Pan-American Guidelines for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: a joint evidence-based guideline of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases (SBI) and the Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases (API).
COVID-19
Guidelines
SARS-CoV-2
Therapy
Treatment
Journal
Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials
ISSN: 1476-0711
Titre abrégé: Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101152152
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 Aug 2023
07 Aug 2023
Historique:
received:
19
02
2023
accepted:
28
07
2023
medline:
9
8
2023
pubmed:
8
8
2023
entrez:
7
8
2023
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, therapeutic options for treating COVID-19 have been investigated at different stages of clinical manifestations. Considering the particular impact of COVID-19 in the Americas, this document aims to present recommendations for the pharmacological treatment of COVID-19 specific to this population. Fifteen experts, members of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases (SBI) and the Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases (API) make up the panel responsible for developing this guideline. Questions were formulated regarding prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19 in outpatient and inpatient settings. The outcomes considered in decision-making were mortality, hospitalisation, need for mechanical ventilation, symptomatic COVID-19 episodes, and adverse events. In addition, a systematic review of randomised controlled trials was conducted. The quality of evidence assessment and guideline development process followed the GRADE system. Nine technologies were evaluated, and ten recommendations were made, including the use of tixagevimab + cilgavimab in the prophylaxis of COVID-19, tixagevimab + cilgavimab, molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir + ritonavir, and remdesivir in the treatment of outpatients, and remdesivir, baricitinib, and tocilizumab in the treatment of hospitalised patients with severe COVID-19. The use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine and ivermectin was discouraged. This guideline provides recommendations for treating patients in the Americas following the principles of evidence-based medicine. The recommendations present a set of drugs that have proven effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19, emphasising the strong recommendation for the use of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in outpatients as the lack of benefit from the use of hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, therapeutic options for treating COVID-19 have been investigated at different stages of clinical manifestations. Considering the particular impact of COVID-19 in the Americas, this document aims to present recommendations for the pharmacological treatment of COVID-19 specific to this population.
METHODS
METHODS
Fifteen experts, members of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases (SBI) and the Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases (API) make up the panel responsible for developing this guideline. Questions were formulated regarding prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19 in outpatient and inpatient settings. The outcomes considered in decision-making were mortality, hospitalisation, need for mechanical ventilation, symptomatic COVID-19 episodes, and adverse events. In addition, a systematic review of randomised controlled trials was conducted. The quality of evidence assessment and guideline development process followed the GRADE system.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Nine technologies were evaluated, and ten recommendations were made, including the use of tixagevimab + cilgavimab in the prophylaxis of COVID-19, tixagevimab + cilgavimab, molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir + ritonavir, and remdesivir in the treatment of outpatients, and remdesivir, baricitinib, and tocilizumab in the treatment of hospitalised patients with severe COVID-19. The use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine and ivermectin was discouraged.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
This guideline provides recommendations for treating patients in the Americas following the principles of evidence-based medicine. The recommendations present a set of drugs that have proven effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19, emphasising the strong recommendation for the use of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in outpatients as the lack of benefit from the use of hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37550690
doi: 10.1186/s12941-023-00623-w
pii: 10.1186/s12941-023-00623-w
pmc: PMC10408214
doi:
Substances chimiques
nirmatrelvir
7R9A5P7H32
Ritonavir
O3J8G9O825
Hydroxychloroquine
4QWG6N8QKH
Ivermectin
70288-86-7
Antiviral Agents
0
Types de publication
Systematic Review
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
67Informations de copyright
© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.
Références
Therapeutics and COVID-19: Living guideline. 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-therapeutics-2022.5 . Accessed 31 Jan 2023.
Al-Tawfiq JA, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Super-spreading events and contribution to transmission of MERS, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). J Hosp Infect. 2020;105(2):111–2.
pubmed: 32277963
pmcid: 7194732
COVID-19 Dashboard. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html . Accessed 31 Jan 2023.
WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard https://covid19.who.int/table . Accessed 31 Jan 2023.
Iqbal Yatoo M, Hamid Z, Parray OR, Wani AH, Ul Haq A, Saxena A, Patel SK, Pathak M, Tiwari R, Malik YS, et al. COVID-19—recent advancements in identifying novel vaccine candidates and current status of upcoming SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020;16(12):2891–904.
pubmed: 32703064
pmcid: 8641591
Bergeri I, Whelan MG, Ware H, Subissi L, Nardone A, Lewis HC, Li Z, Ma X, Valenciano M, Cheng B, et al. Global SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence from January 2020 to April 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis of standardized population-based studies. PLoS Med. 2022;19(11):e1004107.
pubmed: 36355774
pmcid: 9648705
Solante R, Alvarez-Moreno C, Burhan E, Chariyalertsak S, Chiu NC, Chuenkitmongkol S, Dung DV, Hwang KP, Ortiz Ibarra J, Kiertiburanakul S, et al. Expert review of global real-world data on COVID-19 vaccine booster effectiveness and safety during the omicron-dominant phase of the pandemic. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2023;22(1):1–16.
pubmed: 36330971
Iuliano AD, Brunkard JM, Boehmer TK, Peterson E, Adjei S, Binder AM, Cobb S, Graff P, Hidalgo P, Panaggio MJ, et al. Trends in disease severity and health care utilization during the early omicron variant period compared with previous SARS-CoV-2 high transmission periods—United States, December 2020–January 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(4):146–52.
pubmed: 35085225
pmcid: 9351529
Andrews J, Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Alderson P, Dahm P, Falck-Ytter Y, Nasser M, Meerpohl J, Post PN, Kunz R, et al. GRADE guidelines: 14. Going from evidence to recommendations: the significance and presentation of recommendations. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(7):719–25.
pubmed: 23312392
Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Meerpohl J, Norris S. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):401–6.
pubmed: 21208779
Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach. https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html . Accessed 1 Aug 2023.
Levin MJ, Ustianowski A, De Wit S, Launay O, Avila M, Templeton A, Yuan Y, Seegobin S, Ellery A, Levinson DJ, et al. Intramuscular AZD7442 (Tixagevimab–Cilgavimab) for prevention of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(23):2188–200.
pubmed: 35443106
Montgomery H, Hobbs FDR, Padilla F, Arbetter D, Templeton A, Seegobin S, Kim K, Campos JAS, Arends RH, Brodek BH, et al. Efficacy and safety of intramuscular administration of tixagevimab-cilgavimab for early outpatient treatment of COVID-19 (TACKLE): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(10):985–96.
pubmed: 35688164
pmcid: 9173721
Tippabhotla SKL, Lahiri S, Raju DR, Kandi C, Naga PV. Efficacy and safety of molnupiravir for the treatment of non-hospitalized adults with mild COVID-19: a randomized, open-label, parallel-group phase 3 trial. SSRN. 2022. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4042673 .
doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4042673
Jayk Bernal A, Da Silva MMG, Musungaie DB, Kovalchuk E, Gonzalez A, Delos Reyes V, Martín-Quirós A, Caraco Y, Williams-Diaz A, Brown ML, et al. Molnupiravir for oral treatment of Covid-19 in nonhospitalized patients. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(6):509–20.
pubmed: 34914868
Hammond J, Leister-Tebbe H, Gardner A, Abreu P, Bao W, Wisemandle W, Baniecki M, Hendrick VM, Damle B, Simón-Campos A, et al. Oral nirmatrelvir for high-risk, nonhospitalized adults with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(15):1397–408.
pubmed: 35172054
Gottlieb RL, Vaca CE, Paredes R, Mera J, Webb BJ, Perez G, Oguchi G, Ryan P, Nielsen BU, Brown M, et al. Early remdesivir to prevent progression to severe Covid-19 in outpatients. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(4):305–15.
pubmed: 34937145
Avezum Á, Oliveira GBF, Oliveira H, Lucchetta RC, Pereira VFA, Dabarian AL, Ricardo D, Vieira O, Silva DV, Kormann APM, Tognon AP, et al. Hydroxychloroquine versus placebo in the treatment of non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19 (COPE—Coalition V): a double-blind, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2022;11:100243.
pubmed: 35378952
pmcid: 8968238
Mitjà O, Corbacho-Monné M, Ubals M, Tebé C, Peñafiel J, Tobias A, Ballana E, Alemany A, Riera-Martí N, Pérez CA, et al. Hydroxychloroquine for early treatment of adults with mild coronavirus disease 2019: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(11):e4073–81.
pubmed: 32674126
Reis G, Moreira Silva EADS, Medeiros Silva DC, Thabane L, Singh G, Park JJH, Forrest JI, Harari O, Dos Santos CVQ, De Almeida APFG, et al. Effect of early treatment with hydroxychloroquine or lopinavir and ritonavir on risk of hospitalization among patients with COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(4):e216468.
pubmed: 33885775
pmcid: 8063069
Schwartz I, Boesen ME, Cerchiaro G, Doram C, Edwards BD, Ganesh A, Greenfield J, Jamieson S, Karnik V, Kenney C, et al. Assessing the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine as outpatient treatment of COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ Open. 2021;9(2):E693–702.
pubmed: 34145052
pmcid: 8248582
Skipper CP, Pastick KA, Engen NW, Bangdiwala AS, Abassi M, Lofgren SM, Williams DA, Okafor EC, Pullen MF, Nicol MR, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in nonhospitalized adults with early COVID-19: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(8):623–31.
pubmed: 32673060
Omrani AS, Pathan SA, Thomas SA, Harris TRE, Coyle PV, Thomas CE, Qureshi I, Bhutta ZA, Mawlawi NA, Kahlout RA, et al. Randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for virologic cure of non-severe Covid-19. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;29:100645.
pubmed: 33251500
López-Medina E, López P, Hurtado IC, Dávalos DM, Ramirez O, Martínez E, Díazgranados JA, Oñate JM, Chavarriaga H, Herrera S, et al. Effect of ivermectin on time to resolution of symptoms among adults with mild COVID-19. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1426.
pubmed: 33662102
pmcid: 7934083
Naggie S, Boulware DR, Lindsell CJ, Stewart TG, Gentile N, Collins S, McCarthy MW, Jayaweera D, Castro M, Sulkowski M, et al. Effect of ivermectin vs placebo on time to sustained recovery in outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19. JAMA. 2022;328(16):1595.
pubmed: 36269852
pmcid: 9587497
Reis G, Silva EASM, Silva DCM, Thabane L, Milagres AC, Ferreira TS, Dos Santos CVQ, Campos VHS, Nogueira AMR, De Almeida APFG, et al. Effect of early treatment with ivermectin among patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(18):1721–31.
pubmed: 35353979
WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium. Remdesivir and three other drugs for hospitalised patients with COVID-19: final results of the WHO solidarity randomised trial and updated meta-analyses. Lancet. 2022;399(10339):1941–53.
pmcid: 9060606
Abd-Elsalam S, Ahmed OA, Mansour NO, Abdelaziz DH, Salama M, Fouad MHA, Soliman S, Naguib AM, Hantera MS, Ibrahim IS, et al. Remdesivir efficacy in COVID-19 treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0606 .
doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0606
pubmed: 34649223
pmcid: 8922517
Ali K, Azher T, Baqi M, Binnie A, Borgia S, Carrier FM, Cavayas YA, Chagnon N, Cheng MP, Conly J, et al. Remdesivir for the treatment of patients in hospital with COVID-19 in Canada: a randomized controlled trial. Can Med Assoc J. 2022;194(7):E242–51.
Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, Mehta AK, Zingman BS, Kalil AC, Hohmann E, Chu HY, Luetkemeyer A, Kline S, et al. Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19—final report. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(19):1813–26.
pubmed: 32445440
Mahajan L, Singh AP. Gifty: clinical outcomes of using remdesivir in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19—a prospective randomised study. Indian J Anaesth. 2021. https://doi.org/10.4103/ija.IJA_149_21 .
doi: 10.4103/ija.IJA_149_21
pubmed: 33814589
pmcid: 7993042
Spinner CD, Gottlieb RL, Criner GJ, Arribas López JR, Cattelan AM, Soriano Viladomiu A, Ogbuagu O, Malhotra P, Mullane KM, Castagna A, et al. Effect of remdesivir vs standard care on clinical status at 11 days in patients with moderate COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;324(11):1048.
pubmed: 32821939
Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, Du R, Zhao J, Jin Y, Fu S, Gao L, Cheng Z, Lu Q, et al. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. The Lancet. 2020;395(10236):1569–78.
Ader F, Bouscambert-Duchamp M, Hites M, Peiffer-Smadja N, Poissy J, Belhadi D, Diallo A, Lê M-P, Peytavin G, Staub T, et al. Remdesivir plus standard of care versus standard of care alone for the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (DisCoVeRy): a phase 3, randomised, controlled, open-label trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(2):209–21.
pubmed: 34534511
Ely EW, Ramanan AV, Kartman CE, De Bono S, Liao R, Piruzeli MLB, Goldman JD, Saraiva JFK, Chakladar S, Marconi VC, et al. Efficacy and safety of baricitinib plus standard of care for the treatment of critically ill hospitalised adults with COVID-19 on invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an exploratory, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(4):327–36.
pubmed: 35123660
pmcid: 8813065
Marconi VC, Ramanan AV, De Bono S, Kartman CE, Krishnan V, Liao R, Piruzeli MLB, Goldman JD, Alatorre-Alexander J, De Cassia PR, et al. Efficacy and safety of baricitinib for the treatment of hospitalised adults with COVID-19 (COV-BARRIER): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(12):1407–18.
pubmed: 34480861
pmcid: 8409066
RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10285):1637–45.
Broman N, Feuth T, Vuorinen T, Valtonen M, Hohenthal U, Löyttyniemi E, Hirvioja T, Jalava-Karvinen P, Marttila H, Nordberg M, et al. Early administration of tocilizumab in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with elevated inflammatory markers; COVIDSTORM-a prospective, randomized, single-centre, open-label study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022;28(6):844–51.
pubmed: 35259529
pmcid: 8897958
Hermine O, Mariette X, Porcher R, Djossou F, Nguyen Y, Arlet JB, Savale L, Diehl JL, Georgin-Lavialle S, Cadranel J, et al. Tocilizumab plus dexamethasone versus dexamethasone in patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a randomised clinical trial from the CORIMUNO-19 study group. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;46:101362.
pubmed: 35350097
pmcid: 8949640
Hermine O, Mariette X, Tharaux PL, Resche-Rigon M, Porcher R, Ravaud P, CORIMUNO-19 Collaborative Group. Effect of tocilizumab vs usual care in adults hospitalized With COVID-19 and moderate or severe pneumonia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(1):32–40.
pubmed: 33080017
Rosas IO, Bräu N, Waters M, Go R, Hunter BD, Bhagani S, Skiest D, Aziz MS, Cooper N, Douglas IS, et al. Tocilizumab in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. N Engl J Med . 2021;384(16):1503–16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2028700 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2028700
pubmed: 33631066
Salama C, Han J, Yau L, Reiss WG, Kramer B, Neidhart JD, Criner GJ, Kaplan-Lewis E, Baden R, Pandit L, et al. Tocilizumab in patients hospitalized with Covid-19 pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;384(1):20–30.
pubmed: 33332779
Salvarani C, Dolci G, Massari M, Merlo DF, Cavuto S, Savoldi L, Bruzzi P, Boni F, Braglia L, Turrà C, et al. Effect of tocilizumab vs standard care on clinical worsening in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(1):24–31.
pubmed: 33080005
Stone JH, Frigault MJ, Serling-Boyd NJ, Fernandes AD, Harvey L, Foulkes AS, Horick NK, Healy BC, Shah R, Bensaci AM, et al. Efficacy of tocilizumab in patients hospitalized with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(24):2333–44.
pubmed: 33085857
Veiga VC, Prats JAGG, Farias DLC, Rosa RG, Dourado LK, Zampieri FG, Machado FR, Lopes RD, Berwanger O, Azevedo LCP, et al. Effect of tocilizumab on clinical outcomes at 15 days in patients with severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2021;372:n84.
pubmed: 33472855
Declercq J, Van Damme KFA, De Leeuw E, Maes B, Bosteels C, Tavernier SJ, De Buyser S, Colman R, Hites M, Verschelden G, et al. Effect of anti-interleukin drugs in patients with COVID-19 and signs of cytokine release syndrome (COV-AID): a factorial, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(12):1427–38.
pubmed: 34756178
pmcid: 8555973
Soin AS, Kumar K, Choudhary NS, Sharma P, Mehta Y, Kataria S, Govil D, Deswal V, Chaudhry D, Singh PK, et al. Tocilizumab plus standard care versus standard care in patients in India with moderate to severe COVID-19-associated cytokine release syndrome (COVINTOC): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(5):511–21.
pubmed: 33676589
pmcid: 8078880
Derde LPG. Effectiveness of tocilizumab, sarilumab, and anakinra for critically ill patients with COVID-19 the REMAP-CAP COVID-19 immune modulation therapy domain randomized clinical trial. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 2021.
Camon AM, Alonso R, Muñoz FJ, Cardozo C, Bernal-Maurandi J, Albiach L, Agüero D, Marcos MA, Ambrosioni J, Bodro M, et al. C-reactive protein cut-off for early tocilizumab and dexamethasone prescription in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):5250.
pubmed: 35347166
pmcid: 8960074
Singh M, De Wit E. Antiviral agents for the treatment of COVID-19: progress and challenges. Cell Rep Med. 2022;3(3):100549.
pubmed: 35474740
pmcid: 8831133
Wohl DA, Espinueva AA, Dau L, Wang C-Y, Lachmann A, Bam RA, Rawal A, Chappell-Smith K, Rockstroh JK. COVID-19 therapies for inpatients: a review and quality assessment of clinical guidelines. ERJ Open Res. 2022;8(4):00236–2022.
pubmed: 36411792
pmcid: 9501649
Falavigna M, Belli KC, Barbosa AN, Zavascki AP, Nastri ACDSS, Santana CM, Stein C, Gräf DD, Cadegiani FA, Guimarães HP, et al. Brazilian guidelines for the treatment of outpatients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. A joint guideline of the Brazilian Association of Emergency Medicine (ABRAMEDE), Brazilian Medical Association (AMB), Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular S. Br J Infect Dis. 2022;26(2):102347.
Falavigna M, Stein C, Amaral JLGD, Azevedo LCPD, Belli KC, Colpani V, Cunha CAD, Dal-Pizzol F, Dias MBS, Ferreira JC, et al. Diretrizes Brasileiras para o tratamento farmacológico de pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19. Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva. 2022;34(1):1–12.
pubmed: 35674525
pmcid: 9345589
Bhimraj A MR, Shumaker AH, Baden L, Cheng VC, Edwards KM, Gallagher JC, Gandhi RT, Muller WJ, Nakamura MM, O'Horo JC, Shafer RW, Shoham S, Murad MH, Mustafa RA, Sultan S, Falck-Ytter Y. Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on the treatment and management of patients with COVID-19. Version 10.1.1. Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2022.
Farahat RA, Abdelaal A, Umar TP, El-Sakka AA, Benmelouka AY, Albakri K, Ali I, Al-Ahdal T, Abdelazeem B, Sah R, et al. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants: current situation and future trends. Infez Med. 2022;30(4):480–94.
pubmed: 36482957
pmcid: 9714996
Atualização sobre a emergência de sublinhagens de Ômicron de SARS- CoV-2 eventos de recombinação. https://www.paho.org/pt/documentos/atualizacao-sobre-emergencia-sublinhagens-omicron-sars-cov-2-eventos-recombinacao . Accessed 31 Jan 2023.
WH Organization. TAG-VE statement on omicron sublineages BQ.1 and XBB. Geneva: WHO; 2022.
Poudel S, Ishak A, Perez-Fernandez J, Garcia E, León-Figueroa DA, Romaní L, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant sparks significant concern among global experts—what is known so far? Travel Med Infect Dis. 2022;45:102234.
pubmed: 34896326
Nishiura H, Ito K, Anzai A, Kobayashi T, Piantham C, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Relative reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) compared with delta variant in South Africa. J Clin Med. 2021;11(1):30.
pubmed: 35011781
pmcid: 8745053
Arora P, Kempf A, Nehlmeier I, Schulz SR, Jäck H-M, Pöhlmann S, Hoffmann M. Omicron sublineage BQ.1.1 resistance to monoclonal antibodies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00733-2 .
doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00733-2
pubmed: 36480944
pmcid: 9621698
COVID data tracker—variant proportions https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions Accessed 31 Jan 2023.
FDA announces Evusheld is not currently authorized for emergency use in the U.S. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-announces-evusheld-not-currently-authorized-emergency-use-us Accessed 31 Jan 2023.
Lamontagne F, Stegemann M, Agarwal A, Agoritsas T, Siemieniuk R, Rochwerg B, Bartoszko J, Askie L, Macdonald H, Al-Maslamani M, Amin W. Update to living WHO guideline on drugs to prevent covid-19. BMJ. 2023;380:692.
Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Zeraatkar D, Kum E, Qasim A, Martinez JPD, Izcovich A, Lamontagne F, Han MA, Agarwal A, et al. Drug treatments for covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m2980.
pubmed: 32732190
Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Lopez-Echeverri MC, Perez-Raga MF, Quintero-Romero V, Valencia-Gallego V, Galindo-Herrera N, López-Alzate S, Sánchez-Vinasco JD, Gutiérrez-Vargas JJ, Mayta-Tristan P, et al. The global challenges of the long COVID-19 in adults and children. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2023;54:102606.
pubmed: 37295581
pmcid: 10247301