The impact of COVID-19 shelter-in-place policy responses on excess mortality.

COVID-19 pandemic excess deaths non-pharmaceutical interventions shelter-in-place policies

Journal

Health economics
ISSN: 1099-1050
Titre abrégé: Health Econ
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9306780

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
11 2023
Historique:
revised: 24 05 2023
received: 12 10 2022
accepted: 25 06 2023
medline: 4 10 2023
pubmed: 19 7 2023
entrez: 19 7 2023
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

As a way of slowing COVID-19 transmission, many countries and U.S. states implemented shelter-in-place (SIP) policies. However, the effects of SIP policies on public health are a priori ambiguous. Using an event study approach and data from 43 countries and all U.S. states, we measure changes in excess deaths following the implementation of COVID-19 shelter-in-place (SIP) policies. We do not find that countries or U.S. states that implemented SIP policies earlier had lower excess deaths. We do not observe differences in excess deaths before and after the implementation of SIP policies, even when accounting for pre-SIP COVID-19 death rates.

Identifiants

pubmed: 37464737
doi: 10.1002/hec.4737
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

2499-2515

Subventions

Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : K01AG061274
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : R01AG073286
Pays : United States

Informations de copyright

© 2023 RAND Corporation and The Authors. Health Economics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Références

Abaluck, J., Kwong, L. H., Styczynski, A., Haque, A., Kabir, M. A., Jefferys, E. B., Crawford, E., Chung, J. B., Raihan, S., Rahman, S., Benhachmi, S., Bintee, N. Z., Winch, P. J., Hossain, M., Reza, H. M., Jaber, A. A., Momen, S. G., Rahman, A., Banti, F. L., … Mobarak, A. M. (2022). Impact of community masking on COVID-19: A cluster-randomized trial in Bangladesh. Science, 375(6577), eabi9069. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi9069
Ackley, C. A., Lundberg, D. J., Elo, I. T., Preston, S. H., Stokes, A. C., & Stokes, A. C. (2021). County-level estimates of excess mortality associated with COVID-19 in the United States. medRxiv, 23, 21255564. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.23.21255564
Aparicio Fenoll, A., & Grossbard, S. (2020). Intergenerational residence patterns and Covid-19 fatalities in the EU and the US. Economics and Human Biology, 39, 100934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100934
Askitas, N., Tatsiramos, K., & Verheyden, B. (2021). Estimating worldwide effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 incidence and population mobility patterns using a multiple-event study. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1972. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81442-x
Babin, J. J., Foray, M., & Hussey, A. (2021). Shelter-in-Place orders, loneliness, and collaborative behavior. Economics and Human Biology, 43, 101056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101056
Banerjee, A., Alsan, M., Breza, E., Chandrasekhar, A. G., Chowdhury, A., Duflo, E., Goldsmith-Pinkham, P., & Olken, B. A. (2020). Messages on COVID-19 prevention in India increased symptoms reporting and adherence to preventive behaviors among 25 million recipients with similar effects on non-recipient members of their communities. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 27496. Working Paper Series. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27496
Baral, S. D., Mishra, S., Diouf, D., Phanuphak, N., & Dowdy, D. (2020). The public health response to COVID-19: Balancing precaution and unintended consequences. Annals of Epidemiology, 46(June), 12-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.05.001
Bendavid, E., Mulaney, B., Sood, N., Shah, S., Bromley-Dulfano, R., Lai, C., Weissberg, Z., Saavedra-Walker, R., Tedrow, J., Bogan, A., Kupiec, T., Eichner, D., Gupta, R., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Bhattacharya, J. (2021). COVID-19 Antibody seroprevalence in santa clara county, California. International Journal of Epidemiology, 50(2), 410-419. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab010
Bendavid, E., Oh, C., Bhattacharya, J., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2021). Assessing mandatory stay-at-home and business closure effects on the spread of COVID-19. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 51, e13484. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13484
Berry, C. R., Fowler, A., Glazer, T., Handel-Meyer, S., & MacMillen, A. (2021). Evaluating the effects of shelter-in-place policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(15). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019706118
Bisbee, J., and D. Lee. 2020. “Mobility and elite cues: Partisan responses to Covid-19. https://doi.org/10.33774/apsa-2020-76tv9
Cantor, J., Sood, N., Bravata, D. M., Pera, M., & Whaley, C. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and policy response on health care utilization: Evidence from county-level medical claims and cellphone data. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 28131.
