Chinese Railroad Workers, the Transcontinental Railroad, and the Indispensability of Immigration to America.

Asian migration to America began with Chinese railroad workers on the transcontinental railroad (1862-1869). Their labor saved the foundering Central Pacific Railroad, challenged by building a rail line through the Sierra Nevada. By mid-1864 only 50 miles of track had been laid, grueling work that dissuaded its white workforce from going any further. To save the railroad 50 Cantonese workers were hired in early 1864 from neighboring mines to lay rail through forests, canyons, and granite mountains. High explosives, rockslides, cave-ins, and winter avalanches were constant dangers. The trial worked so well that thousands of Chinese joined the effort, many from the rural districts surrounding Guangzhou (Canton). The wages, less than half of that paid to white workers, were beyond the imaginations of subsistence farmers escaping abject poverty, plague, and famine. A good proportion of their earnings were remitted to families back home. As many as 20,000 may have worked on the railway. The death toll was staggering, estimated in the thousands. After Promontory Summit in 1869, Chinese were in great demand, building scores of rail lines throughout the country and Canada. Just 13 years later rising anti-Asian sentiment led to the passage of the Chinese Restriction Act of 1882 that for the first time barred a racial group from American shores. But they opened America to Asian immigrants that includes today's Asian surgical community, which owes its present-day success to the hardworking forebears that created a global country with ribbons of steel rail.