Indirect effect of race-related stress on traumatic stress and depression symptoms via subjective social status in a Black community sample.
Black Americans
depression
race-related stress
social status
trauma
Journal
American journal of community psychology
ISSN: 1573-2770
Titre abrégé: Am J Community Psychol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 0364535
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
09 2023
09 2023
Historique:
revised:
25
05
2023
received:
05
08
2022
accepted:
19
06
2023
medline:
6
9
2023
pubmed:
12
7
2023
entrez:
12
7
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Experiencing racism is linked to lower subjective social status (SSS), defined as one's perception of their position in society. SSS is influenced by power, prestige, and objective socioeconomic status (SES). Previous findings suggest that race-related stress may be related to adverse mental health outcomes through SSS in Black Americans, a population that has been deeply affected by continuing legacies of oppression. The current study examines the indirect association between race-related stress and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms through SSS in a community sample of largely trauma-exposed Black Americans (N = 173). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that overall race-related stress significantly predicted lower SSS, higher PTSD symptoms, and higher depression symptoms. Analyses also revealed indirect effects of cultural race-related stress on PTSD and depression symptoms through SSS after controlling for SES. Results suggest that the experience of race-related stress, particularly cultural race-related stress, which involves the degradation and disparagement of one's culture and worldview, is associated with more severe PTSD and depression symptoms potentially due to these experiences decreasing Black Americans' SSS. Findings support the need for systemic intervention strategies to disrupt the cultural oppression of Black Americans and improve the societal value and mental health of this population.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
116-126Informations de copyright
© 2023 Society for Community Research and Action.
Références
Adler, N. E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R. L., & Syme, S. L. (1994). Socioeconomic status and health. American Psychologist, 49(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.49.1.15
Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy White women. Health Psychology, 19(6), 586-592. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.19.6.586
Adler, N. E., Singh-Manoux, A., Schwartz, J., Stewart, J., Matthews, K., & Marmot, M. G. (2008). Social status and health: a comparison of British civil servants in Whitehall-II with European- and African-Americans in CARDIA. Social Science & Medicne, 66(5), 1034-1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.031
Amir, D., Valeggia, C., Srinivasan, M., Sugiyama, L. S., & Dunham, Y. (2019). Measuring subjective social status in children of diverse societies. PLoS One, 14(12), e0226550. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226550
Aneshensel, C. S. (1992). Social stress: Theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 18(1), 15-38. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.000311
Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T. (2017). Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: Evidence and interventions. The Lancet, 389(10077), 1453-1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. F. (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67(3), 588-597. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13
Bernard, D. L., Calhoun, C. D., Banks, D. E., Halliday, C. A., Hughes-Halbert, C., & Danielson, C. K. (2021). Making the “C-ACE” for a culturally-informed adverse childhood experiences framework to understand the pervasive mental health impact of racism on Black youth. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 14, 233-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-020-00319-9
Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489-498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059
Cundiff, J. M., & Matthews, K. A. (2017). Is subjective social status a unique correlate of physical health? A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 36(12), 1109-1125. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000534
Desmond, M. (2022). Unaffordable America: Poverty, housing, and eviction. American Journal of Sociology, The Affordable Housing Reader (pp. 389-395). Routledge.
Galvan, M. J., Payne, K., Hannay, J., Georgeson, A., & Muscatell, K. (2022). What does the MacArthur Scale of subjective social status measure? Separating economic circumstances and social status to predict health. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/e9px3
Gibson, S. M., Bouldin, B. M., Stokes, M. N., Lozada, F. T., & Hope, E. C. (2022). Cultural racism and depression in Black adolescents: Examining racial socialization and racial identity as moderators. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 32(1), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12698
Gillespie, C. F., Bradley, B., Mercer, K., Smith, A. K., Conneely, K., Gapen, M., Weiss, T., Schwartz, A. C., Cubells, J. F., & Ressler, K. J. (2009). Trauma exposure and stress-related disorders in inner city primary care patients. General Hospital Psychiatry, 31(6), 505-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.05.003
Gluck, R. L., Hartzell, G. E., Dixon, H. D., Michopoulos, V., Powers, A., Stevens, J. S., Fani, N., Carter, S., Schwartz, A. C., Jovanovic, T., Ressler, K. J., Bradley, B., & Gillespie, C. F. (2021). Trauma exposure and stress-related disorders in a large, urban, predominantly African-American, female sample. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 24(6), 893-901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-021-01141-4
Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(1), 42-57. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087722
Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. A regression-based approach (Third Edition). The Guilford Press.
