic, Merck, Novo-Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis. 3. Honoraria for conferences: Abbott, AstraZeneca, Boehringer I, CPD Network, Dexcom, CMS Canadian Medical&Surgical Knowledge Translation Research group, E Lilly, Janssen, Medtronic, Merck, Novo-Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Tandem, Vertex Pharmaceutical. 4. Consumable gift (in Kind): E Lilly, Medtronic. 5. Unrestricted grants for clinical and educational activities: Abbott, E Lilly, Medtronic, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis. 6. Patent: T2D risk biomarkers, catheter life. 7. Purchase fees: E Lilly (artificial pancreas).].