Effects of root plates, pits and mounds following windthrow events on the biodiversity of plants and lichens in Central European mountain forests.

Windthrows lead to the formation of a characteristic land microtopography and they provide new habitats and substrata for species. The present study is novel, because it concerns different taxonomic groups of organisms and effects of various variables on species composition, richness and abundance within root plate-pit-mound (RPM) complexes. For the first time we studied lichens, liverworts, mosses and vascular plants on RPM complexes across major vegetation types, from deciduous to coniferous forests. We analyzed 164 RPM complexes which included in total 268 components: 115 root plates, 80 pits and 73 mounds. Besides the vegetation types and component types the following variables were also considered: dimensions (area, size), age (decomposition degree), species of the uprooted tree, shade, and elevation. The research revealed that root plates, pits and mounds had their own indicator species, but the key factors for the species composition were the species of uprooted trees and the vegetation type. Furthermore, the type of component and the vegetation type were also the most main variables determining the richness and abundance of the studied taxonomic groups of species. Analyses revealed the greatest species richness and abundance of lichens on root plates, and the highest richness of liverworts and vascular plants in pits. The type of component had no effect on the species richness of mosses. However, they were most abundant on mounds. The response of individual groups to the vegetation types and other variables varied. Findings from the study indicated that the presence of uprooted trees with different features (size and age, species of uprooted tree) is important for the biodiversity of mountain forests. We recommend leaving uprooted trees in forest communities for natural colonization, preferably large objects. Moreover, in managed forests a mosaic of forest communities that mimic the structure of natural unmanaged forests should be supported.

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.