Cantor, J., Sood, N., Bravata, D. M., Pera, M., & Whaley, C. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and policy response on health care utilization: Evidence from county-level medical claims and cellphone data. Journal of Health Economics, 82, 102581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2022.102581
Cappa, C., & Jijon, I. (2021). COVID-19 and violence against children: A review of early studies. Child Abuse & Neglect, 116, 105053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105053
Cheibub, J. A., Hong, Ji Y., & Adam, P. (2020). Rights and deaths: Government reactions to the pandemic. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/fte84
Chen, S., Igan, D. O., Pierri, N., & Presbitero, A. F. (2020). Tracking the economic impact of COVID-19 and mitigation policies in Europe and the United States. International Monetary Fund. 2020/125. IMF working papers. IMF working papers. Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/p/imf/imfwpa/2020-125.html
Chen, X., Huang, H., Ju, J., Sun, R., & Zhang, J. (2021). Impact of vaccination on the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from U.S. States. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.08.21256892
Cheng, Y., Ma, N., Witt, C., Rapp, S., Wild, P. S., Andreae, M. O., Ulrich, P., & Su, H. (2021). Face masks effectively limit the probability of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Science, 372(6549), 1439-1443. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg6296
Chikina, M., Pegden, W., & Recht, B. (2022). Re-analysis on the statistical sampling biases of a mask promotion trial in Bangladesh: A statistical replication. Trials, 23, 786. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-022-06704-z
Christie, A., Henley, S. J., Mattocks, L., Fernando, R., Lansky, A., Ahmad, F. B., Adjemian, J., Anderson, R. N., Binder, A. M., Carey, K., Dee, D. L., Dias, T., Duck, W. M., Gaughan, D. M., Lyons, B. C., McNaghten, A., Park, M. M., Reses, H., Rodgers, L., …, & Beach, M. J. (2021). Decreases in COVID-19 cases, emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and deaths among older adults following the introduction of COVID-19 vaccine - United States, september 6, 2020-may 1, 2021. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(23), 858-864. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7023e2
Chu, D. K., ElieAkl, A., Duda, S., Solo, K., Yaacoub, S., Schünemann, H. J., Chu, D. K., El-harakeh, A., Bognanni, A., Lotfi, T., Loeb, M., Hajizadeh, A., Bak, A., Izcovich, A., Cuello-Garcia, C. A., Chen, C., Harris, D. J., Borowiack, E., & Schünemann, H. J. (2020). Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 395(10242), 1973-1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9
Clarke, D., & Schythe, K. T. (2021). Implementing the panel event study. SAGE Publications, 21(4), 853-884. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X211063144
Correia, S., Luck, S., & Verner, E. (2020). Pandemics depress the economy, public health interventions do not: Evidence from the 1918 flu. Social Science Research Network. SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3561560. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3561560
Courtemanche, C., Joseph, G., Le, A., Pinkston, J., & Yelowitz, A. (2020). Strong social distancing measures in the United States reduced the COVID-19 growth rate. Health Affairs, 39(7), 1237-1246. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00608
COVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators. (2022). Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020-21. Lancet (London, England). March, S0140-6736(21)02796-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3
Dave, D., Friedson, A., Matsuzawa, K., Sabia, J. J., & Safford, S. (2022). JUE insight: Were urban cowboys enough to control COVID-19? Local shelter-in-place orders and Coronavirus case growth. Journal of Urban Economics, JUE Insights: COVID-19 and Cities, 127, 103294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2020.103294
Dave, D., Friedson, A. I., Matsuzawa, K., & Sabia, J. J. (2021). When do shelter-in-place orders fight Covid-19 best? Policy heterogeneity across states and adoption time. Economic Inquiry, 59(1), 29-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12944
Dave, D., McNichols, D., & Sabia, J. J. (2021). The contagion externality of a superspreading event: The sturgis motorcycle rally and COVID-19. Southern Economic Journal, 87(3), 769-807. https://doi.org/10.1002/soej.12475
Engler, S., Brunner, P., Loviat, R., Abou-Chadi, T., Leemann, L., Glaser, A., & Kübler, D. (2021). Democracy in times of the pandemic: Explaining the variation of COVID-19 policies across European democracies. West European Politics, 44(5-6), 1077-1102. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2021.1900669
Faust, J. M., Du, C., Dickerson Mayes, K., Li, S.-X., Lin, Z., Barnett, M. L., & Krumholz, H. M. (2021). Mortality from drug overdoses, homicides, unintentional injuries, motor vehicle crashes, and suicides during the pandemic. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.8012
Ge, Y., Zhang, W.-B., Liu, H., Ruktanonchai, C. W., Hu, M., Wu, X., Song, Y., Ruktanonchai, N. W., Yan, W., Cleary, E., Feng, L., Li, Z., Yang, W., Liu, M., Tatem, A. J., Wang, J. F., & Lai, S. (2021). Impacts of worldwide individual non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 transmission across waves and space. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.31.21254702
