European Academy of Neurology guidelines on the treatment of cluster headache.
TAC
cluster headache
guideline
treatment
trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia
Journal
European journal of neurology
ISSN: 1468-1331
Titre abrégé: Eur J Neurol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9506311
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
10 2023
10 2023
Historique:
revised:
22
06
2023
received:
21
03
2023
accepted:
23
06
2023
medline:
8
9
2023
pubmed:
29
7
2023
entrez:
29
7
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Cluster headache is a relatively rare, disabling primary headache disorder with a major impact on patients' quality of life. This work presents evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of cluster headache derived from a systematic review of the literature and consensus among a panel of experts. The databases PubMed (Medline), Science Citation Index, and Cochrane Library were screened for studies on the efficacy of interventions (last access July 2022). The findings in these studies were evaluated according to the recommendations of the European Academy of Neurology, and the level of evidence was established using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation). For the acute treatment of cluster headache attacks, there is a strong recommendation for oxygen (100%) with a flow of at least 12 L/min over 15 min and 6 mg subcutaneous sumatriptan. Prophylaxis of cluster headache attacks with verapamil at a daily dose of at least 240 mg (maximum dose depends on efficacy and tolerability) is recommended. Corticosteroids are efficacious in cluster headache. To reach an effect, the use of at least 100 mg prednisone (or equivalent corticosteroid) given orally or at up to 500 mg iv per day over 5 days is recommended. Lithium, topiramate, and galcanezumab (only for episodic cluster headache) are recommended as alternative treatments. Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation is efficacious in episodic but not chronic cluster headache. Greater occipital nerve block is recommended, but electrical stimulation of the greater occipital nerve is not recommended due to the side effect profile.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Cluster headache is a relatively rare, disabling primary headache disorder with a major impact on patients' quality of life. This work presents evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of cluster headache derived from a systematic review of the literature and consensus among a panel of experts.
METHODS
The databases PubMed (Medline), Science Citation Index, and Cochrane Library were screened for studies on the efficacy of interventions (last access July 2022). The findings in these studies were evaluated according to the recommendations of the European Academy of Neurology, and the level of evidence was established using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation).
RECOMMENDATIONS
For the acute treatment of cluster headache attacks, there is a strong recommendation for oxygen (100%) with a flow of at least 12 L/min over 15 min and 6 mg subcutaneous sumatriptan. Prophylaxis of cluster headache attacks with verapamil at a daily dose of at least 240 mg (maximum dose depends on efficacy and tolerability) is recommended. Corticosteroids are efficacious in cluster headache. To reach an effect, the use of at least 100 mg prednisone (or equivalent corticosteroid) given orally or at up to 500 mg iv per day over 5 days is recommended. Lithium, topiramate, and galcanezumab (only for episodic cluster headache) are recommended as alternative treatments. Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation is efficacious in episodic but not chronic cluster headache. Greater occipital nerve block is recommended, but electrical stimulation of the greater occipital nerve is not recommended due to the side effect profile.
Substances chimiques
Sumatriptan
8R78F6L9VO
Oxygen
S88TT14065
Types de publication
Review
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
2955-2979Informations de copyright
© 2023 The Authors. European Journal of Neurology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Academy of Neurology.
Références
May A, Leone M, Afra J, et al. EFNS guidelines on the treatment of cluster headache and other trigeminal-autonomic cephalalgias. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(10):1066-1077.
Bahra A, Goadsby PJ. Diagnostic delays and mis-management in cluster headache. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004;109(3):175-179.
Frederiksen H-H, Lund NL, Barloese MC, Petersen AS, Jensen RH. Diagnostic delay of cluster headache: a cohort study from the Danish Cluster Headache Survey. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(1):49-56. doi:10.1177/0333102419863030
Sánchez Del Rio M, Leira R, Pozo-Rosich P, et al. Errors in recognition and management are still frequent in patients with cluster headache. Eur Neurol. 2014;72(3-4):209-212. doi:10.1159/000362517
Ji Lee M, Cho S-J, Wook Park J, et al. Increased suicidality in patients with cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(10):1249-1256. doi:10.1177/0333102419845660
May A. Cluster headache: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Lancet. 2005;366(9488):843-855.
Trejo-Gabriel-Galan JM, Aicua-Rapún I, Cubo-Delgado E, Velasco-Bernal C. Suicide in primary headaches in 48 countries: a physician-survey based study. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(4):798-803. doi:10.1177/0333102417714477
Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1-211.
Gaul C, Christmann N, Schröder D, et al. Differences in clinical characteristics and frequency of accompanying migraine features in episodic and chronic cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2012;32(7):571-577. doi:10.1177/0333102412444012
Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB. A review of paroxysmal hemicranias, SUNCT syndrome and other short-lasting headaches with autonomic feature, including new cases. Brain. 1997;120(Pt 1):193-209.
