Youth violence intervention programme for vulnerable young people attending emergency departments in London: a rapid evaluation.
EVALUATION
INTERVENTION
NHS
VIOLENCE
YOUTH
Journal
Health and social care delivery research
ISSN: 2755-0060
Titre abrégé: Health Soc Care Deliv Res
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9918470788706676
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 2023
07 2023
Historique:
medline:
21
7
2023
pubmed:
20
7
2023
entrez:
20
7
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Youth violence intervention programmes involving the embedding of youth workers in NHS emergency departments to help young people (broadly aged between 11 and 24 years) improve the quality of their lives following their attendance at an emergency department as a result of violent assault or associated trauma are increasing across the NHS. This study evaluates one such initiative run by the charity Redthread in partnership with a NHS trust. To evaluate the implementation and impact of a new youth violence intervention programme at University College London Hospital NHS Trust and delivered by the charity Redthread: (1) literature review of studies of hospital-based violent crime interventions; (2) evaluation of local implementation and of University College London Hospital staff and relevant local stakeholders concerning the intervention and its impact; (3) assessment of the feasibility of using routine secondary care data to evaluate the impact of the Redthread intervention; and (4) cost-effectiveness analysis of the Redthread intervention from the perspective of the NHS. The evaluation was designed as a mixed-methods multiphased study, including an in-depth process evaluation case study and quantitative and economic analyses. The project was undertaken in different stages over two years, starting with desk-based research and an exploratory phase suitable for remote working while COVID-19 was affecting NHS services. A total of 22 semistructured interviews were conducted with staff at Redthread and University College London Hospital and others (e.g. a senior stakeholder involved in NHS youth violence prevention policy). We analysed Redthread documents, engaged with experts and conducted observations of staff meetings to gather more in-depth insights about the effectiveness of the intervention, the processes of implementation, staff perceptions and cost. We also undertook quantitative analyses to ascertain suitable measures of impact to inform stakeholders and future evaluations. Redthread's service was viewed as a necessary intervention, which complemented clinical and other statutory services. It was well embedded in the paediatric emergency department and adolescent services but less so in the adult emergency department. The diverse reasons for individual referrals, the various routes by which young people were identified, and the mix of specific support interventions provided, together emphasised the complexity of this intervention, with consequent challenges in implementation and evaluation. Given the relative unit costs of Redthread and University College London Hospital's inpatient services, it is estimated that the service would break even if around one-third of Redthread interventions resulted in at least one avoided emergency inpatient admission. This evaluation was unable to determine a feasible approach to measuring the quantitative impact of Redthread's youth violence intervention programme but has reflected on data describing the service, including costs, and make recommendations to support future evaluation. The COVID-19 pandemic severely hampered the implementation of the Redthread service and the ability to evaluate it. The strongest options for analysis of effects and costs were not possible due to constraints of the consent process, problems in linking Redthread and University College London Hospital patient data and the relatively small numbers of young people having been engaged for longer-term support over the evaluation period. We have been able to contribute to the qualitative evidence on the implementation of the youth violence intervention programme at University College London Hospital, showing, for example, that NHS staff viewed the service as an important and needed intervention. In the light of problems with routine patient data systems and linkages, we have also been able to reflect on data describing the service, including costs, and made recommendations to support future evaluation. No future work is planned. National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme (RSET: 16/138/17). Youth violence intervention programmes in the NHS embed specialist youth workers into a hospital’s paediatric emergency departments. These staff can engage young people and encourage positive change in their lives. Youth violence intervention programmes are part of a broader national strategy to prevent violence among young people. To improve our knowledge of the impact on young people and the cost-effectiveness of youth violence intervention programmes, we carried out an evaluation of a youth violence intervention programme introduced in 2020 at University College London Hospital and run by the charity Redthread. We reviewed the international evidence on youth violence intervention programmes, and other studies of Redthread services but found few studies measuring impact within the NHS. We reviewed documents and conducted 22 interviews with University College London Hospital and Redthread staff among others. We found that the service is viewed positively by NHS staff. We also found that youth workers can help a young person to better engage in their medical care and treatment. Youth violence intervention programmes also provide a link with non–health-care services within the community. Overall, they help NHS staff to better support vulnerable young people following discharge from hospital. We also established the cost of delivering Redthread services per user was £1865. This compares with a cost per inpatient of £5789 for a group of patients similar to those helped by Redthread. The average cost of a Redthread-type patient attending the emergency department was £203. We looked at whether it was possible to measure whether Redthread reduced young people’s re-admissions to the hospital’s emergency departments. However, we concluded that fully answering this question was not possible over the timescale of the project. This was because of the impact of COVID-19 on Redthread and other paediatric services, the low numbers of young people engaged in a longer-term programme with Redthread (59) and difficulties with linking information from the hospital and Redthread. We have therefore made various recommendations in this report to improve the way that data are collected and linked to aid future evaluations.
