Heart transplantation: advances in expanding the donor pool and xenotransplantation.
Journal
Nature reviews. Cardiology
ISSN: 1759-5010
Titre abrégé: Nat Rev Cardiol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101500075
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jan 2024
Jan 2024
Historique:
accepted:
13
06
2023
pubmed:
15
7
2023
medline:
15
7
2023
entrez:
14
7
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Approximately 65 million adults globally have heart failure, and the prevalence is expected to increase substantially with ageing populations. Despite advances in pharmacological and device therapy of heart failure, long-term morbidity and mortality remain high. Many patients progress to advanced heart failure and develop persistently severe symptoms. Heart transplantation remains the gold-standard therapy to improve the quality of life, functional status and survival of these patients. However, there is a large imbalance between the supply of organs and the demand for heart transplants. Therefore, expanding the donor pool is essential to reduce mortality while on the waiting list and improve clinical outcomes in this patient population. A shift has occurred to consider the use of organs from donors with hepatitis C virus, HIV or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Other advances in this field have also expanded the donor pool, including opt-out donation policies, organ donation after circulatory death and xenotransplantation. We provide a comprehensive overview of these various novel strategies, provide objective data on their safety and efficacy, and discuss some of the unresolved issues and controversies of each approach.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37452122
doi: 10.1038/s41569-023-00902-1
pii: 10.1038/s41569-023-00902-1
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
25-36Informations de copyright
© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.
Références
GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392, 1789–1858 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7
Virani, S. S. et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics — 2021 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 143, e254–e743 (2021).
pubmed: 33501848
doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950
Heidenreich, P. A. et al. Forecasting the impact of heart failure in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circ. Heart Fail. 6, 606–619 (2013).
pubmed: 23616602
pmcid: 3908895
doi: 10.1161/HHF.0b013e318291329a
Fang, J. C. et al. Advanced (stage D) heart failure: a statement from the Heart Failure Society of America Guidelines Committee. J. Card. Fail. 21, 519–534 (2015).
pubmed: 25953697
doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.04.013
Fang, N., Jiang, M. & Fan, Y. Ideal cardiovascular health metrics and risk of cardiovascular disease or mortality: a meta-analysis. Int. J. Cardiol. 214, 279–283 (2016).
pubmed: 27085116
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.210
Crespo-leiro, M. G. et al. Advanced heart failure: a position statement of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 20, 1505–1535 (2018).
pubmed: 29806100
doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1236
Heidenreich, P. et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 145, e895–e1032 (2022).
pubmed: 35363499
Kalogeropoulos, A. P. et al. Progression to stage D heart failure among outpatients with stage C heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail. 5, 528–537 (2017).
pubmed: 28624484
doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2017.02.020
Colvin, M. et al. OPTN/SRTR 2020 annual data report: heart. Am. J. Transplant. 22, 350–437 (2022).
pubmed: 35266620
doi: 10.1111/ajt.16977
Khush, K. K. et al. The International Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: thirty-eighth adult heart transplantation report — 2021; focus on recipient characteristics. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 40, 1035–1049 (2021).
pubmed: 34419370
pmcid: 10282986
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.07.015
Khush, K. K. et al. The International Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: thirty-sixth adult heart transplantation report — 2019; focus theme: donor and recipient size match. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 38, 1056–1066 (2019).
pubmed: 31548031
pmcid: 6816343
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.08.004
NHS Blood and Transplant. How Long is the Wait for a Heart? https://www.nhsbt.nhs.uk/organ-transplantation/heart/receiving-a-heart/how-long-is-the-wait-for-a-heart (2022).
Truby, L. & Rogers, J. Advanced heart failure: epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches. JACC Heart Fail. 8, 523–536 (2020).
pubmed: 32535126
doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2020.01.014
US Department of Health and Human Services. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/view-data-reports/national-data (2022).
Roest, S. et al. Waiting list mortality and the potential of donation after circulatory death heart transplantations in the Netherlands. Neth. Heart J. 29, 88–97 (2021).
pubmed: 33156508
doi: 10.1007/s12471-020-01505-y
Sun, Y. F. et al. Current status of and opinions on heart transplantation in China. Curr. Med. Sci. 41, 841–846 (2021).
pubmed: 34652629
pmcid: 8517940
doi: 10.1007/s11596-021-2444-9
Bakhtiyar, S. S. et al. Survival on the heart transplant waiting list. JAMA Cardiol. 5, 1227–1235 (2020).
