An update on mechanisms of pruritus and their potential treatment in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma
Itch
Mycosis fungoides
Pruritus
Sézary syndrome
Journal
Clinical and experimental medicine
ISSN: 1591-9528
Titre abrégé: Clin Exp Med
Pays: Italy
ID NLM: 100973405
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
09 Aug 2023
09 Aug 2023
Historique:
received:
12
06
2023
accepted:
12
07
2023
medline:
9
8
2023
pubmed:
9
8
2023
entrez:
9
8
2023
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL), which include mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS), are a group of lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by clonal accumulation of neoplastic T-lymphocytes in the skin. Severe pruritus, one of the most common and distressing symptoms in primary CTCL, can significantly impair emotional well-being, physical functioning, and interpersonal relationships, thus greatly reducing quality of life. Unfortunately, effectively managing pruritus remains challenging in CTCL patients as the underlying mechanisms are, as of yet, not fully understood. Previous studies investigating the mechanisms of itch in CTCL have identified several mediators and their corresponding antagonists used for treatment. However, a comprehensive overview of the mediators and receptors contributing to pruritus in primary CTCL is lacking in the current literature. Here, we summarize and review the mediators and receptors that may contribute to pruritus in primary CTCL to explore the mechanisms of CTCL pruritus and identify effective therapeutic targets using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Studies were included if they described itch mediators and receptors in MF and SS. Overall, the available data suggest that proteases (mainly tryptase), and neuropeptides (particularly Substance P) may be of greatest interest. At the receptor level, cytokine receptors, MRGPRs, and TRP channels are most likely important. Future drug development efforts should concentrate on targeting these mediators and receptors for the treatment of CTCL pruritus.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37555911
doi: 10.1007/s10238-023-01141-x
pii: 10.1007/s10238-023-01141-x
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s).
Références
Willemze R, Cerroni L, Kempf W, et al. The 2018 update of the WHO-EORTC classification for primary cutaneous lymphomas. Blood. 2019;134:1112. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019002852 .
doi: 10.1182/blood.2019002852
Kempf W, Zimmermann AK, Mitteldorf C. Cutaneous lymphomas-an update 2019. Hematol Oncol. 2019;37(Suppl 1):43–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/hon.2584 .
doi: 10.1002/hon.2584
pubmed: 31187534
Dummer R, Vermeer MH, Scarisbrick JJ, et al. Cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7:61. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-021-00296-9 .
doi: 10.1038/s41572-021-00296-9
pubmed: 34446710
Saunes M, Nilsen TI, Johannesen TB. Incidence of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in Norway. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:376–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08852.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08852.x
pubmed: 18808419
Willemze R, Jaffe ES, Burg G, et al. WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood. 2005;105:3768–85. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-09-3502 .
doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-09-3502
pubmed: 15692063
Bradford PT, Devesa SS, Anderson WF, Toro JR. Cutaneous lymphoma incidence patterns in the United States: a population-based study of 3884 cases. Blood. 2009;113:5064–73. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-10-184168 .
doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-10-184168
pubmed: 19279331
pmcid: 2686177
Olszewska-Szopa M, Sobas M, Laribi K, et al. Primary cutaneous indolent B-cell lymphomas - a retrospective multicenter analysis and a review of literature. Acta Oncol. 2021;60:1361–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186x.2021.1956689 .
doi: 10.1080/0284186x.2021.1956689
pubmed: 34346830
Wright A, Wijeratne A, Hung T, et al. Prevalence and severity of pruritus and quality of life in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013;45:114–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.01.012 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.01.012
pubmed: 22917715
Vij A, Duvic M. Prevalence and severity of pruritus in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51:930–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05188.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05188.x
pubmed: 22788808
Ottevanger R, van Beugen S, Evers AWM, et al. Quality of life in patients with mycosis fungoides and sézary syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35:2377–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17570 .
doi: 10.1111/jdv.17570
pubmed: 34331819
pmcid: 9291074
Lewis DJ, Huang S, Duvic M. Inflammatory cytokines and peripheral mediators in the pathophysiology of pruritus in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32:1652–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15075 .