Giattino, C., Ritchie, H., Roser, M., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Joe, H. (2021). Excess mortality during the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) - statistics and research. Our World in Data. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/excess-mortality-covid
Gilligan, M., Jill Suitor, J., Rurka, M., & Silverstein, M. (2020). Multigenerational social support in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 12(4), 431-447. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12397
Goodman-Bacon, A. (2021). Difference-in-Differences with variation in treatment timing. Journal of Econometrics, 225(2), 254-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2021.03.014
Gupta, S., Cantor, J., Simon, K., Bento, A., Wing, C., & Whaley, C. M. (2021). COVID-19 Mass vaccination associated with 140,000 averted COVID-19 deaths in the United States.
Gupta, S., Hayek, S. S., Wang, W., Chan, L., KusumMathews, S. M. L. M., Brenner, S. K., Brenner, S. K., Leonberg-Yoo, A., Schenck, E. J., Radbel, J., Reiser, J., Bansal, A., Srivastava, A., Zhou, Y., Sutherland, A., Green, A., Shehata, A. M., Goyal, N., Vijayan, A., …, & Ugwuowo, U. (2020). Factors associated with death in critically ill patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the US. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(11), 1436-1447. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3596
Gusmano, M. K., Miller, E. A., Nadash, P., & Simpson, E. J. (2020). Partisanship in initial state responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. World Medical & Health Policy, 12(4), 380-389. https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.372
Haas, E. J., Angulo, F. J., McLaughlin, J. M., Anis, E., Singer, S. R., Khan, F., Brooks, N., Smaja, M., Mircus, G., Pan, K., Southern, J., Swerdlow, D. L., Jodar, L., Levy, Y., & Alroy-Preis, S. (2021). Impact and effectiveness of MRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: An observational study using national surveillance data. The Lancet, 397(10287), 1819-1829. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00947-8
Hale, T., Angrist, N., Goldszmidt, R., Kira, B., Petherick, A., Phillips, T., Webster, S., Cameron-Blake, E., Hallas, L., Majumdar, S., & Tatlow, H. (2021). A global panel Database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 government response tracker). Nature Human Behaviour, 5(4), 529-538. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01079-8
Hale, T., Hallas, L., Hatibie, A., Majumdar, S., & Pyarali, M. (2020). Variation IN US states’ responses to COVID-19. Blavatnik School Working Paper. Retrieved from https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/publications/variation-us-states-responses-covid-19
Heuveline, P. (2022). The dramatic surge of excess mortality in the United States between 2017 and 2021. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.21.22272722
Holland, K. M., Jones, C., AlanaVivolo-Kantor, M., Idaikkadar, N., Zwald, M., Hoots, B., Yard, E., D’Inverno, A., Swedo, E., Chen, M. S., Petrosky, E., Board, A., Martinez, P., Stone, D. M., Law, R., Coletta, M. A., Adjemian, J., Thomas, C., Puddy, R. W., …, & Houry, D. (2021). Trends in US emergency department visits for mental health, overdose, and violence outcomes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(4), 372-379. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4402
Honein, M. A., Christie, A., Rose, D. A., Brooks, J. T., Meaney-Delman, D., Cohn, A., Sauber-Schatz, E. K., Walker, A., McDonald, L. C., Liburd, L. C., Hall, J. E., Fry, A. M., Hall, A. J., Gupta, N., Kuhnert, W. L., Yoon, P. W., Gundlapalli, A. V., Beach, M. J., Walke, H. T., …, & Williams, I. (2020). Summary of guidance for public health strategies to address high levels of community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and related deaths, december 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(49), 1860-1867. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6949e2
Hsu, L.-C., & Henke, A. (2021). COVID-19, staying at home, and domestic violence. Review of Economics of the Household, 19(1), 145-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09526-7
Jalloh, M. F., Zangin Zeebari, S. A. N., Prybylski, D., Nur, A. A., Hakim, A. J., Winters, M., Winters, M., Steinhardt, L. C., Gatei, W., Omer, S. B., Brewer, N. T., & Nordenstedt, H. (2022). Drivers of COVID-19 policy stringency in 175 countries and territories: COVID-19 cases and deaths, gross domestic products per capita, and health expenditures. Journal of Global Health, 12, 05049. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.05049
Jay, J., Jacob, B., Nsoesie, E. O., Lipson, S. K., Jones, D. K., Galea, S., & Raifman, J. (2020). Neighbourhood income and physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(12), 1294-1302. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-00998-2
Jefferson, T., Dooley, L., Ferroni, E., Al-Ansary, L. A., van Driel, M. L., Bawazeer, G. A., Jones, M. A., Hoffmann, T. C., Clark, J., Beller, E. M., Glasziou, P. P., & Conly, J. M. (2023). Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD006207. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub6
Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. (2022). COVID-19 map. Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. Retrieved from https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
Kaufman, B. G., Whitaker, R., Mahendraratnam, N., Hurewitz, S., Yi, J., Smith, V. A., & McClellan, M. (2021). State variation in effects of state social distancing policies on COVID-19 cases. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1239. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11236-3
Kaufman, H. W., Chen, Z., Niles, J., & Fesko, Y. (2020). Changes in the number of US patients with newly identified cancer before and during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 3(8), e2017267. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17267
Kontopantelis, E., Mamas, M. A., Deanfield, J., Asaria, M., & Doran, T. (2021). Excess mortality in England and wales during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 75(3), 213-223. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214764
Krelle, H., Barclay, C., & Tallack, C. (2020). Understanding excess mortality. The Health Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.health.org.uk/news-and-comment/charts-and-infographics/understanding-excess-mortality-the-fairest-way-to-make-international-comparisons 6 May 2020.
Leslie, E., & Wilson, R. (2020). Sheltering in place and domestic violence: Evidence from calls for service during COVID-19. Journal of Public Economics, 189, 104241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104241
Lyu, W., & Wehby, G. L. (2020). Shelter-in-place orders reduced COVID-19 mortality and reduced the rate of growth in hospitalizations. Health Affairs, 39(9), 1615-1623. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00719
Mason, M., Welch, S. B., Arunkumar, P., Post, L. A., & Feinglass, J. M. (2021). Notes from the field: Opioid overdose deaths before, during, and after an 11-week COVID-19 stay-at-home order - Cook county, Illinois, january 1. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(10), 362-363. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7010a3
McBain, R. K., Cantor, J. H., Jena, A. B., Pera, M. F., Bravata, D. M., & Whaley, C. M. (2021). Decline and rebound in routine cancer screening rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 36(6), 1829-1831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06660-5
Michelozzi, P., de’Donato, F., Scortichini, M., Pezzotti, P., Stafoggia, M., De Sario, M., Costa, G., Noccioli, F., Riccardo, F., Bella, A., Demaria, M., Rossi, P., Brusaferro, S., Rezza, G., & Davoli, M. (2020). Temporal dynamics in total excess mortality and COVID-19 deaths in Italian cities. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1238. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09335-8
Mulligan, C. B. (2021). The backward art of slowing the spread? Congregation efficiencies during COVID-19. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working paper 28737 Working Paper Series. https://doi.org/10.3386/w28737
Nguyen, T. D., Gupta, S., Andersen, M., Bento, A., Simon, K. I., & Wing, C. (2020). Impacts of state reopening policy on human mobility. National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. NBER Working Papers. NBER Working Papers https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/27235.html
Patrick, S. W., Henkhaus, L. E., Zickafoose, J. S., Kim, L., Halvorson, A., Loch, S., Letterie, M., & MatthewDavis, M. (2020). Well-being of parents and children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national survey. Pediatrics, 146(4), e2020016824. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-016824
Petterson, S., Westfall, J. M., & Miller, B. F. (2020). Projected deaths of despair during COVID-19. Well Being Trust. Retrieved from https://wellbeingtrust.org/areas-of-focus/policy-and-advocacy/reports/projected-deaths-of-despair-during-covid-19/
Pugh, T., Harris, J., Jarnagin, K., Thiese, M. S., & Hegmann, K. T. (2022). Impacts of the statewide COVID-19 lockdown interventions on excess mortality, unemployment, and employment growth. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 64(9), 726-730. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000002597
Rannan-Eliya, R. P., Prasan, R., Wijemunige, N., Gunawardana, J. R. N. A., Amarasinghe, S. N., Sivagnanam, I., Fonseka, S., Kapuge, Y., & Sigera, C. P. (2021). Increased intensity of PCR testing reduced COVID-19 transmission within countries during the first pandemic wave. Health Affairs, 40(1), 70-81. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01409
Ray, E. L., Wattanachit, N., Niemi, J., Hannan Kanji, A., House, K., Cramer, E. Y., Bracher, J., Zheng, A., Yamana, T. K., Xiong, X., Woody, S., Wang, Y., Wang, L., Walraven, R. L., Tomar, V., Sherratt, K., Sheldon, D., Reiner, R. C., Prakash, B. A., …, & Reich, N. G. (2020). Ensemble forecasts of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the U.S. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.19.20177493
Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E., Beltekian, D., Mathieu, E., Joe, H., Macdonald, B., Giattino, C., Appel, C., Rodés-Guirao, L., & Roser, M. (2020). Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Our World in Data. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus
Sanmarchi, F., Golinelli, D., Lenzi, J., Esposito, F., Angelo, C., Reno, C., & Gibertoni, D. (2021). Exploring the gap between excess mortality and COVID-19 deaths in 67 countries. JAMA Network Open, 4(7), e2117359. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.17359
Singh, S., Shaikh, M., Hauck, K., & Miraldo, M. (2021). Impacts of introducing and lifting nonpharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 daily growth rate and compliance in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(12). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021359118
Sonu, S., Post, S., & Joe, F. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences and the onset of chronic Disease in young adulthood. Preventive Medicine, 123(June), 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.032
Sood, N., Paul, S., Ebner, P., Eichner, D., Reynolds, J., Bendavid, E., & Bhattacharya, J. (2020). Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies among adults in los angeles county, California, on april 10-11, 2020. JAMA, 323(23), 2425-2427. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.8279
Stokes, J. E., & Patterson, S. E. (2020). Intergenerational relationships, family caregiving policy, and COVID-19 in the United States. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 32(4-5), 416-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2020.1770031
Sun, L., & Abraham, S. (2020). Estimating dynamic treatment effects in event studies with heterogeneous treatment effects. Journal of Econometrics, 225(2), 175-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.09.006
The Economist. (2020). The economist’s tracker for covid-19 excess deaths (online). Retrieved from https://github.com/TheEconomist/covid-19-excess-deaths-tracker
Thierry, A. R., Pastor, B., Pisareva, E., Ghiringhelli, F., Bouché, O., De La Fouchardière, C., Vanbockstael, J., Smith, D., Dos Santos, M., Botsen, D., Ellis, S., Fonck, M., André, T., Guardiola, E., Khemissa, F., Linot, B., Martin-Babau, J., Rinaldi, Y., & Mazard, T. (2021). Association of COVID-19 lockdown with the tumor burden in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic colorectal cancer. JAMA Network Open, 4(9), e2124483. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.24483
Velazquez, A. I., Hayward, J. H., Gregory, B., & Dixit, N. (2021). Trends in breast cancer screening in a safety-net hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 4(8), e2119929. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.19929
Weill, J., Stigler, M., Deschenes, O., & Springborn, M. (2021). COVID-19 mobility policies impacts: How credible are difference-in-differences estimates? SSRN scholarly paper ID 3896512. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3896512
Whaley, C. M., Cantor, J., Pera, M., & Jena, A. B. (2021). Assessing the association between social gatherings and COVID-19 risk using birthdays. JAMA Internal Medicine, 181(8), 1090. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2915
Whaley, C. M., Pera, M. F., Cantor, J., Chang, J., Velasco, J., Hagg, H. K., Sood, N., & Bravata, D. M. (2020). Changes in health services use among commercially insured US populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 3(11), e2024984. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.24984
Xie, X., Qi, X., Zhou, Yu, Zhu, K., Qi, L., Zhang, J., & Song, R. (2020). Mental health status among children in home confinement during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak in Hubei province, China. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(9), 898-900. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1619
Xu, D. (2021). Physical mobility under stay-at-home orders: A comparative analysis of movement restrictions between the U.S. And Europe. Economics and Human Biology, 40, 100936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100936
Yanez, N. D., Weiss, N. S., Romand, J.-A., & Treggiari, M. M. (2020). COVID-19 Mortality risk for older men and women. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1742. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09826-8
Ziedan, E., Simon, K. I., & Wing, C. (2020). Effects of state COVID-19 closure policy on NON-COVID-19 health care utilization. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 27621. Working Paper Series. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27621
Ziedan, E., Simon, K. I., & Wing, C. (2022). Mortality effects of healthcare supply shocks: Evidence using linked deaths and electronic health records. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. https://doi.org/10.3386/w30553

Auteurs

Virat Agrawal (V)

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Jonathan Cantor (J)

RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA.

Neeraj Sood (N)

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
National Bureau for Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

Christopher Whaley (C)

RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA.
Department of Health Services, Policy & Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH