Strategies and challenges to enhance commercial viability of algal biorefineries for biofuel production.

The rise in energy consumption would quadruple in the coming century and the, existing energy resources might be insufficient to meet the demand of the growing population. An alternative and sustainable energy resource is therefore needed to address the fossil fuel deficiency. The utility of microalgae strains in the aspect of biorefinery has been in research for quite some time. Algal biorefinery is an alternate way of renewable energy however even after decades of research it still suffers from commercialization bottlenecks. The current manuscript reviews the scenarios where the innovation needs an ignition for its commercialization. This review discusses the prospects of up-scale cultivation, and harvesting algal biomass for biorefineries. It narrates algal biorefinery hurdles that can be solved using integrated technology approach, life cycle assessment and applications of nanotechnology. The review also sheds light upon the ties of algal biorefineries with its economic viability.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.