pubmed: 32785619
pmcid: 7675100
doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.2795
Kittleson, M. M. & Kobashigawa, J. A. Cardiac transplantation: current outcomes and contemporary controversies. JACC Heart Fail. 5, 857–868 (2017).
pubmed: 29191293
doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2017.08.021
Tong, C. K. W. & Khush, K. K. New approaches to donor selection and preparation in heart transplantation. Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med. 23, 28 (2021).
pubmed: 33776401
pmcid: 7985579
doi: 10.1007/s11936-021-00906-5
Sathianathan, S. & Bhat, G. Heart transplant donor selection guidelines: review and recommendations. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 24, 119–130 (2022).
pubmed: 35179716
doi: 10.1007/s11886-021-01631-y
DeFilippis, E. M. et al. Evolving characteristics of heart transplantation donors and recipients: JACC focus seminar. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 79, 1108–1123 (2022).
pubmed: 35300823
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.064
Haji, S. A. et al. Donor hepatitis-C seropositivity is an independent risk factor for the development of accelerated coronary vasculopathy and predicts outcome after cardiac transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 23, 277–283 (2004).
pubmed: 15019636
doi: 10.1016/S1053-2498(03)00148-7
Gasink, L. B. et al. Hepatitis C virus seropositivity in organ donors and survival in heart transplant recipients. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 296, 1843–1850 (2006).
doi: 10.1001/jama.296.15.1843
British Viral Hepatitis Group. UK Position Statement on the Use of Organs from Hepatitis C Viraemic Donors and Increased Infectious Risk Donors in Hepatitis C https://go.nature.com/46Mb1LM (2021).
Levitsky, J. et al. The American Society of Transplantation consensus conference on the use of hepatitis C viremic donors in solid organ transplantation. Am. J. Transplant. 17, 2790–2802 (2017).
pubmed: 28556422
doi: 10.1111/ajt.14381
Mehra, M. et al. The drug-intoxication epidemic and solid-organ transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 378, 1943–1945 (2018).
pubmed: 29768141
doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1802706
Durand, C. et al. The drug overdose epidemic and deceased-donor transplantation in the United States. Ann. Intern. Med. 168, 702–711 (2018).
pubmed: 29710288
pmcid: 6205229
doi: 10.7326/M17-2451
Huckaby, L. V. et al. Center-level utilization of hepatitis C virus-positive donors for orthotopic heart transplantation. Transplantation 105, 2639–2645 (2021).
pubmed: 33988340
pmcid: 9015733
doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003674
Aslam, S. et al. Utilization of hepatitis C virus-infected organ donors in cardiothoracic transplantation: an ISHLT expert consensus statement. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 39, 418–432 (2020).
pubmed: 32362393
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.004
Bruno, S. et al. Heart transplantation from hepatitis C-positive donors in the era of direct acting antiviral therapy: a comprehensive literature review. Transplant. Direct 5, e486 (2019).
pubmed: 31579814
pmcid: 6739042
doi: 10.1097/TXD.0000000000000928
Aslam, S., Yumul, I., Mariski, M., Pretorius, V. & Adler, E. Outcomes of heart transplantation from hepatitis C virus–positive donors. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 38, 1259–1267 (2019).
pubmed: 31521479
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.08.019
Schlendorf, K. H. et al. Expanding heart transplant in the era of direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C. JAMA Cardiol. 5, 167–174 (2020).
pubmed: 31851352
doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.4748
Lewis, T. C. et al. Management and tolerability of glecaprevir-pibrentasvir pharmacotherapy in hepatitis C viremic heart and lung transplant recipients. Clin. Transplant. 34, e14030 (2020).
pubmed: 32632929
doi: 10.1111/ctr.14030
Moayedi, Y. et al. Current use of hearts from hepatitis C viremic donors. Circ. Heart Fail. 11, e005276 (2018).
pubmed: 30562093
doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005276
Gernhofer, Y. K. et al. The impact of using hepatitis c virus nucleic acid test–positive donor hearts on heart transplant waitlist time and transplant rate. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 38, 1178–1188 (2019).
pubmed: 31492607
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.08.010
Reyentovich, A. et al. Outcomes of the treatment with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir following heart transplantation utilizing hepatitis C viremic donors. Clin. Transplant. 34, e13989 (2020).
pubmed: 32441413
doi: 10.1111/ctr.13989
Smith, D. E. et al. Impact of early initiation of direct-acting antiviral therapy in thoracic organ transplantation from hepatitis C virus positive donors. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 33, 407–415 (2021).
pubmed: 32621962
doi: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2020.06.045
Stachel, M. W. et al. Long-term follow-up of acute and chronic rejection in heart transplant recipients from hepatitis C viremic (NAT
pubmed: 36053676
doi: 10.1111/ajt.17190
Villegas-Galaviz, J., Anderson, E. & Guglin, M. Clinical outcomes of heart transplantation using hepatitis C-viremic donors: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 41, 538–549 (2022).
pubmed: 35153130
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.01.010
Kilic, A. et al. Outcomes of adult heart transplantation using hepatitis C-positive donors. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 9, e014495 (2020).
pubmed: 31910781
pmcid: 7033844
doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.014495
Gidea, C. G. et al. Increased early acute cellular rejection events in hepatitis C-positive heart transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 39, 1199–1207 (2020).
pubmed: 32739334
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.06.022
Stewart, Z. A. et al. Clinical and financial implications of 2 treatment strategies for donor-derived hepatitis C infections. Transplant. Direct 7, e762 (2021).
pubmed: 34514117
pmcid: 8425828
doi: 10.1097/TXD.0000000000001222
Woolley, A. E. et al. The cost-effectiveness of transplanting hearts from hepatitis C-infected donors into uninfected recipients. Transplantation 107, 961–969 (2023).
pubmed: 36525554
doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000004378
Rochlani, Y., Diab, K. & Jorde, U. P. Hepatitis C-positive donors in cardiac transplantation: problems and opportunities. Curr. Heart Fail. Rep. 17, 106–115 (2020).
pubmed: 32474734
doi: 10.1007/s11897-020-00466-y
Siddiqi, H. K. & Schlendorf, K. H. Hepatitis C positive organ donation in heart transplantation. Curr. Transplant. Rep. 8, 359–367 (2021).
pubmed: 34786324
pmcid: 8579730
doi: 10.1007/s40472-021-00350-1
Ingelfinger, J. R. & Rubin, E. J. The HIV-positive transplant donor — change born of necessity. N. Engl. J. Med. 372, 663–665 (2015).
pubmed: 25671260
doi: 10.1056/NEJMe1500221
Muller, E., Barday, Z., Mendelson, M. & Kahn, D. HIV-positive-to-HIV-positive kidney transplantation —results at 3 to 5 years. N. Engl. J. Med. 372, 613–620 (2015).
pubmed: 25671253
pmcid: 5090019
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1408896
Woods, C. et al. Efficacy of hope: analysis of organ quality and availability among deceased HIV-positive donors. Transpl. Infect. Dis. 24, e13916 (2022).
pubmed: 35904220
pmcid: 9780158
doi: 10.1111/tid.13916
Mehta, S. & Locke, J. E. Human immunodeficiency virus from life taking to life giving: expanding the donor pool by using HIV-positive donors. Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant. 25, 626–630 (2020).
pubmed: 33060542
doi: 10.1097/MOT.0000000000000815
Uriel, N. et al. Heart transplantation in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 28, 667–669 (2009).
pubmed: 19560693
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2009.04.005
Doberne, J. W. et al. Heart transplantation survival outcomes of HIV positive and negative recipients. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 111, 1465–1471 (2021).
pubmed: 32946847
doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.06.120
Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. HOPE Act https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/learn/professional-education/hope-act (2022).
Bonny, T. et al. Outcomes of donor-derived superinfection screening in HIV-positive to HIV-positive kidney and liver transplantation a multicentre, prospective, observational study. Lancet HIV 7, e611–e619 (2020).
pubmed: 32730756
pmcid: 8073978
doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30200-9
Montefiore. World’s First HIV-Positive to HIV-Positive Heart Transplant Performed at Montefiore Health System https://www.montefiore.org/body.cfm?id=1738&action=detail&ref=2194 (2022).
ABC7 NY. Recipient in 1st HIV-positive Heart Transplant Meets Donor’s Family After Groundbreaking Surgery https://abc7ny.com/hiv-positive-heart-transplant-montefiore-donor-recipient/12481563/ (2022).
Madan, S. et al. Outcomes of heart transplantation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Am. J. Transplant. 19, 1529–1535 (2019).
pubmed: 30614612
doi: 10.1111/ajt.15257
Ison, M. G. et al. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. Am. J. Transplant. 11, 1218–1225 (2011).
pubmed: 21645254
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03597.x
Simonds, R. J. HIV transmission by organ and tissue transplantation. AIDS 7S35, S35–S38 (1993).
doi: 10.1097/00002030-199311002-00008
Aslam, S. et al. Guidance from the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation Regarding the SARS CoV-2 Pandemic. ISHLT https://ishlt.org/ishlt/media/documents/SARS-CoV-2_-Guidance-for-Cardiothoracic-Transplant-and-VAD-centers.pdf (2020).
Eichenberger, E. M. et al. Transplanting thoracic COVID-19 positive donors: an institutional protocol and report of the first 14 cases. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 41, 1376–1381 (2022).
pubmed: 35871114
pmcid: 9245398
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.06.018
Bock, M. J. et al. Organ transplantation using COVID-19-positive deceased donors. Am. J. Transplant. 22, 2203–2216 (2022).
pubmed: 35822320
doi: 10.1111/ajt.17145
Neidlinger, N. A. et al. Organ recovery from deceased donors with prior COVID-19: a case series. Transpl. Infect. Dis. 23, e13503 (2021).
pubmed: 33174324
doi: 10.1111/tid.13503
Schold, J. D., Koval, C. E., Wee, A., Eltemamy, M. & Poggio, E. D. Utilization and outcomes of deceased donor SARS-CoV-2-positive organs for solid organ transplantation in the United States. Am. J. Transplant. 22, 2217–2227 (2022).
pubmed: 35730252
pmcid: 9350307
doi: 10.1111/ajt.17126
Martinez-Reviejo, R. et al. Solid organ transplantation from donors with recent or current SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review. Anaesth. Crit. Care Pain. Med. 41, 101098 (2022).
pubmed: 35533977
pmcid: 9074299
doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2022.101098
Ushiro-Lumb, I. et al. Transplantation of organs from SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive deceased donors: the UK experience so far. Transplantation 106, e418–e419 (2022).
pubmed: 35581692
doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000004206
Madgula, A. S. et al. Tackling the paradox of orthotropic heart transplantation from SARS-CoV-2 positive donors: a single center experience. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 41, 1650–1653 (2022).
pubmed: 36050205
pmcid: 9354420
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.07.023
Dhand, A., Okumura, K., Nabors, C. & Nishida, S. Solid organ transplantation from COVID positive donors in the United States: analysis of United Network for organ sharing database. Transpl. Infect. Dis. 25, e13925 (2023).
pubmed: 35942924
doi: 10.1111/tid.13925
Madan, S. et al. Early outcomes of adult heart transplantation from COVID-19 infected donors. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.022 (2023).
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.022
pubmed: 37821179
pmcid: 10191151
Etheredge, H. R. Assessing global organ donation policies: opt-in vs opt-out. Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy 14, 1985–1998 (2021).
pubmed: 34012308
pmcid: 8128443
doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S270234
Kaushik, J. Organ transplant and presumed consent: towards an ‘opting out’ system. Indian J. Med. Ethics 6, 149–152 (2009).
pubmed: 19653591
Shepherd, L., O’Carroll, R. E. & Ferguson, E. An international comparison of deceased and living organ donation/transplant rates in opt-in and opt-out systems: a panel study. BMC Med. 12, 131 (2014).
pubmed: 25285666
pmcid: 4175622
doi: 10.1186/s12916-014-0131-4
Wu, Y. et al. Cadaveric organ donation in China: a crossroads for ethics and sociocultural factors. Medicine 97, e9951 (2018).
pubmed: 29517702
pmcid: 5882451
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000009951
Arshad, A., Anderson, B. & Sharif, A. Comparison of organ donation and transplantation rates between opt-out and opt-in systems. Kidney Int. 95, 1453–1460 (2019).
pubmed: 31010718
doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.01.036
Golsteyn, B. H. H. & Verhagen, A. M. C. Deceased by default: consent systems and organ-patient mortality. PLoS ONE 16, e0247719 (2021).
pubmed: 33730042
pmcid: 7968695
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247719
Jansen, N. E., Williment, C., Haase-Kromwijk, B. J. J. M. & Gardiner, D. Changing to an opt out system for organ donation-reflections from England and Netherlands. Transpl. Int. 35, 10466 (2022).
pubmed: 35859668
pmcid: 9290126
doi: 10.3389/ti.2022.10466
Watson, M. B. Presumed consent for organ transplantation: a better system. Curr. Surg. 60, 156–157 (2003).
pubmed: 14972285
doi: 10.1016/S0149-7944(02)00740-7
Davidai, S., Gilovich, T. & Ross, L. D. The meaning of default options for potential organ donors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 15201–15205 (2012).