doi: 10.1111/jdv.15075
pubmed: 29775497
Demierre MF, Gan S, Jones J, Miller DR. Significant impact of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma on patients’ quality of life: results of a 2005 national cutaneous lymphoma foundation survey. Cancer. 2006;107:2504–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.22252 .
doi: 10.1002/cncr.22252
pubmed: 17048251
Meyer N, Paul C, Misery L. Pruritus in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: frequent, often severe and difficult to treat. Acta Derm Venereol. 2010;90:12–7. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-0789 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-0789
pubmed: 20107719
Moses S. Pruritus. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68:1135–42.
pubmed: 14524401
Lansigan F. Navigating the treatment choices for mycosis fungoides. Oncology. 2010;24:508.
pubmed: 20568592
Jawed SI, Myskowski PL, Horwitz S, Moskowitz A, Querfeld C. Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome): part II. Prognosis, management, and future directions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70:223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.08.033 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.08.033
Sampogna F, Frontani M, Baliva G, et al. Quality of life and psychological distress in patients with cutaneous lymphoma. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:815–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08992.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08992.x
pubmed: 19120325
Holahan HM, Farah RS, Fitz S, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma? Int J Dermatol. 2018;57:1314–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.14132 .
doi: 10.1111/ijd.14132
pubmed: 30074622
Rael EL, Lockey RF. Interleukin-13 signaling and its role in asthma. World Allergy Organ J. 2011;4:54–64. https://doi.org/10.1097/WOX.0b013e31821188e0 .
doi: 10.1097/WOX.0b013e31821188e0
pubmed: 23283176
pmcid: 3651056
Carr C, Aykent S, Kimack NM, Levine AD. Disulfide assignments in recombinant mouse and human interleukin 4. Biochemistry. 1991;30:1515–23. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00220a011 .
doi: 10.1021/bi00220a011
pubmed: 1993171
Kelly-Welch A, Hanson EM, Keegan AD. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) pathway. Sci STKE. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1126/stke.2932005cm9 .
doi: 10.1126/stke.2932005cm9
pubmed: 16030287
Junttila IS. Tuning the cytokine responses: an update on interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 receptor complexes. Front Immunol. 2018;9:888. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00888 .
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00888
pubmed: 29930549
pmcid: 6001902
Amo-Aparicio J, Garcia-Garcia J, Francos-Quijorna I, et al. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 induce different metabolic profiles in microglia and macrophages that relate with divergent outcomes after spinal cord injury. Theranostics. 2021;11:9805–20. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.65203 .
doi: 10.7150/thno.65203
pubmed: 34815787
pmcid: 8581417
Popovic B, Breed J, Rees DG, et al. Structural characterisation reveals mechanism of IL-13-neutralising monoclonal antibody tralokinumab as inhibition of binding to IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2. J Mol Biol. 2017;429:208–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2016.12.005 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.12.005
pubmed: 27956146
Chan LS, Robinson N, Xu L. Expression of interleukin-4 in the epidermis of transgenic mice results in a pruritic inflammatory skin disease: an experimental animal model to study atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117:977–83. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01484.x .
doi: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01484.x
pubmed: 11676841
Oetjen LK, Mack MR, Feng J, et al. Sensory neurons co-opt classical immune signaling pathways to mediate chronic itch. Cell. 2017;171:217–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.006 .