Sections du résumé
Background
Youth violence intervention programmes involving the embedding of youth workers in NHS emergency departments to help young people (broadly aged between 11 and 24 years) improve the quality of their lives following their attendance at an emergency department as a result of violent assault or associated trauma are increasing across the NHS. This study evaluates one such initiative run by the charity Redthread in partnership with a NHS trust.
Objectives
To evaluate the implementation and impact of a new youth violence intervention programme at University College London Hospital NHS Trust and delivered by the charity Redthread: (1) literature review of studies of hospital-based violent crime interventions; (2) evaluation of local implementation and of University College London Hospital staff and relevant local stakeholders concerning the intervention and its impact; (3) assessment of the feasibility of using routine secondary care data to evaluate the impact of the Redthread intervention; and (4) cost-effectiveness analysis of the Redthread intervention from the perspective of the NHS.
Methods
The evaluation was designed as a mixed-methods multiphased study, including an in-depth process evaluation case study and quantitative and economic analyses. The project was undertaken in different stages over two years, starting with desk-based research and an exploratory phase suitable for remote working while COVID-19 was affecting NHS services. A total of 22 semistructured interviews were conducted with staff at Redthread and University College London Hospital and others (e.g. a senior stakeholder involved in NHS youth violence prevention policy). We analysed Redthread documents, engaged with experts and conducted observations of staff meetings to gather more in-depth insights about the effectiveness of the intervention, the processes of implementation, staff perceptions and cost. We also undertook quantitative analyses to ascertain suitable measures of impact to inform stakeholders and future evaluations.
Results
Redthread's service was viewed as a necessary intervention, which complemented clinical and other statutory services. It was well embedded in the paediatric emergency department and adolescent services but less so in the adult emergency department. The diverse reasons for individual referrals, the various routes by which young people were identified, and the mix of specific support interventions provided, together emphasised the complexity of this intervention, with consequent challenges in implementation and evaluation. Given the relative unit costs of Redthread and University College London Hospital's inpatient services, it is estimated that the service would break even if around one-third of Redthread interventions resulted in at least one avoided emergency inpatient admission. This evaluation was unable to determine a feasible approach to measuring the quantitative impact of Redthread's youth violence intervention programme but has reflected on data describing the service, including costs, and make recommendations to support future evaluation.
Limitations
The COVID-19 pandemic severely hampered the implementation of the Redthread service and the ability to evaluate it. The strongest options for analysis of effects and costs were not possible due to constraints of the consent process, problems in linking Redthread and University College London Hospital patient data and the relatively small numbers of young people having been engaged for longer-term support over the evaluation period.
Conclusions
We have been able to contribute to the qualitative evidence on the implementation of the youth violence intervention programme at University College London Hospital, showing, for example, that NHS staff viewed the service as an important and needed intervention. In the light of problems with routine patient data systems and linkages, we have also been able to reflect on data describing the service, including costs, and made recommendations to support future evaluation.
Future work
No future work is planned.
Funding
National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme (RSET: 16/138/17).
Youth violence intervention programmes in the NHS embed specialist youth workers into a hospital’s paediatric emergency departments. These staff can engage young people and encourage positive change in their lives. Youth violence intervention programmes are part of a broader national strategy to prevent violence among young people. To improve our knowledge of the impact on young people and the cost-effectiveness of youth violence intervention programmes, we carried out an evaluation of a youth violence intervention programme introduced in 2020 at University College London Hospital and run by the charity Redthread. We reviewed the international evidence on youth violence intervention programmes, and other studies of Redthread services but found few studies measuring impact within the NHS. We reviewed documents and conducted 22 interviews with University College London Hospital and Redthread staff among others. We found that the service is viewed positively by NHS staff. We also found that youth workers can help a young person to better engage in their medical care and treatment. Youth violence intervention programmes also provide a link with non–health-care services within the community. Overall, they help NHS staff to better support vulnerable young people following discharge from hospital. We also established the cost of delivering Redthread services per user was £1865. This compares with a cost per inpatient of £5789 for a group of patients similar to those helped by Redthread. The average cost of a Redthread-type patient attending the emergency department was £203. We looked at whether it was possible to measure whether Redthread reduced young people’s re-admissions to the hospital’s emergency departments. However, we concluded that fully answering this question was not possible over the timescale of the project. This was because of the impact of COVID-19 on Redthread and other paediatric services, the low numbers of young people engaged in a longer-term programme with Redthread (59) and difficulties with linking information from the hospital and Redthread. We have therefore made various recommendations in this report to improve the way that data are collected and linked to aid future evaluations.
Autres résumés
Type: plain-language-summary
(eng)
Youth violence intervention programmes in the NHS embed specialist youth workers into a hospital’s paediatric emergency departments. These staff can engage young people and encourage positive change in their lives. Youth violence intervention programmes are part of a broader national strategy to prevent violence among young people. To improve our knowledge of the impact on young people and the cost-effectiveness of youth violence intervention programmes, we carried out an evaluation of a youth violence intervention programme introduced in 2020 at University College London Hospital and run by the charity Redthread. We reviewed the international evidence on youth violence intervention programmes, and other studies of Redthread services but found few studies measuring impact within the NHS. We reviewed documents and conducted 22 interviews with University College London Hospital and Redthread staff among others. We found that the service is viewed positively by NHS staff. We also found that youth workers can help a young person to better engage in their medical care and treatment. Youth violence intervention programmes also provide a link with non–health-care services within the community. Overall, they help NHS staff to better support vulnerable young people following discharge from hospital. We also established the cost of delivering Redthread services per user was £1865. This compares with a cost per inpatient of £5789 for a group of patients similar to those helped by Redthread. The average cost of a Redthread-type patient attending the emergency department was £203. We looked at whether it was possible to measure whether Redthread reduced young people’s re-admissions to the hospital’s emergency departments. However, we concluded that fully answering this question was not possible over the timescale of the project. This was because of the impact of COVID-19 on Redthread and other paediatric services, the low numbers of young people engaged in a longer-term programme with Redthread (59) and difficulties with linking information from the hospital and Redthread. We have therefore made various recommendations in this report to improve the way that data are collected and linked to aid future evaluations.
Types de publication
Systematic Review
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1-122Subventions
Organisme : Department of Health
ID : NIHR133641
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Department of Health
ID : 16/138/17
Pays : United Kingdom
Références
Office for National Statistics. Offences involving the use of weapons: data tables; year ending March 2021. URL: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/datasets/offencesinvolvingtheuseofweaponsdatatables (accessed 22 June 2021).
Allen G, Harding, M. Knife Crime in England and Wales. Research Briefing CP4304. London: House of Commons Library; 2021.
Johnson SB, Bradshaw CP, Wright JL, Haynie DL, Simons-Morton BG, Cheng TL. Characterizing the teachable moment: is an emergency department visit a teachable moment for intervention among assault-injured youth and their parents? Pediatr Emerg Care 2007;23:553–9.
Dowd MD. Consequences of violence. Premature death, violence recidivism, and violent criminality. Pediatr Clin North Am 1998;45:333–40. http://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70009-2
doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70009-2
Snider C, Lee J. Youth violence secondary prevention initiatives in emergency departments: a systematic review. CJEM 2009;11:161–8. http://doi.org/10.1017/s1481803500011131
doi: 10.1017/s1481803500011131
Cheng TL, Johnson S, Wright JL, Pearson-Fields AS, Brenner R, Schwarz D, et al. Assault-injured adolescents presenting to the emergency department: causes and circumstances. Acad Emerg Med 2006;13:610–16. http://doi.org/10.1197/j.aem.2006.01.011
doi: 10.1197/j.aem.2006.01.011
Vulliamy P, Faulkner M, Kirkwood G, West A, O’Neill B, Griffiths MP, et al. Temporal and geographic patterns of stab injuries in young people: a retrospective cohort study from a UK major trauma centre. BMJ Open 2018;8:e023114. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023114
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023114
World Health Organization Department of Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability. Violence and Injuries 2006–2007 Biennial Report. Geneva: WHO; 2008.
Scottish Government. Violence including knife crime; 2019. URL: https://www.gov.scot/policies/crime-prevention-and-reduction/violence-knife-crime (accessed 13 April 2019).
NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde. Navigator Project 2019. URL: https://www.nhsggc.org.uk/about-us/professional-support-sites/gri-ed/navigator (accessed 13 April 2019).
Cheng TL, Haynie D, Brenner R, Wright JL, Chung SE, Simons-Morton B. Effectiveness of a mentor-implemented, violence prevention intervention for assault-injured youths presenting to the emergency department: results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2008;122:938–46. http://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2096
doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-2096
Mikhail JN, Nemeth LS. Trauma center based youth violence prevention programs: an integrative review. Trauma Violence Abuse 2016;17:500–19. http://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015584373
doi: 10.1177/1524838015584373
Bernstein J, Dorfman D, Lunstead J, Topp D, Mamata H, Jaffer S, Bernstein E. Reaching adolescents for prevention: the role of pediatric emergency department health promotion advocates. Pediatr Emerg Care 2017;33:223–9. http://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000000662
doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000662
Wortley E, Hagell A. Young victims of youth violence: using youth workers in the emergency department to facilitate ‘teachable moments’ and to improve access to services. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract 2021;106:53–9.
Greater London Authority. London’s Violence Reduction Unit. 2019. URL: https://www.london.gov.uk/content/londons-violence-reduction-unit (accessed 22 January 2020).
Mayor of London. Our Vision for London: The next steps on our journey to becoming the healthiest global city. 2019. URL: https://www.england.nhs.uk/london/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/London-Vision-2019-FULL-VERSION-1.pdf (accessed 22 January 2020).
NHS England – London. Violence Reduction. 2022. URL: https://www.england.nhs.uk/london/london-clinical-networks/our-networks/violence-reduction (accessed 22 April 2022).
NHS England and Improvement; Royal College of Nursing. In-Hospital Violence Reduction Services: A Guide to Effective Implementation. London: NHS England; 2022.
Redthread. About Us. 2019. URL: https://www.redthread.org.uk/about-us (accessed 22 January 2020).
Weishmann H, Davies M, Sugg O, Davis S, Ruda S. Violence in London: What we Know and How to Respond. London: Behavioural Insights Team; 2020.
Appleby J, Ledger J, Georghiou T, Sherlaw-Johnson C, Frerich J, Tomini SM. An evaluation of the implementation, effectiveness and cost effectiveness of a youth violence intervention programme for vulnerable young people (11–24 years) attending emergency departments in London. Protocol Version 11, 30 April 2021. URL: https://fundingawards.nihr.ac.uk/award/NIHR133641 (accessed 15 March 2022).
Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien K, Colquhoun H, Kastner M, et al. A scoping review on the conduct and reporting of scoping reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol 2016;16:15. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-016-0116-4
doi: 10.1186/s12874-016-0116-4
Skivington K, Matthews L, Simpson SA, Craig P, Baird J, Blazeby JM, et al. A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: update of Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ 2021;374:n2061. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2061
doi: 10.1136/bmj.n2061
Barratt H, Campbell M, Moore L, Zwarenstein M, Bower P. Essay 2: Randomised controlled trials of complex interventions and large-scale transformation of services. Health Serv Deliv Res 4(16):19–35. http://doi.org/10.3310/hsdr04160-19
doi: 10.3310/hsdr04160-19
Moore GF, Audrey S, Barker M, Bond L, Bonell C, Hardeman W, et al. Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ 2015;350:h1258. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h1258
doi: 10.1136/bmj.h1258
Mayor of London Office for Policing and Crime. Review of the Metropolitan Police Service Gangs Matrix. London: Office of the London Mayor; 2018. URL: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gangs_matrix_review_-_final.pdf (accessed 22 January 2020).
Bellis MA, Hughes K, Ford K, Edwards S, Sharples O, Hardcastle K, Wood S. Does adult alcohol consumption combine with adverse childhood experiences to increase involvement in violence in men and women? A cross-sectional study in England and Wales. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020591. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020591
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020591
Barnardo’s. Children excluded from school ‘are at risk of knife crime’. 2018. News item.
Smith N. Back to School? Breaking the link between school exclusions and knife crime. London: All-Party Parliamentary Group on Knife Crime; 2019. URL: http://www.preventknifecrime.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/APPG-on-Knife-Crime-Back-to-School-exclusions-report-FINAL.pdf (accessed 22 January 2020).
Kawachi I, Kennedy BP, Wilkinson RG. Crime: social disorganization and relative deprivation. Soc Sci Med 1999;48:719–31. http://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00400-6
doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00400-6
Home Office. Stop and search; 2019. URL: https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/crime-justice-and-the-law/policing/stop-and-search/latest (accessed 22 January 2020).
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol 2021;134:178–89. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001
doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001
Bellis MA, Hughes K, Perkins C, Bennett A. Protecting People, Promoting Health: A public health approach to violence prevention for England. Liverpool: Centre for Public Health; 2012. URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/216977/Violence-prevention.pdf (accessed 16 June 2021).
Sethi S, Hughes K, Bellis M, Mitis F, Racioppi F. European report on preventing violence and knife crime among young people. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2010. URL: https://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/european-report-on-preventing-violence-and-knife-crime-among-young-people (accessed 17 January 2020).
Aos S, Miller M, Drake E. Evidence-based public policy options to reduce future prison construction, criminal justice costs, and crime rates. Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy; 2006.
Knapp M, McDaid D, Parsonage M. Mental health promotion and mental illness prevention: the economic case. LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 32311; 2011. URL: https://www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/publications/mental-health-promotion-and-mental-illness-prevention-economic-case (accessed 24 February 2023).
Purshouse R, Brennan A, Latimer N, Meng Y, Rafia R. Modelling to Assess the Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Public Health Related Strategies and Interventions to Reduce Alcohol Attributable Harm in England Using the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model Version 2.0. Report to the NICE Public Health Programme Development Group. Sheffield: University of Sheffield; 2009. URL: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph24/evidence/economic-modelling-report-371533357 (accessed 20 January 2020).
Kypri K, Jones C, McElduff P, Barker D. Effects of restricting pub closing times on night-time assaults in an Australian city. Addiction 2011;106:303–10. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03125.x.
doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03125.x
Boyd F, Bermingham R. Early Interventions to Reduce Violent Crime. Postnote No. 599. London: Houses of Parliament, Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology; 2019. URL: https://post.parliament.uk/research-briefings/post-pn-0599 (accessed 20 January 2020).
Cummings C, Todd E, Dyson A, Muijs D, Papps I, Pearson D, et al. Evaluation of the full service extended schools initiative. DfES Research Brief and Report No. 852. Nottingham: Department for Education and Skills; 2007.
James-Burdumy S, Dynarski M, Moore M, Deke J, Mansfield W, Pistorino C, et al. When Schools Stay Open Late: The National Evaluation of the 21st Century Community Learning Centers Program. Final Report. Washington DC: US Department of Education; 2004.
Foubert JD. The longitudinal effects of a rape-prevention program on fraternity men’s attitudes, behavioral intent, and behavior. J Am Coll Health 2000;48:158–63. http://doi.org/10.1080/07448480009595691
doi: 10.1080/07448480009595691
Wellings K, Macdowall W. Evaluating mass media approaches to health promotion: a review of methods. Health Educ 2000;100(1):23–32.
Home Office. Live #knifefree. #knifefree. URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/home-office-launches-anti-knife-crime-campaign (accessed 27 February 2023).
O’Connor RM, Waddell S. What Works to Prevent Gang Involvement, Youth Violence and Crime. A Rapid Review of Interventions Delivered in the UK and Abroad. London: Early Intervention Foundation; 2015.
Lipsey MW. The primary factors that characterize effective interventions with juvenile offenders: a meta-analytic overview. Victims Offenders 2009;4:124–47.
Sawyer AM, Borduin CM. Effects of multisystemic therapy through midlife: a 21.9-year follow-up to a randomized clinical trial with serious and violent juvenile offenders. J Consult Clin Psychol 2011;79:643–52.
Butler S, Baruch G, Hickey N, Fonagy P. A randomized controlled trial of multisystemic therapy and a statutory therapeutic intervention for young offenders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011;50:1220–35.e2. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.09.017
doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.09.017
Mawson AR, Lapsley PM, Hoffman AM, Guignard JC. Preventing lethal violence in schools: the case for entry-based weapons screening. J Health Polit Policy Law 2002;27:243–60. http://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-27-2-243
doi: 10.1215/03616878-27-2-243
House of Commons. Home Affairs Committee Seventh Report: Knife Crime. London: Stationery Office; 2009. URL: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmhaff/112/11202.htm (accessed 21 January 2020).
Bleetman A, Perry C, Crawford R, Swann I. Effect of Strathclyde police initiative’ Operation Blade’ on accident and emergency attendances due to assault. Emerg Med J 1997;14:153–6.