IBM Corp. (2017). IBM SPSS statistics for Windows. IBM Corp. Retrieved from https://hadoop.apache.org
Jackson, B., & Goodman, E. (2011). Low social status markers: Do they predict depressive symptoms in adolescence? Race and Social Problems, 3(2), 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-011-9047-1
Kwate, N. O. A., & Goodman, M. S. (2015). Racism at the intersections: Gender and socioeconomic differences in the experience of racism among African Americans. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(5), 397-408. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000086
Lewis, J. A., & Neville, H. A. (2015). Construction and initial validation of the gendered racial microaggressions scale for Black women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000062
Mekawi, Y., Hyatt, C. S., Maples-Keller, J., Carter, S., Michopoulos, V., & Powers, A. (2021a). Racial discrimination predicts mental health outcomes beyond the role of personality traits in a community sample of African Americans. Clinical Psychological Science, 9(2), 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702620957318
Mekawi, Y., Kuzyk, E., Dixon, H. D., McKenna, B., Camacho, L., de Andino, A. M., Stevens, J., Michopolous, V., & Powers, A. (2021b). Characterizing typologies of polytraumatization: A replication and extension study examining internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in an urban population. Clinical Psychological Science, 9(6), 1144-1163. https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026211000723
Mekawi, Y., Silverstein, M. W., Walker, A., Ishiekwene, M., Carter, S., Michopoulos, V., Stevens, J. S., & Powers, A. (2022). Examining the psychometric properties of the PCL-5 in a Black community sample using item response theory. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 87, 102555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102555
Operario, D., Adler, N. E., & Williams, D. R. (2004). Subjective social status: Reliability and predictive utility for global health. Psychology & Health, 19(2), 237-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440310001638098
Pearlin, L. I., & Bierman, A. (2013). Current issues and future directions in research into the stress process, Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 325-340). Springer.
Quinn, C. R., Hope, E. C., & Cryer-Coupet, Q. R. (2020). Neighborhood cohesion and procedural justice in policing among Black adults: The moderating role of cultural race-related stress. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(1), 124-141. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22251
Reitzel, L. R., Childress, S. D., Obasi, E. M., Garey, L., Vidrine, D. J., McNeill, L. H., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2017). Interactive effects of anxiety sensitivity and subjective social status on psychological symptomatology in Black adults. Behavioral Medicine, 43(4), 268-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2016.1150805
Salter, P. S., Adams, G., & Perez, M. J. (2018). Racism in the structure of everyday worlds: A cultural-psychological perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(3), 150-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417724239
Spencer, S. J., Logel, C., & Davies, P. G. (2016). Stereotype threat. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 415-437. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-073115-103235
Subramanyam, M. A., Diez-Roux, A. V., Hickson, D. A., Sarpong, D. F., Sims, M., Taylor, Jr., H. A., Williams, D. R., & Wyatt, S. B. (2012). Subjective social status and psychosocial and metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 74(8), 1146-1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.042
Tuck, E. (2009). Suspending damage: A letter to communities. Harvard Educational Review, 79(3), 409-428. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.79.3.n0016675661t3n15
Turner, R. J. (2013). Understanding health disparities: The relevance of the stress process model. Society and Mental Health, 3(3), 170-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869313488121
Utsey, S. O. (1999). Development and validation of a short form of the Index of Race-Related stress (IRRS)-Brief version. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 32(3), 149-167. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1999-01872-003
Utsey, S. O., & Ponterotto, J. G. (1996). Development and validation of the Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(4), 490-501. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.43.4.490
Wang, Y. P., & Gorenstein, C. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: A comprehensive review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 35(4), 416-431. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048
Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) (Vol. 10, 4, p. 206). National Center for PTSD. https://www.ptsd.va.gov
Williams, D. R. (2018). Stress and the mental health of populations of color: Advancing our understanding of race-related stressors. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 59(4), 466-485. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146518814251
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2013). Racism and health I: Pathways and scientific evidence. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(8), 1152-1173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213487340
Williams, M. T., Metzger, I. W., Leins, C., & DeLapp, C. (2018). Assessing racial trauma within a DSM-5 framework: The UConn Racial/Ethnic Stress & Trauma Survey. Practice Innovations, 3(4), 242. https://doi.org/10.1037/pri0000076