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.006
pubmed: 28890086
pmcid: 5658016
Beck LA, Thaçi D, Hamilton JD, et al. Dupilumab treatment in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:130–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1314768 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1314768
pubmed: 25006719
Bonnekoh H, Butze M, Metz M. Characterization of the effects on pruritus by novel treatments for atopic dermatitis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2022;20:150–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.14678 .
doi: 10.1111/ddg.14678
pubmed: 35146882
Silverberg JI, Yosipovitch G, Simpson EL, et al. Dupilumab treatment results in early and sustained improvements in itch in adolescents and adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: Analysis of the randomized phase 3 studies SOLO 1 and SOLO 2, AD ADOL, and CHRONOS. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82:1328–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.02.060 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.02.060
pubmed: 32135208
Guttman-Yassky E, Blauvelt A, Eichenfield LF, et al. Efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab, a high-affinity interleukin 13 inhibitor, in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a phase 2b randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156:411–20. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.0079 .
doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.0079
pubmed: 32101256
pmcid: 7142380
Wollenberg A, Blauvelt A, Guttman-Yassky E, et al. Tralokinumab for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: results from two 52-week, randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase III trials (ECZTRA 1 and ECZTRA 2). Br J Dermatol. 2021;184:437–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.19574 .
doi: 10.1111/bjd.19574
pubmed: 33000465
Silverberg JI, Toth D, Bieber T, et al. Tralokinumab plus topical corticosteroids for the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: results from the double-blind, randomized, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase III ECZTRA 3 trial. Br J Dermatol. 2021;184:450–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.19573 .
doi: 10.1111/bjd.19573
pubmed: 33000503
pmcid: 7986183
Gael M, Adam T, Mariano-Bourin M, Bursztejn AC. Efficacy of dupilumab in chronic prurigo and chronic idiopathic pruritus: a systematic review of current evidence and analysis of response predictors. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.18221 .
doi: 10.1111/jdv.18221
pubmed: 35569006
Vowels BR, Cassin M, Vonderheid EC, Rook AH. Aberrant cytokine production by Sezary syndrome patients: cytokine secretion pattern resembles murine Th2 cells. J Invest Dermatol. 1992;99:90–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12611877 .
doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12611877
pubmed: 1607682
Papadavid E, Economidou J, Psarra A, et al. The relevance of peripheral blood T-helper 1 and 2 cytokine pattern in the evaluation of patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148:709–18. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05224.x .
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05224.x
pubmed: 12752128
Bénard A, Cavaillès P, Boué J, et al. mu-opioid receptor is induced by IL-13 within lymph nodes from patients with Sézary syndrome. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130:1337–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2009.433 .
doi: 10.1038/jid.2009.433
pubmed: 20107485
Mollanazar NK, Savage KT, Pousti BT, et al. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and concomitant atopic dermatitis responding to dupilumab. Cutis. 2020;106:131–2. https://doi.org/10.12788/cutis.0066 .
doi: 10.12788/cutis.0066
pubmed: 33104116
Steck O, Bertschi NL, Luther F, et al. Rapid and sustained control of itch and reduction in Th2 bias by dupilumab in a patient with Sézary syndrome. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35:1331–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17001 .
doi: 10.1111/jdv.17001
pubmed: 33068311
Ayasse M, Nelson K, Glass F, Silverberg JI. Mycosis fungoides unmasked by dupilumab treatment in a patient with a history of atopic dermatitis. Dermatitis. 2021;32:e88–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/der.0000000000000679 .
doi: 10.1097/der.0000000000000679
pubmed: 33273230
Chiba T, Nagai T, Osada SI, Manabe M. Diagnosis of Mycosis fungoides following administration of dupilumab for misdiagnosed atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2019;99:818–9. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-3208 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-3208
pubmed: 31045233
Espinosa ML, Nguyen MT, Aguirre AS, et al. Progression of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma after dupilumab: case review of 7 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83:197–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.050 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.050
pubmed: 32229275
pmcid: 7302979
Claire Hollins L, Wirth P, Fulchiero Jr GJ, Foulke GT. Long-standing dermatitis treated with dupilumab with subsequent progression to cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cutis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.12788/cutis.0074 .
doi: 10.12788/cutis.0074
pubmed: 32941565
Newsom M, Hrin ML, Hamid RN, et al. Two cases of mycosis fungoides diagnosed after treatment non-response to dupilumab. Dermatol Online J. 2021;27.
Sokumbi O, Shamim H, Davis MDP, et al. Evolution of dupilumab-associated cutaneous atypical lymphoid infiltrates. Am J Dermatopathol. 2021;43:714–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/dad.0000000000001875 .
doi: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001875
pubmed: 34132660
Miyashiro D, Vivarelli AG, Gonçalves F, Cury-Martins J, Sanches JA. Progression of mycosis fungoides after treatment with dupilumab: a case report. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33:e13880. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13880 .
doi: 10.1111/dth.13880
pubmed: 32558148
Russomanno K, Carver DeKlotz CM. Acceleration of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma following dupilumab administration. JAAD Case Rep. 2021;8:83–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdcr.2020.12.010 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2020.12.010
pubmed: 33532533
Lazaridou I, Ram-Wolff C, Bouaziz JD, et al. Dupilumab treatment in two patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020;100:adv00271. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-3576 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-3576
pubmed: 32556342
Tran J, Morris L, Vu A, Duvic M. Development of Sézary syndrome following the administration of dupilumab. Dermatol Online J. 2020;26.
Umemoto N, Demitsu T, Otaki K, et al. Dupilumab therapy in Sézary syndrome misdiagnosed as atopic dermatitis: a case report. J Dermatol. 2020;47:e356–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.15501 .
doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.15501
pubmed: 32677069
Park A, Wong L, Lang A, et al. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma following dupilumab use: a systematic review. Int J Dermatol. 2023;62:862–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.16388 .
doi: 10.1111/ijd.16388
pubmed: 36073768
Hamp A, Hanson J, Schwartz RA, Lambert WC, Alhatem A. Dupilumab-associated mycosis fungoides: a cross-sectional study. Arch Dermatol Res. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-023-02652-z .
doi: 10.1007/s00403-023-02652-z
pubmed: 37270763
Dougan M, Dranoff G, Dougan SK. GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 Family of cytokines: regulators of inflammation. Immunity. 2019;50:796–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.022 .
doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.022
pubmed: 30995500
Varricchi G, Poto R, Marone G, Schroeder JT. IL-3 in the development and function of basophils. Semin Immunol. 2021;54:101510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2021.101510 .
doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101510
pubmed: 34756806
Broughton SE, Dhagat U, Hercus TR, et al. The GM-CSF/IL-3/IL-5 cytokine receptor family: from ligand recognition to initiation of signaling. Immunol Rev. 2012;250:277–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01164.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01164.x
pubmed: 23046136
Takatsu K, Nakajima H. IL-5 and eosinophilia. Curr Opin Immunol. 2008;20:288–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2008.04.001 .
doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.04.001
pubmed: 18511250
Doherty TA. At the bench: understanding group 2 innate lymphoid cells in disease. J Leukoc Biol. 2015;97:455–67. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.5BT0814-374R .
doi: 10.1189/jlb.5BT0814-374R
pubmed: 25473099
Kouro T, Takatsu K. IL-5- and eosinophil-mediated inflammation: from discovery to therapy. Int Immunol. 2009;21:1303–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxp102 .
doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxp102
pubmed: 19819937
Nair P, Pizzichini MM, Kjarsgaard M, et al. Mepolizumab for prednisone-dependent asthma with sputum eosinophilia. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:985–93. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0805435 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0805435
pubmed: 19264687
Castro M, Zangrilli J, Wechsler ME, et al. Reslizumab for inadequately controlled asthma with elevated blood eosinophil counts: results from two multicentre, parallel, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3:355–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00042-9 .
doi: 10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00042-9
pubmed: 25736990
Laviolette M, Gossage DL, Gauvreau G, et al. Effects of benralizumab on airway eosinophils in asthmatic patients with sputum eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132:1086–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.020 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.020
pubmed: 23866823
pmcid: 4172321
Harish A, Schwartz SA. Targeted anti-IL-5 therapies and future therapeutics for hypereosinophilic syndrome and rare eosinophilic conditions. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2020;59:231–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-019-08775-4 .
doi: 10.1007/s12016-019-08775-4
pubmed: 31919743
Buttgereit T, Bonnekoh H, Church MK, et al. Effective treatment of a lymphocytic variant of hypereosinophilic syndrome with reslizumab. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2019;17:1171–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.13926 .
doi: 10.1111/ddg.13926
pubmed: 31765097
Plötz SG, Simon HU, Darsow U, et al. Use of an anti-interleukin-5 antibody in the hypereosinophilic syndrome with eosinophilic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2334–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa031261 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa031261
pubmed: 14668459
Terhorst-Molawi D, Altrichter S, Röwert J, et al. Effective treatment with mepolizumab in a patient with refractory wells syndrome. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2020;18:737–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.14151 .
doi: 10.1111/ddg.14151
pubmed: 32713151
Shimizu K, Andoh T, Makino T, et al. Mechanisms of itching in mycosis fungoides: grade of itching correlates with eosinophil infiltration and kallikrein 5 expression. Eur J Dermatol. 2019;29:268–73. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2019.3560 .
doi: 10.1684/ejd.2019.3560
pubmed: 31389785
Fredholm S, Gjerdrum LM, Willerslev-Olsen A, et al. STAT3 activation and infiltration of eosinophil granulocytes in mycosis fungoides. Anticancer Res. 2014;34:5277–86.
pubmed: 25275020
Tamachi T, Maezawa Y, Ikeda K, Iwamoto I, Nakajima H. Interleukin 25 in allergic airway inflammation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2006;140(Suppl 1):59–62. https://doi.org/10.1159/000092713 .
doi: 10.1159/000092713
pubmed: 16772729
Kostareva OS, Gabdulkhakov AG, Kolyadenko IA, Garber MB, Tishchenko SV. Interleukin-17: functional and structural features, application as a therapeutic target. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2019;84:S193–205. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0006297919140116 .
doi: 10.1134/s0006297919140116
pubmed: 31213202
Valizadeh A, Khosravi A, Zadeh LJ, Parizad EG. Role of IL-25 in immunity. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9:Oe10. https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2015/12235.5814 .
doi: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/12235.5814
Reynolds JM, Lee YH, Shi Y, et al. Interleukin-17B antagonizes interleukin-25-mediated mucosal inflammation. Immunity. 2015;42:692–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.008 .
doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.008
pubmed: 25888259
pmcid: 5811222
Liu Y, Shao Z, Shangguan G, Bie Q, Zhang B. Biological properties and the role of IL-25 in disease pathogenesis. J Immunol Res. 2018;2018:6519465. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6519465 .
doi: 10.1155/2018/6519465
pubmed: 30345318
pmcid: 6174801
Angkasekwinai P, Chang SH, Thapa M, Watarai H, Dong C. Regulation of IL-9 expression by IL-25 signaling. Nat Immunol. 2010;11:250–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1846 .
doi: 10.1038/ni.1846
pubmed: 20154671
pmcid: 2827302
Senra L, Mylonas A, Kavanagh RD, et al. IL-17E (IL-25) enhances innate immune responses during skin inflammation. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139:1732–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2019.01.021 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.01.021
pubmed: 30738055
Aktar MK, Kido-Nakahara M, Furue M, Nakahara T. Mutual upregulation of endothelin-1 and IL-25 in atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2015;70:846–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12633 .
doi: 10.1111/all.12633
pubmed: 25903653
Kido-Nakahara M, Buddenkotte J, Kempkes C, et al. Neural peptidase endothelin-converting enzyme 1 regulates endothelin 1-induced pruritus. J Clin Invest. 2014;124:2683–95. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci67323 .
doi: 10.1172/jci67323
pubmed: 24812665
pmcid: 4038561
Akiyama T, Carstens E. Neural processing of itch. Neuroscience. 2013;250:697–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.035 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.035
pubmed: 23891755
Ferreira SH, Romitelli M, de Nucci G. Endothelin-1 participation in overt and inflammatory pain. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1989;13(Suppl 5):S220–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005344-198900135-00065 .
doi: 10.1097/00005344-198900135-00065
pubmed: 2473319
McQueen DS, Noble MA, Bond SM. Endothelin-1 activates ETA receptors to cause reflex scratching in BALB/c mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;151:278–84. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707216 .
doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707216
pubmed: 17351652
pmcid: 2013956
Tsybikov NN, Petrisheva IV, Kuznik BI, Magen E. Plasma endothelin-1 levels during exacerbation of atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2015;36:320–4. https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2015.36.3846 .
doi: 10.2500/aap.2015.36.3846
pubmed: 26108089
Jaworek AK, Szafraniec K, Zuber Z, Wojas-Pelc A, Jaworek J. Interleukin 25, thymic stromal lymphopoietin and house dust mites in pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.26402/jpp.2020.2.14 .
doi: 10.26402/jpp.2020.2.14
pubmed: 32776912
Nakajima R, Miyagaki T, Hirakawa M, et al. Interleukin-25 is involved in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma progression by establishing a T helper 2-dominant microenvironment. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178:1373–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16237 .
doi: 10.1111/bjd.16237
pubmed: 29238954
Miyagaki T, Sugaya M. Erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: how to differentiate this rare disease from atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 2011;64:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.07.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.07.007
pubmed: 21872448
Hermanns HM. Oncostatin M and interleukin-31: cytokines, receptors, signal transduction and physiology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2015;26:545–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.006 .
doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.006
pubmed: 26198770
Takamori A, Nambu A, Sato K, et al. IL-31 is crucial for induction of pruritus, but not inflammation, in contact hypersensitivity. Sci Rep. 2018;8:6639. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25094-4 .
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25094-4
pubmed: 29703903
pmcid: 5923199
Andoh T, Harada A, Kuraishi Y. Involvement of leukotriene B4 released from keratinocytes in itch-associated response to intradermal interleukin-31 in mice. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017;97:922–7. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-2697 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-2697
pubmed: 28512667
Raap U, Gehring M, Kleiner S, et al. Human basophils are a source of - and are differentially activated by - IL-31. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47:499–508. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12875 .
doi: 10.1111/cea.12875
pubmed: 28000952
Hashimoto T, Kursewicz CD, Fayne RA, et al. Mechanisms of itch in stasis dermatitis: significant role of IL-31 from macrophages. J Invest Dermatol. 2020;140:850–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2019.09.012 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.09.012
pubmed: 31626785
Hashimoto T, Satoh T, Yokozeki H. Pruritus in ordinary scabies: IL-31 from macrophages induced by overexpression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and periostin. Allergy. 2019;74:1727–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13870 .
doi: 10.1111/all.13870
pubmed: 31087686
Guarneri F, Minciullo PL, Mannucci C, et al. IL-31 and IL-33 circulating levels in allergic contact dermatitis. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;47:156–8.
pubmed: 26357000
Ruzicka T, Hanifin JM, Furue M, et al. Anti-Interleukin-31 receptor a antibody for atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:826–35. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1606490 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1606490
pubmed: 28249150
Kabashima K, Furue M, Hanifin JM, et al. Nemolizumab in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: randomized, phase II, long-term extension study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142:1121-1130.e1127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.03.018 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.03.018
pubmed: 29753033
Silverberg JI, Pinter A, Pulka G, et al. Phase 2B randomized study of nemolizumab in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis and severe pruritus. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145:173–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.013 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.013
pubmed: 31449914
Ständer S, Yosipovitch G, Legat FJ, et al. Trial of nemolizumab in moderate-to-severe prurigo nodularis. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:706–16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1908316 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1908316
pubmed: 32074418
Tsoi LC, Hacini-Rachinel F, Fogel P, et al. Transcriptomic characterization of prurigo nodularis and the therapeutic response to nemolizumab. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2021.10.004 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.10.004
pubmed: 34857395
pmcid: 8995330
Ohmatsu H, Sugaya M, Suga H, et al. Serum IL-31 levels are increased in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92:282–3. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1345 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-1345
pubmed: 22456907
Malek M, Gleń J, Rębała K, et al. Il-31 does not correlate to pruritus related to early stage cutaneous T-cell lymphomas but is involved in pathogenesis of the disease. Acta Derm Venereol. 2015;95:283–8. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1958 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-1958
pubmed: 25176053
Abreu M, Miranda M, Castro M, et al. IL-31 and IL-8 in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: looking for their role in itch. Adv Hematol. 2021;2021:5582–2581. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5582581 .