Lai T-H, Fuh J-L, Wang S-J. Cranial autonomic symptoms in migraine: characteristics and comparison with cluster headache. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(10):1116-1119. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.157743
Sjaastad O. Cluster Headache Syndrome. W B Saunders Company Ltd; 1992.
Hoffmann J, May A. Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of cluster headache. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(1):75-83. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30405-2
May A, Dodick D. Headache research: a string of pearls. Cephalalgia. 2013;33(8):505. doi:10.1177/0333102413485456
Leone MA, Keindl M, Schapira AH, Deuschl G, Federico A. Practical recommendations for the process of proposing, planning and writing a neurological management guideline by EAN task forces. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(12):1505-1510. doi:10.1111/ene.12818
Schünemann H, Guyatt GH, Oxman AD. GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. 2013 https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html. Accessed June 2022.
Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898. doi:10.1136/bmj.l4898
Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919. doi:10.1136/bmj.i4919
Kung J, Chiappelli F, Cajulis OO, et al. From systematic reviews to clinical recommendations for evidence-based health care: validation of revised assessment of multiple systematic reviews (R-AMSTAR) for grading of clinical relevance. Open Dent J. 2010;4:84-91. doi:10.2174/1874210601004020084
Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Jonathan AC. Chapter 8: assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematik Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.1 (Updated 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011. www.cochrane-handbook.org
Deeks JJ, Dinnes J, D’Amico R, et al. Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies. Health Technol Assess. 2003;7(27):iii-x, 1-173. doi:10.3310/hta7270
Leone MA, Brainin M, Boon P, Pugliatti M, Keindl M, Bassetti CL. Guidance for the preparation of neurological management guidelines by EFNS scientific task forces - revised recommendations 2012. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(3):410-419. doi:10.1111/ene.12043
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924-926. doi:10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD
Andrews JC, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, et al. GRADE guidelines: 15. Going from evidence to recommendation-determinants of a recommendation's direction and strength. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(7):726-735. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.02.003
Sandrini G, Friberg L, Coppola G, et al. Neurophysiological tests and neuroimaging procedures in non-acute headache (2nd edition). Eur J Neurol. 2011;18(3):373-381. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03212.x
Do TP, Remmers A, Schytz HW, et al. Red and orange flags for secondary headaches in clinical practice: SNNOOP10 list. Neurology. 2019;92(3):134-144. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006697
Fischera M, Marziniak M, Gralow I, Evers S. The incidence and prevalence of cluster headache: a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Cephalalgia. 2008;28(6):614-618. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01592.x
Russell MB. Epidemiology and genetics of cluster headache. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3(5):279-283.
Manzoni GC, Taga A, Russo M, Torelli P. Age of onset of episodic and chronic cluster headache - a review of a large case series from a single headache Centre. J Headache Pain. 2016;17:44. doi:10.1186/s10194-016-0626-9
de Coo IF, Wilbrink LA, Haan J, Ferrari MD, Terwindt GM. Evaluation of the new ICHD-III beta cluster headache criteria. Cephalalgia. 2016;36(6):547-551. doi:10.1177/0333102415607856
Lund N, Barloese M, Petersen A, Haddock B, Jensen R. Chronobiology differs between men and women with cluster headache, clinical phenotype does not. Neurology. 2017;88(11):1069-1076. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000003715
Kunkle EC, Pfieffer J, Wilhoit WM, et al. Recurrent brief headache in cluster pattern. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1952;27:240-243.
Torelli P, Beghi E, Manzoni GC. Cluster headache prevalence in the Italian general population. Neurology. 2005;64(3):469-474. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000150901.47293.BC
Ekbom K. Evaluation of clinical criteria for cluster headache with special reference to the classification of the international headache society. Cephalalgia. 1990;10(4):195-197.
Bahra A, May A, Goadsby PJ. Cluster headache: a prospective clinical study with diagnostic implications. Neurology. 2002;58(3):354-361.
Meyer EL, Laurell K, Artto V, et al. Lateralization in cluster headache: a Nordic multicenter study. J Headache Pain. 2009;10(4):259-263. doi:10.1007/s10194-009-0129-z
Rozen TD, Fishman RS. Cluster headache in the United States of America: demographics, clinical characteristics, triggers, suicidality, and personal burden. Headache. 2012;52(1):99-113. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.02028.x
May A, Schwedt TJ, Magis D, Pozo-Rosich P, Evers S, Wang SJ. Cluster headache. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18006. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2018.6
Barloese M, Lund N, Petersen A, Rasmussen M, Jennum P, Jensen R. Sleep and chronobiology in cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(11):969-978. doi:10.1177/0333102414564892
Marmura MJ, Pello SJ, Young WB. Interictal pain in cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(12):1531-1534.
Silberstein SD, Niknam R, Rozen TD, Young WB. Cluster headache with aura. Neurology. 2000;54(1):219-221.
Snoer A, Lund N, Beske R, Hagedorn A, Jensen RH, Barloese M. Cluster headache beyond the pain phase: a prospective study of 500 attacks. Neurology. 2018;91(9):e822-e831. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000542491.92981.03
Taga A, Russo M, Manzoni GC, Torelli P. Cluster headache with accompanying migraine-like features: a possible clinical phenotype. Headache. 2017;57(2):290-297. doi:10.1111/head.12971
Torelli P, Manzoni GC. Pain and behaviour in cluster headache. A prospective study and review of the literature. Funct Neurol. 2003;18(4):205-210.
Schurks M, Kurth T, de Jesus J, Jonjic M, Rosskopf D, Diener HC. Cluster headache: clinical presentation, lifestyle features, and medical treatment. Headache. 2006;46(8):1246-1254.
Irimia P, Cittadini E, Paemeleire K, Cohen AS, Goadsby PJ. Unilateral photophobia or phonophobia in migraine compared with trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Cephalalgia. 2008;28(6):626-630. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01565.x
May A, Straube A, Peikert A, et al. Diagnostik und Apparative Zusatzuntersuchungen bei Kopfschmerzen. Thieme; 2008.
Edvardsson B. Symptomatic cluster headache: a review of 63 cases. SpringerPlus. 2014;3:64. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-64
Cohen AS, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ. Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) or cranial autonomic features (SUNA)-a prospective clinical study of SUNCT and SUNA. Brain. 2006;129(Pt 10):2746-2760.
Wilbrink LA, Weller CM, Cheung C, Haan J, Ferrari MD. Cluster-tic syndrome: a cross-sectional study of cluster headache patients. Headache. 2013;53(8):1334-1340. doi:10.1111/head.12161
Goadsby PJ. Lacrimation, conjunctival injection, nasal symptoms… Cluster headache, migraine and cranial autonomic symptoms in primary headache disorders - what's new? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(10):1057-1058. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.162867
Robbins MS, Starling AJ, Pringsheim TM, Becker WJ, Schwedt TJ. Treatment of cluster headache: the American Headache Society evidence-based guidelines. Headache. 2016;56(7):1093-1106. doi:10.1111/head.12866
Nilsson Remahl AI, Laudon Meyer E, Cordonnier C, et al. Placebo response in cluster headache trials: a review. Cephalalgia. 2003;23(7):504-510.
Cohen AS, Burns B, Goadsby PJ. High-flow oxygen for treatment of cluster headache: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2009;302(22):2451-2457. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1855
Medrea I, Christie S, Tepper SJ, Thavorn K, Hutton B. Network meta-analysis of therapies for cluster headache: effects of acute therapies for episodic and chronic cluster. Headache. 2022;62(4):482-511. doi:10.1111/head.14283
Oude Nijhuis JC, Haane DY, Koehler PJ. A review of the current and potential oxygen delivery systems and techniques utilized in cluster headache attacks. Cephalalgia. 2016;36(10):970-979. doi:10.1177/0333102415616878
Petersen AS, Barloese MC, Lund NL, Jensen RH. Oxygen therapy for cluster headache. A mask comparison trial. a single-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Cephalalgia. 2017;37(3):214-224. doi:10.1177/0333102416637817
Evers S, Rapoport A, International Headache Society. The use of oxygen in cluster headache treatment worldwide - a survey of the International Headache Society (IHS). Cephalalgia. 2017;37(4):396-398. doi:10.1177/0333102416647786
Bennett MH, French C, Schnabel A, et al. Normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment and prevention of migraine and cluster headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(12):CD005219. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005219.pub3
Fogan L. Treatment of cluster headache. A double-blind comparison of oxygen v air inhalation. Arch Neurol. 1985;42(4):362-363.
Kudrow L. Response of cluster headache attacks to oxygen inhalation. Headache. 1981;21(1):1-4.
Dirkx THT, Haane DYP, Koehler PJ. Oxygen treatment for cluster headache attacks at different flow rates: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):94. doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0917-4
Law S, Derry S, Moore RA. Triptans for acute cluster headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(7):CD008042. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008042.pub3
Ekbom K, Monstad I, Prusinski A, Cole JA, Pilgrim AJ, Noronha D. Subcutaneous sumatriptan in the acute treatment of cluster headache: a dose comparison study. The Sumatriptan Cluster Headache Study Group. Acta Neurol Scand. 1993;88(1):63-69.
The Sumatriptan Cluster Headache Study Group. Treatment of acute cluster headache with sumatriptan. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(5):322-326. doi:10.1056/NEJM199108013250505
van Vliet JA, Bahra A, Martin V, et al. Intranasal sumatriptan in cluster headache: randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Neurology. 2003;60(4):630-633.