pubmed: 22949639
pmcid: 3458339
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1211695109
Ahmad, M. U. et al. A systematic review of opt-out versus opt-in consent on deceased organ donation and transplantation (2006-2016). World J. Surg. 43, 3161–3171 (2019).
pubmed: 31428836
doi: 10.1007/s00268-019-05118-4
Rithalia, A. et al. A systematic review of presumed consent systems for deceased organ donation. Health Technol. Assess. 13, 1–95 (2009).
doi: 10.3310/hta13260
Appadurai, A. Presumed consent to organ donation: 10 years’ experience in Belgium. J. R. Soc. Med. 89, 663–666 (1996).
doi: 10.1177/014107689608901203
Domínguez, J. & Rojas, J. L. Presumed consent legislation failed to improve organ donation in Chile. Transplant. Proc. 45, 1316–1317 (2013).
pubmed: 23726561
doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.01.008
Ezaz, G. & Lai, M. How the ‘opt-in’ option optimizes organ donation rates. Dig. Dis. Sci. 64, 1067–1069 (2019).
pubmed: 30734232
doi: 10.1007/s10620-019-05483-z
Matesanz, R. & Domínguez-Gil, B. Opt-out legislations: the mysterious viability of the false. Kidney Int. 95, 1301–1303 (2019).
pubmed: 31122708
doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.02.028
Fabre, J., Murphy, P. & Matesanz, R. Presumed consent: a distraction in the quest for increasing rates of organ donation. BMJ 341, c4973 (2010).
pubmed: 20959281
doi: 10.1136/bmj.c4973
Glazier, A. & Mone, T. Success of opt-in organ donation policy in the United States. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 322, 719–720 (2019).
doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.9187
Zúñiga-Fajuri, A. Increasing organ donation by presumed consent and allocation priority: Chile. Bull. World Health Organ. 93, 199–202 (2015).
pubmed: 25767299
pmcid: 4339830
doi: 10.2471/BLT.14.139535
Cronin, A. J. Points mean prizes: priority points, preferential status and directed organ donation in Israel. Isr. J. Health Policy Res. 3, 8 (2014).
pubmed: 24565060
pmcid: 3936836
doi: 10.1186/2045-4015-3-8
Kootstra, G., Daemen, J. & Oomen, A. P. Categories of non-heart-beating donors. Transpl. Proc. 27, 2893–2894 (1995).
Thuong, M. et al. New classification of donation after circulatory death donors definitions and terminology. Transpl. Int. 29, 749–759 (2016).
pubmed: 26991858
doi: 10.1111/tri.12776
Reich, D. J. et al. ASTS recommended practice guidelines for controlled donation after cardiac death organ procurement and transplantation. Am. J. Transplant. 9, 2004–2011 (2009).
pubmed: 19624569
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02739.x
Scheuer, S. E., Jansz, P. C. & Macdonald, P. S. Heart transplantation following donation after circulatory death: expanding the donor pool. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 40, 882–889 (2021).
pubmed: 33994229
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.03.011
Page, A., Messer, S. & Large, S. R. Heart transplantation from donation after circulatory determined death. Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg. 7, 75–81 (2018).
pubmed: 29492385
pmcid: 5827117
doi: 10.21037/acs.2018.01.08
Niederberger, P. et al. Heart transplantation with donation after circulatory death. Circ. Heart Fail. 12, e005517 (2019).
pubmed: 30998395
doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005517
Truby, L. K. et al. Donation after circulatory death in heart transplantation: history, outcomes, clinical challenges, and opportunities to expand the donor pool. J. Card. Fail. 28, 1456–1463 (2022).
pubmed: 35447338
doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.03.353
Ardehali, A. et al. Ex-vivo perfusion of donor hearts for human heart transplantation (PROCEED II): a prospective, open-label, multicentre, randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 385, 2577–2584 (2015).
pubmed: 25888086
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60261-6
Schroder, J. et al. Successful utilization of extended criteria donor (ECD) hearts for transplantation — results of the OCS
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.01.088
Dhital, K. K. et al. Adult heart transplantation with distant procurement and ex-vivo preservation of donor hearts after circulatory death: a case series. Lancet 385, 2585–2591 (2015).
pubmed: 25888085
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60038-1
Messer, S. J. et al. Functional assessment and transplantation of the donor heart after circulatory death. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 35, 1443–1452 (2016).
pubmed: 27916176
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.07.004
Messer, S. et al. Outcome after heart transplantation from donation after circulatory-determined death donors. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 36, 1311–1318 (2017).
pubmed: 29173394
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.10.021
Chew, H. et al. Outcomes of donation after circulatory death heart transplantation in Australia. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 73, 1447–1459 (2019).