Jütersonke O, Muggah R, Rodgers D. Gangs, urban violence, and security interventions in Central America. Security Dialogue 2009;40:373–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010609343298
Cheng TL, Wright JL, Markakis D, Copeland-Linder N, Menvielle E. Randomized trial of a case management program for assault-injured youth: impact on service utilization and risk for reinjury. Pediatr Emerg Care 2008;24:130–6. http://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181666f72.
doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181666f72
Marcelle DR, Melzer-Lange MD. Project UJIMA: working together to make things right. WMJ 2001;100:22–5.
Becker MG, Hall JS, Ursic CM, Jain S, Calhoun D. Caught in the Crossfire: the effects of a peer-based intervention program for violently injured youth. J Adolesc Health 2004;34:177–83. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.04.001
doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.04.001
Shibru D, Zahnd E, Becker M, Bekaert N, Calhoun D, Victorino GP. Benefits of a hospital-based peer intervention program for violently injured youth. J Am Coll Surg 2007;205:684–9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.05.029
doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.05.029
Bell TM, Gilyan D, Moore BA, Martin J, Ogbemudia B, McLaughlin BE, et al. Long-term evaluation of a hospital-based violence intervention program using a regional health information exchange. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2018;84:175–82. http://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001671
doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000001671
Bernardin ME, Moen J, Schnadower D. Factors associated with pediatric firearm injury and enrollment in a violence intervention program. J Pediatr Surg 2021;56:754–9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.06.025
doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.06.025
Borthwell RM, Olanrewaju S, Putnam BA, Kim DY, Chong VE. Recovery of pediatric patients after firearm injury: can health systems do more? Am Surg 2021;87:1644–50. http://doi.org/10.1177/00031348211024227
doi: 10.1177/00031348211024227
Carter PM, Walton MA, Zimmerman MA, Chermack ST, Roche JS, Cunningham RM. Efficacy of a universal brief intervention for violence among urban emergency department youth. Acad Emerg Med 2016;23:1061–70.
Cunningham RM, Chermack ST, Zimmerman MA, Shope JT, Bingham CR, Blow FC, Walton MA. Brief motivational interviewing intervention for peer violence and alcohol use in teens: one-year follow-up. Pediatrics 2012;129:1083–90.
Cunningham RM, Whiteside LK, Chermack ST, Zimmerman MA, Shope JT, Raymond Bingham C, et al. Dating violence: outcomes following a brief motivational interviewing intervention among at-risk adolescents in an urban emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2013;20:562–9.
Ehrlich PF, Roche JS, Cunningham RM, Chermack ST, Carter PM, Booth BM, et al. Underage drinking, brief interventions, and trauma patients: are they really special? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016;81:149–55.
Jacob H, Travers C, Hann G. Hospital youth workers for violence reduction. Arch Dis Child 2020;106:501–3. http://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-318917
doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-318917
Lumba-Brown A, Batek M, Choi P, Keller M, Kennedy R. Mentoring pediatric victims of interpersonal violence reduces recidivism. J Interpers Violence 2020;35:4262–75. http://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517705662
doi: 10.1177/0886260517705662
Purtle J, Rich LJ, Bloom SL, Rich JA, Corbin TJ. Cost-benefit analysis simulation of a hospital-based violence intervention program. Am J Prev Med 2015;48:162–9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.030
doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.030
Ranney ML, Pittman SK, Dunsiger S, Guthrie KM, Spirito A, Boyer EW, Cunningham RM. Emergency department text messaging for adolescent violence and depression prevention: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Psychol Serv 2018;15:419–28. http://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000193
doi: 10.1037/ser0000193
Sharp AL, Prosser LA, Walton M, Blow FC, Chermack ST, Zimmerman MA, Cunningham R. Cost analysis of youth violence prevention. Pediatrics 2014;133:448–53. http://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1615
doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-1615
Snider CE, Jiang D, Logsetty S, Chernomas W, Mordoch E, Cochrane C, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of a hospital-based violence intervention program on reducing repeat violent injury in youth: a randomized control trial. CJEM 2020;22:313–20. http://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2019.406
doi: 10.1017/cem.2019.406
Watkins J, Scoggins N, Cheaton BM, Nimmer M, Levas MN, Baumer-Mouradian SH, Melzer-Lange MD. Assessing improvements in emergency department referrals to a hospital-based violence intervention program. Inj Epidemiol 2021;8:44. http://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-021-00333-x
doi: 10.1186/s40621-021-00333-x
Zatzick D, Russo J, Lord SP, Varley C, Wang J, Berliner L, et al. Collaborative care intervention targeting violence risk behaviors, substance use, and posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in injured adolescents: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2014;168:532–9. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4784
doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4784
James TL, Bibi S, Langlois BK, Dugan E, Mitchell PM. Boston Violence Intervention Advocacy Program: a qualitative study of client experiences and perceived effect. Acad Emerg Med 2014;21:742–51. http://doi.org/10.1111/acem.12409
doi: 10.1111/acem.12409
Walton MA, Chermack ST, Shope JT, Bingham CR, Zimmerman MA, Blow FC, Cunningham RM. Effects of a brief intervention for reducing violence and alcohol misuse among adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;304:527–35.
Russell K. What Works to Prevent Youth Violence: A Summary of the Evidence. Social Research Series. Edinburgh: Scottish Government; 2021.
Maxwell N, Corliss C. Good Practice in Youth Violence Prevention: A Mapping and Horizon Scanning Review. Cardiff: Children's Social Care Research and Development Centre; 2020.
Boyle AA, Snelling K, White L, Ariel B, Ashelford L. External validation of the Cardiff model of information sharing to reduce community violence: natural experiment. Emerg Med J 2013;30:1020–3. http://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2012-201898
doi: 10.1136/emermed-2012-201898
Mercer Kollar LM, Sumner SA, Bartholow B, Wu DT, Moore JC, Mays EW, et al. Building capacity for injury prevention: a process evaluation of a replication of the Cardiff Violence Prevention Programme in the Southeastern USA. Inj Prev 2020;26:221–8. http://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2018-043127
doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2018-043127
Shrotri M. Serious Youth Violence in Lambeth: Evidence Review. London: Public Health Team London Borough of Lambeth; 2019.
Poyton J. Redthread’s hospital-based Youth Violence Intervention Programme in the Midlands. Health Foundation. URL: https://www.health.org.uk/improvement-projects/implementation-of-redthread%E2%80%99s-hospital-based-youth-violence-intervention (accessed 29 September 2022).
Miller P, Clark A. Redthread YVIP Adoption and Spread: Final Report. London: Health Foundation; 2020. URL: https://www.dreeam.ac.uk/redthread-yvip-adoption-and-spread-report (accessed 20 January 2021).
Redthread. Promising results from the evaluation of our YVIP Programme. 24 March 2017. URL: https://www.redthread.org.uk/evaluation-yvip-programme (Accessed 29 September 2022).
Youth Endowment Fund. Redthread: About the project – Youth Violence Intervention Programme. URL: https://youthendowmentfund.org.uk/funding/who-we-fund/redthread (accessed 29 September 2022).
Booth S. Night of violence which claimed two young lives. Camden New J. 14 March 2019. URL: https://www.camdennewjournal.co.uk/article/night-of-violence-which-claimed-two-young-lives (accessed 15 June 2021).
St Giles. SOS joins the Royal London Major Trauma Centre. 2022. URL: https://www.stgilestrust.org.uk/sos-%E2%80%8Djoin%E2%80%8Ds-the-royal-london-major-trauma-centre (accessed 1 May 2022).
NHS London North West University Healthcare. A&E helps tackle youth violence. 27 September 2020. URL: https://www.lnwh.nhs.uk/news/ae-helps-tackle-youth-violence-2182 (accessed 22 September 2020).
Freud A. AMBIT in a nutshell. 2018. URL: https://manuals.annafreud.org/ambit-static/ambit-in-a-nutshell (accessed 20 September 2021).
Redthread. Redthread Hospital-Based Violence Intervention Programme, Youth Worker Manual. London: Redthread: 2019.
King B. Redthread YVIP ‘Theory of Change’. Appendix 1. In Miller P, Clark A. Redthread YVIP Adoption and Spread: Final Report. London: Health Foundation; 2020. p. 72.
Nolte E. How do we Ensure that Innovation in Health Service Delivery and Organization is Implemented, Sustained and Spread? Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2018.
NHS Digital. ISB1594: Information Sharing to Tackle Violence Minimum Dataset. 2014 URL: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/information-standards/information-standards-and-data-collections-including-extractions/publications-and-notifications/standards-and-collections/isb1594-information-sharing-to-tackle-violence-minimum-dataset (accessed 20 January 2020).
Beaumont-Griffin L. Service Evaluation of a Youth Violence Intervention Programme. MSc dissertation. London: Kingston University; 2018/2019.
NPC Associates. St Mary’s Hospital Youth Violence Intervention Project Year 2 Evaluation Report Executive Summary. London: NPC Associates; 2017. https://www.redthread.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/YVIP-2nd-year-Exec-summary-NPC-Associates-240217-final.pdf (accessed 23 February 2023).
Dickson EA BL, Brooks A. Evaluation of the Redthread Youth Violence Intervention Programme at the East Midlands Major Trauma Centre: An Analysis of Impact on Re-injury and Re-attendance Rates. 2021. URL: https://www.redthread.org.uk/impact (accessed 23 February 2023).
Nuffield Trust. A&E waiting times quality watch indicator. URL: https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/resource/a-e-waiting-times (accessed 01 February 2022).
Malik NS, Munoz B, de Courcey C, Imran R, Lee KC, Chernbumroong S, et al. Violence-related knife injuries in a UK city; epidemiology and impact on secondary care resources. EClinicalMedicine 2020;20:100296. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100296
doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100296
Lam C, Aylwin C, Khan M. Are paediatric stabbings in London related to socioeconomic status? Trauma 2018;21:310–6. http://doi.org/10.1177/1460408618789967
doi: 10.1177/1460408618789967
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Community indicators of health-related quality of life: United States, 1993–1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2000;49(13):281–5.
Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW, O’Brien BJ, Stoddart GL. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programme. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
Brazier J, Ratcliffe J, Salomon J, A. T. Measuring and Valuing Health Benefits for Economic Evaluation. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007.
Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Claxton K, Stoddart GL, Torrance GW. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015.
Greenhalgh T. How to read a paper. Papers that tell you what things cost (economic analyses). BMJ 1997;315:596–9. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7108.596
doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7108.596
Office for National Statistics. Consumer price inflation, UK. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/bulletins/consumerpriceinflation/january2022 (accessed 22 January 2020).
Heeks M, Reed S, Tafsiri M, Prince S. The Economic and Social Costs of Crime. 2nd ed. Research Report 99. London: Home Office; 2018.
Butchart A, Mikton C, Dahlberg LL, Krug EG. Global status report on violence prevention 2014. Inj Prev 2015;21:213. http://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041640
doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041640
Jones L, Bigland C, Quigg Z. Costs of Violence in Healthcare Systems in Wales. A report for the Wales Violence Prevention Unit. Liverpool: Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University; 2020.
Christensen MC, Nielsen TG, Ridley S, Lecky FE, Morris S. Outcomes and costs of penetrating trauma injury in England and Wales. Injury 2008;39:1013–25. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2008.01.012
doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2008.01.012
Cowey A, Mitchell P, Gregory J, Maclennan I, Pearson R. A review of 187 gunshot wound admissions to a teaching hospital over a 54-month period: training and service implications. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2004;86:104–7. http://doi.org/10.1308/003588404322827482
doi: 10.1308/003588404322827482
Riley P. Redthread’s Youth Violence Intervention Programme: A cost benefit analysis and case for scaling across hospital emergency department locations. Outcomes UK; 2020.
Aboutanos MB, Jordan A, Cohen R, Foster RL, Goodman K, Halfond RW, et al. Brief violence interventions with community case management services are effective for high-risk trauma patients. J Trauma 2011;71:228–36; discussion 236. http://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31821e0c86
doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31821e0c86
Herbert A, Gilbert R, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, Li L. Violence, self-harm and drug or alcohol misuse in adolescents admitted to hospitals in England for injury: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2015;5:e006079. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006079
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006079
World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014. Geneva; WHO; 2020.
Youth Endowment Fund. The Youth Endowment Fund announces an £18 million investment in alternatives to arrest, conviction and custody for children. 2021. URL: https://youthendowmentfund.org.uk/news/the-youth-endowment-fund-announces-an-18-million-investment-in-alternatives-to-arrest-conviction-and-custody-for-children/#:~:text=Search%20for%3A-,The%20Youth%20Endowment%20Fund%20announces%20an%20%C2%A318%20million%20investment,by%20giving%20them%20another%20chance (accessed 30 September 2021).
Redthread. Youth Violence Intervention Programme (YVIP) Theory of Change. London: Redthread; 2022.