Bahra A, Gawel MJ, Hardebo JE, Millson D, Breen SA, Goadsby PJ. Oral zolmitriptan is effective in the acute treatment of cluster headache. Neurology. 2000;54(9):1832-1839.
Cittadini E, May A, Straube A, Evers S, Bussone G, Goadsby PJ. Effectiveness of intranasal zolmitriptan in acute cluster headache: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(11):1537-1542. doi:10.1001/archneur.63.11.nct60002
Rapoport AM, Mathew NT, Silberstein SD, et al. Zolmitriptan nasal spray in the acute treatment of cluster headache: a double-blind study. Neurology. 2007;69(9):821-826. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000267886.85210.37
Hedlund C, Rapoport AM, Dodick DW, Goadsby PJ. Zolmitriptan nasal spray in the acute treatment of cluster headache: a meta-analysis of two studies. Headache. 2009;49(9):1315-1323. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01518.x
Diener HC, May A. Drug treatment of cluster headache. Drugs. 2022;82(1):33-42. doi:10.1007/s40265-021-01658-z
Gregor N, Schlesiger C, Akova-Ozturk E, Kraemer C, Husstedt IW, Evers S. Treatment of cluster headache attacks with less than 6 mg subcutaneous Sumatriptan. Headache. 2005;45(8):1069-1072.
Cady RK, Munjal S, Cady RJ, Manley HR, Brand-Schieber E. Randomized, double-blind, crossover study comparing DFN-11 injection (3 mg subcutaneous sumatriptan) with 6 mg subcutaneous sumatriptan for the treatment of rapidly-escalating attacks of episodic migraine. J Headache Pain. 2017;18(1):17. doi:10.1186/s10194-016-0717-7
Ekbom K, Krabbe A, Micelli G, et al. Cluster headache attacks treated for up to three months with subcutaneous sumatriptan (6 mg). Sumatriptan cluster headache long-term study group. Cephalalgia. 1995;15(3):230-236.
Leone M, Proietti Cecchini A. Long-term use of daily sumatriptan injections in severe drug-resistant chronic cluster headache. Neurology. 2016;86(2):194-195. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002117
Paemeleire K, Bahra A, Evers S, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ. Medication-overuse headache in patients with cluster headache. Neurology. 2006;67(1):109-113.
Andersson PG, Jespersen LT. Dihydroergotamine nasal spray in the treatment of attacks of cluster headache. A double-blind trial versus placebo. Cephalalgia. 1986;6(1):51-54. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1986.0601051.x
Mathew NT. Dosing and administration of ergotamine tartrate and dihydroergotamine. Headache. 1997;37(Suppl 1):S26-S32.
Ward TN, Scott G. Dihydroergotamine suppositories in a headache clinic. Headache. 1991;31(7):465-466.
Magnoux E, Zlotnik G. Outpatient intravenous dihydroergotamine for refractory cluster headache. Headache. 2004;44(3):249-255.
Mather PJ, Silberstein SD, Schulman EA, Hopkins MMF. The treatment of cluster headache with repetitive intravenous dihydroergotamine. Headache. 1991;31(8):525-532.
Nagy AJ, Gandhi S, Bhola R, Goadsby PJ. Intravenous dihydroergotamine for inpatient management of refractory primary headaches. Neurology. 2011;77(20):1827-1832. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182377dbb
Silberstein SD, Schulman EA, Hopkins MM. Repetitive intravenous DHE in the treatment of refractory headache. Headache. 1990;30(6):334-339.
Markley HG. Topical agents in the treatment of cluster headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2003;7(2):139-143.
Bakbak B, Gedik S, Koktekir BE, Okka M. Cluster headache with ptosis responsive to intranasal lidocaine application: a case report. J Med Case Reports. 2012;6:64. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-6-64
Kittrelle JP, Grouse DS, Seybold ME. Cluster headache. Local anesthetic abortive agents. Arch Neurol. 1985;42(5):496-498.
Costa A, Pucci E, Antonaci F, et al. The effect of intranasal cocaine and lidocaine on nitroglycerin-induced attacks in cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2000;20(2):85-91. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2000.00026.x
Barzegari H, Motamed H, Ziapour B, Hajimohammadi M, Kadkhodazadeh M. Intranasal lidocaine for primary headache management in Emergency Department; a clinical trial. Emergency. 2017;5(1):e79.
Robbins L. Intranasal lidocaine for cluster headache. Headache. 1995;35(2):83-84.
Matharu MS, Levy MJ, Meeran K, Goadsby PJ. Subcutaneous octreotide in cluster headache: randomized placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. Ann Neurol. 2004;56(4):488-494.
May A, Lederbogen S, Diener HC. Octreotide dependency and headache: a case report. Cephalalgia. 1994;14(4):303-304.
Otsuka F, Kageyama J, Ogura T, Makino H. Cluster headache dependent upon octreotide injection. Headache. 1998;38(8):629.
Lovato CM, Kapsner PL. Analgesic effect of long-acting somatostatin receptor agonist pasireotide in a patient with acromegaly and intractable headaches. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018:bcr2017219686. doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-219686
Petersen AS, Barloese MCJ, Snoer A, Soerensen AMS, Jensen RH. Verapamil and cluster headache: still a mystery. A narrative review of efficacy, mechanisms and perspectives. Headache. 2019;59(8):1198-1211. doi:10.1111/head.13603
Leone M, D’Amico D, Frediani F, et al. Verapamil in the prophylaxis of episodic cluster headache: a double-blind study versus placebo. Neurology. 2000;54(6):1382-1385.
Bussone G, Leone M, Peccarisi C, et al. Double blind comparison of lithium and verapamil in cluster headache prophylaxis. Headache. 1990;30(7):411-417.
Gabai IJ, Spierings EL. Prophylactic treatment of cluster headache with verapamil. Headache. 1989;29(3):167-168.
Cohen AS, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ. ECG abnormalities on verapamil in cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2005;25:1200.
Pageler L, Katsarava Z, Lampl C, et al. Frovatriptan for prophylactic treatment of cluster headache: lessons for future trial design. Headache. 2011;51(1):129-134. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01772.x
Matharu MS, van Vliet JA, Ferrari MD, et al. Verapamil induced gingival enlargement in cluster headache. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(1):124-127.
Miller CS, Damm DD. Incidence of verapamil-induced gingival hyperplasia in a dental population. J Periodontol. 1992;63(5):453-456. doi:10.1902/jop.1992.63.5.453
Lanteri-Minet M, Silhol F, Piano V, Donnet A. Cardiac safety in cluster headache patients using the very high dose of verapamil (≥720 mg/day). J Headache Pain. 2011;12(2):173-176. doi:10.1007/s10194-010-0289-x
Obermann M, Nägel S, Ose C, et al. Safety and efficacy of prednisone versus placebo in short-term prevention of episodic cluster headache: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(1):29-37. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30363-X
Alberca R, Vaquero F, Sureda B, Márquez C, Martínez ML, Navarro A. Prophylactic treatment of episodic cluster headaches with methysergide and prednisone. Arch Neurobiol. 1989;52(4):183-187.
Antonaci F, Costa A, Candeloro E, Sjaastad O, Nappi G. Single high-dose steroid treatment in episodic cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2005;25(4):290-295. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00855.x
Couch JR, Ziegler DK. Prednisone therapy for cluster headache. Headache. 1978;18(4):219-221.
Kawada S, Kashihara K, Imamura T, Ohno M. High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone for the prophylactic treatment of cluster headache. SpringerPlus. 2013;2:156. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-156
Mir P, Alberca R, Navarro A, et al. Prophylactic treatment of episodic cluster headache with intravenous bolus of methylprednisolone. Neurol Sci. 2003;24(5):318-321. doi:10.1007/s10072-003-0182-3
Neeb L, Anders L, Euskirchen P, Hoffmann J, Israel H, Reuter U. Corticosteroids alter CGRP and melatonin release in cluster headache episodes. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(4):317-326. doi:10.1177/0333102414539057
Ekbom K, Hardebo JE. Cluster headache: aetiology, diagnosis and management. Drugs. 2002;62(1):61-69.
Jammes JL. The treatment of cluster headaches with prednisone. Dis Nerv Syst. 1975;36(7):375-376.
Ekbom K. Lithium for cluster headache: review of the literature and preliminary results of long-term treatment. Headache. 1981;21(4):132-139.
Medina JL, Fareed J, Diamond S. Lithium carbonate therapy for cluster headache. Changes in number of platelets, and serotonin and histamine levels. Arch Neurol. 1980;37(9):559-563.
Steiner TJ, Hering R, Couturier EG, et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of lithium in episodic cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 1997;17(6):673-675. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1997.1706673.x
Boiardi A, Bussone G. Chronic cluster headache: preliminary data of lithium therapy. Riv Patol Nerv Ment. 1978;99(1):10-13.
Klimek A, Szulc-Kuberska J, Kawiorski S. Lithium therapy in cluster headache. Eur Neurol. 1979;18(4):267-268. doi:10.1159/000115087
Savoldi F, Bono G, Manzoni GC, Micieli G, Lanfranchi M, Nappi G. Lithium salts in cluster headache treatment. Cephalalgia. 1983;3 Suppl 1:79-84. doi:10.1177/03331024830030S109
Kudrow L. Lithium prophylaxis for chronic cluster headache. Headache. 1977;17(1):15-18.
Lieb J, Zeff A. Lithium treatment of chronic cluster headaches. Br J Psychiatry. 1978;133:556-558.
Rabelink AJ, Koomans HA, Boer WH, Dorhout Mees EJ, van Rijn H. Indomethacin increases renal lithium reabsorption in man. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1989;4(1):27-31.
Huang WY, Lo MC, Wang SJ, et al. Topiramate in prevention of cluster headache in the Taiwanese. Neurol India. 2010;58(2):284-287. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.63784
Kuhn J, Bewermeyer H. Remission of atypical and refractory cluster headache after topiramate administration. Schmerz. 2006;20(2):160-163. doi:10.1007/s00482-005-0401-3
Leone M, Dodick D, Rigamonti A, et al. Topiramate in cluster headache prophylaxis: an open trial. Cephalalgia. 2003;23(10):1001-1002. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00665.x
Mathew NT, Kailasam J, Meadors L. Prophylaxis of migraine, transformed migraine, and cluster headache with topiramate. Headache. 2002;42(8):796-803.
Rapoport AM, Bigal ME, Tepper SJ, Sheftell FD. Treatment of cluster headache with topiramate: effects and side-effects in five patients. Cephalalgia. 2003;23(1):69-70; author reply 70. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00481_1.x
Wheeler SD, Carrazana EJ. Topiramate-treated cluster headache. Neurology. 1999;53(1):234-236.
Symonds C. A particular variety of headache. Brain. 1956;79(2):217-232. doi:10.1093/brain/79.2.217
Eekers PJ, Koehler PJ. Naratriptan prophylactic treatment in cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2001;21(1):75-76. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2001.00173.x
Loder E. Naratriptan in the prophylaxis of cluster headache. Headache. 2002;42(1):56-57.
Mulder LJMM, Spierings ELH. Naratriptan in the preventive treatment of cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2002;22(10):815-817. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2002.00424.x
Ito Y, Mitsufuji T, Asano Y, et al. Naratriptan in the prophylactic treatment of cluster headache. Intern Med. 2017;56(19):2579-2582. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.8865-17
Siow HC, Pozo-Rosich P, Silberstein SD. Frovatriptan for the treatment of cluster headaches. Cephalalgia. 2004;24(12):1045-1048.
Leone M, D’Amico D, Moschiano F, Fraschini F, Bussone G. Melatonin versus placebo in the prophylaxis of cluster headache: a double-blind pilot study with parallel groups. Cephalalgia. 1996;16(7):494-496.
Pringsheim T, Magnoux E, Dobson CF, Hamel E, Aube M. Melatonin as adjunctive therapy in the prophylaxis of cluster headache: a pilot study. Headache. 2002;42(8):787-792.
Lampl C, Rudolph M, Bräutigam E. OnabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of refractory chronic cluster headache. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):45. doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0874-y
Di Lorenzo C, Coppola G, Di Lenola D, et al. Efficacy of modified Atkins ketogenic diet in chronic cluster headache: an open-label, single-arm, clinical trial. Front Neurol. 2018;9:64. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00064
Nobre ME, Peres MFP, Moreira PF, et al. Clomiphene treatment may be effective in refractory episodic and chronic cluster headache. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2017;75(9):620-624. doi:10.1590/0004-282X20170119
Moisset X, Clavelou P, Lauxerois M, Dallel R, Picard P. Ketamine infusion combined with magnesium as a therapy for intractable chronic cluster headache: report of two cases. Headache. 2017;57(8):1261-1264. doi:10.1111/head.13135
Petersen AS, Pedersen AS, Barloese MCJ, et al. Intranasal ketamine for acute cluster headache attacks-results from a proof-of-concept open-label trial. Headache. 2022;62(1):26-35. doi:10.1111/head.14220
Snoer A, Vollesen ALH, Beske RP, et al. Calcitonin-gene related peptide and disease activity in cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(5):575-584. doi:10.1177/0333102419837154
Vollesen ALH, Snoer A, Beske RP, et al. Effect of infusion of calcitonin gene-related peptide on cluster headache attacks: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(10):1187-1197. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1675
Dodick DW. CGRP ligand and receptor monoclonal antibodies for migraine prevention: evidence review and clinical implications. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(3):445-458. doi:10.1177/0333102418821662
Edvinsson L, Haanes KA, Warfvinge K, Krause DN. CGRP as the target of new migraine therapies - successful translation from bench to clinic. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14(6):338-350. doi:10.1038/s41582-018-0003-1
Goadsby PJ, Dodick DW, Leone M, et al. Trial of Galcanezumab in prevention of episodic cluster headache. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(2):132-141. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1813440
Goadsby PJ, Sahai-Srivastava S, Kezirian EJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation for chronic cluster headache: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(12):1081-1090. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30322-9
Dodick DW, Goadsby PJ, Lucas C, et al. Phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled study of galcanezumab in patients with chronic cluster headache: results from 3-month double-blind treatment. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(9):935-948. doi:10.1177/0333102420905321
Riesenberg R, Gaul C, Stroud CE, et al. Long-term open-label safety study of galcanezumab in patients with episodic or chronic cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2022;42:3331024221103509. doi:10.1177/03331024221103509
Mitsikostas DD, Edvinsson L, Jensen RH, et al. Refractory chronic cluster headache: a consensus statement on clinical definition from the European headache federation. J Headache Pain. 2014;15:79. doi:10.1186/1129-2377-15-79
Gallagher RM, Mueller LL, Freitag FG. Divalproex sodium in the treatment of migraine and cluster headaches. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2002;102(2):92-94.
Fusco BM, Marabini S, Maggi CA, Fiore G, Geppetti P. Preventative effect of repeated nasal applications of capsaicin in cluster headache. Pain. 1994;59(3):321-325.
Sicuteri F, Fusco BM, Marabini S, et al. Beneficial effect of capsaicin application to the nasal mucosa in cluster headache. Clin J Pain. 1989;5(1):49-53.
Marks DR, Rapoport A, Padla D, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of intranasal capsaicin for cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 1993;13(2):114-116. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1993.1302114.x
Saper JR, Klapper J, Mathew NT, Rapoport A, Phillips SB, Bernstein JE. Intranasal civamide for the treatment of episodic cluster headaches. Arch Neurol. 2002;59(6):990-994.
Hering-Hanit R, Gadoth N. Baclofen in cluster headache. Headache. 2000;40(1):48-51.
Leone M, Attanasio A, Grazzi L, et al. Transdermal clonidine in the prophylaxis of episodic cluster headache: an open study. Headache. 1997;37(9):559-560.
Goadsby PJ, de Coo IF, Silver N, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the acute treatment of episodic and chronic cluster headache: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled ACT2 study. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(5):959-969. doi:10.1177/0333102417744362
Silberstein SD, Mechtler LL, Kudrow DB, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the acute treatment of cluster headache: findings from the randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled ACT1 study. Headache. 2016;56(8):1317-1332. doi:10.1111/head.12896
de Coo IF, Marin JC, Silberstein SD, et al. Differential efficacy of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the acute treatment of episodic and chronic cluster headache: a meta-analysis. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(8):967-977. doi:10.1177/0333102419856607
Gaul C, Diener H-C, Silver N, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for PREVention and acute treatment of chronic cluster headache (PREVA): a randomised controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2016;36(6):534-546. doi:10.1177/0333102415607070
Ambrosini A, Vandenheede M, Rossi P, et al. Suboccipital injection with a mixture of rapid- and long-acting steroids in cluster headache: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Pain. 2005;118(1-2):92-96.
Leroux E, Valade D, Taifas I, et al. Suboccipital steroid injections for transitional treatment of patients with more than two cluster headache attacks per day: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(10):891-897. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70186-7
Schoenen J, Jensen RH, Lantéri-Minet M, et al. Stimulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) for cluster headache treatment. Pathway CH-1: a randomized, sham-controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2013;33:816-830. doi:10.1177/0333102412473667
Jürgens TP, Barloese M, May A, et al. Long-term effectiveness of sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation for cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2017;37(5):423-434. doi:10.1177/0333102416649092
Goadsby PJ, Rezai AR, Dodick DW. The need for continued care after sponsor closure - authors’ reply. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(3):205-206. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30024-7
Burns B, Watkins L, Goadsby PJ. Treatment of medically intractable cluster headache by occipital nerve stimulation: long-term follow-up of eight patients. Lancet. 2007;369(9567):1099-1106. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60328-6
Burns B, Watkins L, Goadsby PJ. Treatment of intractable chronic cluster headache by occipital nerve stimulation in 14 patients. Neurology. 2009;72(4):341-345. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000341279.17344.c9
Fontaine D, Blond S, Lucas C, et al. Occipital nerve stimulation improves the quality of life in medically-intractable chronic cluster headache: results of an observational prospective study. Cephalalgia. 2017;37(12):1173-1179. doi:10.1177/0333102416673206
Fontaine D, Christophe Sol J, Raoul S, et al. Treatment of refractory chronic cluster headache by chronic occipital nerve stimulation. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(10):1101-1105. doi:10.1177/0333102411412086
Leone M, Proietti Cecchini A, Messina G, Franzini A. Long-term occipital nerve stimulation for drug-resistant chronic cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2016;37:756-763. doi:10.1177/0333102416652623
Magis D, Allena M, Bolla M, de Pasqua V, Remacle JM, Schoenen J. Occipital nerve stimulation for drug-resistant chronic cluster headache: a prospective pilot study. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(4):314-321.
Miller S, Watkins L, Matharu M. Treatment of intractable chronic cluster headache by occipital nerve stimulation: a cohort of 51 patients. Eur J Neurol. 2017;24(2):381-390. doi:10.1111/ene.13215
Mueller OM, Gaul C, Katsarava Z, Diener HC, Sure U, Gasser T. Occipital nerve stimulation for the treatment of chronic cluster headache - lessons learned from 18 months experience. Cen Eur Neurosurg. 2011;72(2):84-89. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1270476
Strand NH, Trentman TL, Vargas BB, Dodick DW. Occipital nerve stimulation with the bion® microstimulator for the treatment of medically refractory chronic cluster headache. Pain Physician. 2011;14(5):435-440.
Wilbrink LA, de Coo IF, Doesborg PGG, et al. Safety and efficacy of occipital nerve stimulation for attack prevention in medically intractable chronic cluster headache (ICON): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3, electrical dose-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(7):515-525. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00101-0
Franzini A, Ferroli P, Leone M, Broggi G. Stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus for treatment of chronic intractable cluster headaches: first reported series. Neurosurgery. 2003;52(5):1095-1099; discussion 1099-1101.
Pinsker MO, Bartsch T, Falk D, et al. Failure of deep brain stimulation of the posterior inferior hypothalamus in chronic cluster headache - report of two cases and review of the literature. Zentralbl Neurochir. 2008;69(2):76-79. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1022558
Seijo F, Saiz A, Lozano B, et al. Neuromodulation of the posterolateral hypothalamus for the treatment of chronic refractory cluster headache: experience in five patients with a modified anatomical target. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(16):1634-1641. doi:10.1177/0333102411430264
Schoenen J, Di Clemente L, Vandenheede M, et al. Hypothalamic stimulation in chronic cluster headache: a pilot study of efficacy and mode of action. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 4):940-947.
Chabardès S, Carron R, Seigneuret E, et al. Endoventricular deep brain stimulation of the third ventricle: proof of concept and application to cluster headache. Neurosurgery. 2016;79(6):806-815. doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000001260
Fontaine D, Lazorthes Y, Mertens P, et al. Safety and efficacy of deep brain stimulation in refractory cluster headache: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial followed by a 1-year open extension. J Headache Pain. 2010;11(1):23-31.
Hassenbusch SJ, Kunkel RS, Kosmorsky GS, Covington EC, Pillay PK. Trigeminal cisternal injection of glycerol for treatment of chronic intractable cluster headaches. Neurosurgery. 1991;29(4):504-508.
Ekbom K, Lindgren L, Nilsson BY, Hardebo JE, Waldenlind E. Retro-Gasserian glycerol injection in the treatment of chronic cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 1987;7(1):21-27.
Mathew NT, Hurt W. Percutaneous radiofrequency trigeminal gangliorhizolysis in intractable cluster headache. Headache. 1988;28(5):328-331.
Pieper DR, Dickerson J, Hassenbusch SJ. Percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol rhizolysis for treatment of chronic intractable cluster headaches: long-term results. Neurosurgery. 2000;46(2):363-368; discussion 368-370.
Meyer JS, Binns PM, Ericsson AD, Vulpe M. Sphenopalatine gangionectomy for cluster headache. Arch Otolaryngol. 1970;92(5):475-484.
Narouze S, Kapural L, Casanova J, Mekhail N. Sphenopalatine ganglion radiofrequency ablation for the management of chronic cluster headache. Headache. 2009;49(4):571-577. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01226.x
Donnet A, Valade D, Regis J. Gamma knife treatment for refractory cluster headache: prospective open trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(2):218-221.
Kelderman T, Vanschoenbeek G, Crombez E, Paemeleire K. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous pulsed radiofrequency treatment at the C1-C2 level in chronic cluster headache: a retrospective analysis of 21 cases. Acta Neurol Belg. 2019;119(4):601-605. doi:10.1007/s13760-019-01203-6
Jürgens TP, Schoenen J, Rostgaard J, et al. Stimulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion in intractable cluster headache: expert consensus on patient selection and standards of care. Cephalalgia. 2014;34:1100-1110. doi:10.1177/0333102414530524
Martelletti P, Jensen RH, Antal A, et al. Neuromodulation of chronic headaches: position statement from the European headache federation. J Headache Pain. 2013;14(1):86. doi:10.1186/1129-2377-14-86
Goadsby PJ, Schoenen J, Ferrari MD, Silberstein SD, Dodick D. Towards a definition of intractable headache for use in clinical practice and trials. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(9):1168-1170.