pubmed: 30922476
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.12.067
Dhital, K., Ludhani, P., Scheuer, S., Connellan, M. & Macdonald, P. DCD donations and outcomes of heart transplantation: the Australian experience. Indian J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 36, 224–232 (2020).
pubmed: 33061207
pmcid: 7538519
doi: 10.1007/s12055-020-00998-x
Iyer, A. & Dhital, K. Cardiac donation after circulatory death. Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant. 25, 241–247 (2020).
pubmed: 32374575
doi: 10.1097/MOT.0000000000000758
Messer, S. et al. A 5-year single-center early experience of heart transplantation from donation after circulatory-determined death donors. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 39, 1463–1475 (2020).
pubmed: 33248525
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.10.001
Abbasi, J. “Donation after circulatory death” heart transplant is a US first. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 323, 111 (2020).
Hoffman, J. R. H. et al. Early US experience with cardiac donation after circulatory death (DCD) using normothermic regional perfusion. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 40, 1408–1418 (2021).
pubmed: 34334301
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.06.022
Jawitz, O. K., Bryner, B. S., Schroder, J. N. & DeVore, A. D. Donation after circulatory death heart transplantation in the United States: an early report of donor characteristics. JTCVS Tech. 12, 104–107 (2022).
pubmed: 35403023
pmcid: 8987315
doi: 10.1016/j.xjtc.2021.12.014
Suarez-Pierre, A. et al. Appraisal of donation after circulatory death: how far could we expand the heart donor pool? Ann. Thorac. Surg. 114, 676–682 (2022).
pubmed: 35183504
doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2022.01.042
Madan, S. et al. Feasibility and potential impact of heart transplantation from adult donors after circulatory death. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 79, 148–162 (2022).
pubmed: 34922742
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.10.042
Smith, D. E. et al. Early experience with donation after circulatory death heart transplantation using normothermic regional perfusion in the United States. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 164, 557–568.e1 (2022).
pubmed: 34728084
doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.07.059
Louca, J. et al. The international experience of in-situ recovery of the DCD heart: a multicentre retrospective observational study. eClinicalMedicine 58, 101887 (2023).
pubmed: 36911270
pmcid: 9995283
doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101887
D’Alessandro, D. A. et al. Hemodynamic and clinical performance of hearts donated after circulatory death. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 80, 1314–1326 (2022).
pubmed: 36175050
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.07.024
Schroder, J. et al. Expanding heart transplants from donors after circulatory death (DCD) — results of the first randomized controlled trial using the Organ Care System (OCS
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.01.165
Farr, M. et al. Potential for donation after circulatory death heart transplantation in the United States: retrospective analysis of a limited UNOS dataset. Am. J. Transplant. 20, 525–529 (2020).
pubmed: 31529766
doi: 10.1111/ajt.15597
Pagani, F. D. Heart transplantation using organs from donors following circulatory death: the journey continues. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 79, 163–165 (2022).
pubmed: 34922743
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.008
Parent, B. et al. Ethical and logistical concerns for establishing NRP-cDCD heart transplantation in the United States. Am. J. Transplant. 20, 1508–1512 (2020).
pubmed: 31913567
doi: 10.1111/ajt.15772
Rajab, T. K. & Singh, S. K. Donation after cardiac death heart transplantation in America is clinically necessary and ethically justified. Circ. Heart Fail. 11, e004884 (2018).
pubmed: 29664408
doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.004884
Ave, A. L. D., Sulmasy, D. P. & Bernat, J. L. The ethical obligation of the dead donor rule. Med. Health Care Philos. 23, 43–50 (2020).
doi: 10.1007/s11019-019-09904-8
American College of Physicians. Ethics, Determination of Death, and Organ Transplantation in Normothermic Regional Perfusion (NRP) with Controlled Donation After Circulatory Determination of Death (cDCD): American College of Physicians Statement of Concern https://www.acponline.org/acp_policy/policies/ethics_determination_of_death_and_organ_transplantation_in_nrp_2021.pdf (2021).
Vanholder, R. et al. Organ donation and transplantation: a multi-stakeholder call to action. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 17, 554–568 (2021).
pubmed: 33953367
pmcid: 8097678
doi: 10.1038/s41581-021-00425-3
Parent, B., Caplan, A., Moazami, N. & Montgomery, R. A. Response to American College of Physician’s statement on the ethics of transplant after normothermic regional perfusion. Am. J. Transplant. 22, 1307–1310 (2022).
pubmed: 35072337
doi: 10.1111/ajt.16947
Smith, D. & Moazami, N. Commentary: normothermic regional perfusion: ethical issues in thoracic organ donation: an important discussion, but stop the press! J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 164, 155–156 (2022).
pubmed: 35317916
doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2022.02.026
Kon, Z. N., Smith, D. E., Carillo, J. A. & Moazami, N. Commentary: the future is now — heart donation after circulatory death. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 161, 1342–1343 (2021).
pubmed: 32448684
doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.03.037
Moazami, N., Smith, D. & Galloway, A. Logistics for expanding heart transplantation from donation after circulatory death using normothermic regional perfusion. JTCVS Tech. 12, 110–112 (2022).
pubmed: 35403040
pmcid: 8987364
doi: 10.1016/j.xjtc.2022.01.014
Hardy, J. D. et al. Heart transplantation in man. Developmental studies and report of a case. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 188, 1132–1140 (1964).
doi: 10.1001/jama.1964.03060390034008
Shu, S., Ren, J. & Song, J. Cardiac xenotransplantation: a promising way to treat advanced heart failure. Heart Fail. Rev. 27, 71–91 (2022).
pubmed: 32572737
doi: 10.1007/s10741-020-09989-x
Yang, B. Q., Park, A. C. & Schilling, J. D. Cardiac xenotransplantation: 5 things every cardiologist should know. JACC Basic Transl. Sci. 7, 518–521 (2022).
pubmed: 35663629
pmcid: 9156434
doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.03.005
Montgomery, R. A., Mehta, S. A., Parent, B. & Griesemer, A. Next steps for the xenotransplantation of pig organs into humans. Nat. Med. 28, 1533–1536 (2022).
pubmed: 35941375
doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01896-y
Vadori, M. & Cozzi, E. The immunological barriers to xenotransplantation. Tissue Antigens 86, 239–253 (2015).
pubmed: 26381044
doi: 10.1111/tan.12669
Pierson, R. N. 3rd Progress toward pig-to-human xenotransplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 386, 1871–1873 (2022).
pubmed: 35584155
pmcid: 10226782
doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2118019
Boulet, J., Cunningham, J. W. & Mehra, M. R. Cardiac xenotransplantation: challenges, evolution, and advances. JACC Basic Transl. Sci. 7, 716–729 (2022).
pubmed: 35958689
pmcid: 9357575
doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.05.003
Sykes, M. & Sachs, D. H. Transplanting organs from pigs to humans. Sci. Immunol. 4, eaau6298 (2019).
pubmed: 31676497
pmcid: 7293579
doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau6298
Phimister, E. G. Genetic modification in pig-to-human transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 387, 79–82 (2022).
pubmed: 35731913
doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2207422
Hamadeh, R. M., Galili, U., Zhou, P. & Griffiss, J. M. Anti-alpha-galactosyl immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, and IgM in human secretions. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2, 125–131 (1995).
pubmed: 7697518
pmcid: 170114
doi: 10.1128/cdli.2.2.125-131.1995
Zappe, A., Rosenlöcher, J., Kohla, G., Hinderlich, S. & Parr, M. K. Purification and characterization of antibodies directed against the α-Gal epitope. BioChem 1, 81–97 (2021).
doi: 10.3390/biochem1020008
Sandrin, M. S. & McKenzie, I. F. Galα(1,3)Gal, the major xenoantigen(s) recognised in pigs by human natural antibodies. Immunol. Rev. 141, 169–190 (1994).
pubmed: 7532618
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1994.tb00877.x
Candinas, D. & Adams, D. H. Xenotransplantation: postponed by a millennium? Q. J. Med. 93, 63–66 (2000).
doi: 10.1093/qjmed/93.2.63
Dai, Y. et al. Targeted disruption of the alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene in cloned pigs. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 251–255 (2002).
pubmed: 11875425
doi: 10.1038/nbt0302-251
Dolgin, E. First GM pigs for allergies. Could xenotransplants be next? Nat. Biotechnol. 39, 397–400 (2021).
pubmed: 33846652
doi: 10.1038/s41587-021-00885-9
US Food & Drug Administration. FDA Approves First-of-its-Kind Intentional Genomic Alteration in Line of Domestic Pigs for Both Human Food, Potential Therapeutic Uses https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-its-kind-intentional-genomic-alteration-line-domestic-pigs-both-human-food (2020).
Montgomery, R. A. et al. Results of two cases of pig-to-human kidney xenotransplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 386, 1889–1898 (2022).
pubmed: 35584156
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2120238
Mehra, M. R. Cardiac xenotransplantation: rebirth amidst an uncertain future. J. Card. Fail. 28, 873–874 (2022).
pubmed: 35051623
doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.01.006
Miyagawa, S. et al. Aspects of the complement system in new era of xenotransplantation. Front. Immunol. 13, 860165 (2022).
pubmed: 35493484
pmcid: 9046582
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.860165
Porrett, P. M. et al. First clinical-grade porcine kidney xenotransplant using a human decedent model. Am. J. Transplant. 22, 1037–1053 (2022).
pubmed: 35049121
doi: 10.1111/ajt.16930
Boksa, M., Zeyland, J., Słomski, R. & Lipiński, D. Immune modulation in xenotransplantation. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 63, 181–192 (2015).
doi: 10.1007/s00005-014-0317-7
Yamamoto, T. et al. Life-supporting kidney xenotransplantation from genetically engineered pigs in baboons: a comparison of two immunosuppressive regimens. Transplantation 103, 2090–2104 (2019).
pubmed: 31283686
doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000002796
Adams, A. B. et al. Anti-C5 antibody tesidolumab reduces early antibody-mediated rejection and prolongs survival in renal xenotransplantation. Ann. Surg. 274, 473–480 (2021).
pubmed: 34238812
doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004996
Eiras, G. et al. Species differences in sensitivity of T lymphocytes to immunosuppressive effects of FK 506. Transplantation 49, 1170–1172 (1990).
pubmed: 1694318
pmcid: 2974268
doi: 10.1097/00007890-199006000-00029
Cooper, D. K. C. et al. Report of the Xenotransplantation Advisory Committee of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: the present status of xenotransplantation and its potential role in the treatment of end-stage cardiac and pulmonary diseases. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 19, 1125–1165 (2000).
pubmed: 11124485
doi: 10.1016/S1053-2498(00)00224-2
Platt, J., DiSesa, V., Gail, D. & Massicot-Fisher, J. Recommendations of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Heart and Lung Xenotransplantation Working Group. Circulation 106, 1043–1047 (2002).
pubmed: 12196325
doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000031064.67525.28
Niu, D. et al. Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9. Science 357, 1303–1307 (2017).
pubmed: 28798043
pmcid: 5813284
doi: 10.1126/science.aan4187
Griffith, B. P. et al. Genetically modified porcine-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 387, 35–44 (2022).
pubmed: 35731912
pmcid: 10361070
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2201422
Denner, J. et al. Impact of porcine cytomegalovirus on long-term orthotopic cardiac xenotransplant survival. Sci. Rep. 10, 17531 (2020).
pubmed: 33067513
pmcid: 7568528
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73150-9
NYU Langone Health. Successful Heart Xenotransplant Experiments at NYU Langone Set Protocol for Pig-to-Human Organ Transplants https://nyulangone.org/news/successful-heart-xenotransplant-experiments-nyu-langone-set-protocol-pig-human-organ-transplants (2022).
Schoenrath, F., Falk, V. & Emmert, M. Y. Xenotransplantation in the era of a zoonotic pandemic. Eur. Heart J. 42, 1283–1285 (2021).
pubmed: 33555006
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1101
Pig-to-human transplants take a leap toward reality. Nat. Med. 28, 423 (2022).
doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01770-x
Mann, D. L. When pigs fly what will the future of heart failure therapeutics look like? JACC Basic. Transl. Sci. 7, 745–746 (2022).
pubmed: 35958688
pmcid: 9357572
doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.06.014
Kuehn, B. M. First pig-to-human heart transplant marks a milestone in xenotransplantation. Circulation 145, 1870–1871 (2022).
pubmed: 35728053
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060418
Pierson, R. N. 3rd et al. Progress toward cardiac xenotransplantation. Circulation 142, 1389–1398 (2020).
pubmed: 33017208
pmcid: 7990044
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048186
Chaban, R., Cooper, D. K. C. & Pierson, R. N. 3rd Pig heart and lung xenotransplantation: present status. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 41, 1014–1022 (2022).
pubmed: 35659792
pmcid: 10124776
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.04.010
Reichart, B. et al. Pig-to-non-human primate heart transplantation: the final step toward clinical xenotransplantation? J. Heart Lung Transplant. 39, 751–757 (2020).
pubmed: 32527674
doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.05.004
Farr, M. & Stehlik, J. Heart xenotransplant: a door that is finally opening. Circulation 145, 871–873 (2022).
pubmed: 35080916
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059277