doi: 10.1155/2021/5582581
van Santen S, Out JJ, Zoutman WH, et al. Serum and cutaneous transcriptional expression levels of IL31 are minimal in cutaneous T cell lymphoma variants. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2021;26:101007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101007
pubmed: 34027133
pmcid: 8121649
Singer EM, Shin DB, Nattkemper LA, et al. IL-31 is produced by the malignant T-cell population in cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma and correlates with CTCL pruritus. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133:2783–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.227 .
doi: 10.1038/jid.2013.227
pubmed: 23698099
Nattkemper LA, Martinez-Escala ME, Gelman AB, et al. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and pruritus: the expression of IL-31 and its receptors in the skin. Acta Derm Venereol. 2016;96:894–8. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-2417 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-2417
pubmed: 27001482
Sokol CL, Luster AD. The chemokine system in innate immunity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a016303 .
doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016303
pubmed: 25635046
pmcid: 4448619
Huber AK, Giles DA, Segal BM, Irani DN. An emerging role for eotaxins in neurodegenerative disease. Clin Immunol. 2018;189:29–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2016.09.010 .
doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.09.010
pubmed: 27664933
Schaerli P, Ebert L, Willimann K, et al. A skin-selective homing mechanism for human immune surveillance T cells. J Exp Med. 2004;199:1265–75. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20032177 .
doi: 10.1084/jem.20032177
pubmed: 15123746
pmcid: 2211907
Saito M, Sejima H, Naito T, et al. The CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 1, upregulated by the viral transactivator Tax, can be downregulated by minocycline: possible implications for long-term treatment of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Virol J. 2017;14:234. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0902-6 .
doi: 10.1186/s12985-017-0902-6
pubmed: 29202792
pmcid: 5715538
Miyagawa Y, Murakami A, Ebihara N. The proteolytic effect of mast cell tryptase to eotaxin-1/CCL11·eotaxin-2/CCL24 and eotaxin-3/CCL26 produced by conjunctival fibroblasts. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2019;63:215–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-019-00655-w .
doi: 10.1007/s10384-019-00655-w
pubmed: 30796548
Akimoto N, Honda K, Uta D, et al. CCL-1 in the spinal cord contributes to neuropathic pain induced by nerve injury. Cell Death Dis. 2013;4:e679. https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2013.198 .
doi: 10.1038/cddis.2013.198
pubmed: 23788036
pmcid: 3702283
Fujimoto T, Imaeda H, Takahashi K, et al. Eotaxin-3 (CCL26) expression in human pancreatic myofibroblasts. Pancreas. 2016;45:420–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/mpa.0000000000000480 .
doi: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000480
pubmed: 26418908
Grozdanovic M, Laffey KG, Abdelkarim H, et al. Novel peptide nanoparticle-biased antagonist of CCR3 blocks eosinophil recruitment and airway hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143:669–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.003
pubmed: 29778505
Gombert M, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Winterberg F, et al. CCL1-CCR8 interactions: an axis mediating the recruitment of T cells and Langerhans-type dendritic cells to sites of atopic skin inflammation. J Immunol. 2005;174:5082–91. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.5082 .
doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.5082
pubmed: 15814739
Kowalski EH, Kneibner D, Kridin K, Amber KT. Serum and blister fluid levels of cytokines and chemokines in pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18:526–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.009 .
doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.009
pubmed: 30844553
Miyagaki T, Sugaya M, Kagami S, et al. Increased CCL1 levels in the sera and blister fluid of patients with bullous pemphigoid. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;54:45–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.10.012 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.10.012
pubmed: 19117730
Miyagaki T, Sugaya M, Fujita H, et al. Eotaxins and CCR3 interaction regulates the Th2 environment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130:2304–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2010.128 .
doi: 10.1038/jid.2010.128
pubmed: 20505746
Suga H, Sugaya M, Miyagaki T, et al. Association of nerve growth factor, chemokine (C-C motif) ligands and immunoglobulin E with pruritus in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93:144–9. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1428 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-1428
pubmed: 22948508
Ziegler SF, Roan F, Bell BD, et al. The biology of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Adv Pharmacol. 2013;66:129–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-404717-4.00004-4 .
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404717-4.00004-4
pubmed: 23433457
pmcid: 4169878
Corren J, Ziegler SF. TSLP: from allergy to cancer. Nat Immunol. 2019;20:1603–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-019-0524-9 .
doi: 10.1038/s41590-019-0524-9
pubmed: 31745338
Li S, Yi Z, Deng M, et al. TSLP protects against liver I/R injury via activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. JCI Insight. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.129013 .
doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.129013
pubmed: 31852841
pmcid: 6975268
He R, Geha RS. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1183:13–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05128.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05128.x
pubmed: 20146705
pmcid: 2895428
Xia Q, Liu T, Wang J, et al. Mast cells and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) expression positively correlates with pruritus intensity in dermatitis herpetiformis. Eur J Dermatol. 2020;30:499–504. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2020.3881 .
doi: 10.1684/ejd.2020.3881
pubmed: 33021479
Simpson EL, Parnes JR, She D, et al. Tezepelumab, an anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized phase 2a clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80:1013–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.11.059 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.11.059
pubmed: 30550828
Miyagaki T, Sugaya M, Fujita H, Saeki H, Tamaki K. Increased serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels in patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:539–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02990.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02990.x
pubmed: 19236423
Tuzova M, Richmond J, Wolpowitz D, et al. CCR4+T cell recruitment to the skin in mycosis fungoides: potential contributions by thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interleukin-16. Leuk Lymphoma. 2015;56:440–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2014.919634 .
doi: 10.3109/10428194.2014.919634
pubmed: 24794807
Rocco ML, Soligo M, Manni L, Aloe L. Nerve growth factor: early studies and recent clinical trials. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16:1455–65. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x16666180412092859 .
doi: 10.2174/1570159x16666180412092859
pubmed: 29651949
pmcid: 6295934
Ebendal T. Function and evolution in the NGF family and its receptors. J Neurosci Res. 1992;32:461–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490320402 .
doi: 10.1002/jnr.490320402
pubmed: 1326636
Aarão TLS, de Sousa JR, Falcão ASC, Falcão LFM, Quaresma JAS. Nerve growth factor and pathogenesis of leprosy: review and update. Front Immunol. 2018;9:939. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00939 .
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00939
pubmed: 29867937
pmcid: 5949531
Skoff AM, Adler JE. Nerve growth factor regulates substance P in adult sensory neurons through both TrkA and p75 receptors. Exp Neurol. 2006;197:430–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.10.006 .
doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.10.006
pubmed: 16300761
Pincelli C. p75 Neurotrophin receptor in the skin: beyond its neurotrophic function. Front Med (Lausanne). 2017;4:22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00022 .
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00022
pubmed: 28326307
pmcid: 5339601
Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, et al. Nerve growth factor and substance P are useful plasma markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:71–9. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04803.x .
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04803.x
pubmed: 12100187
Dou YC, Hagströmer L, Emtestam L, Johansson O. Increased nerve growth factor and its receptors in atopic dermatitis: an immunohistochemical study. Arch Dermatol Res. 2006;298:31–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-006-0657-1 .
doi: 10.1007/s00403-006-0657-1
pubmed: 16586073
Johansson O, Liang Y, Emtestam L. Increased nerve growth factor- and tyrosine kinase A-like immunoreactivities in prurigo nodularis skin: an exploration of the cause of neurohyperplasia. Arch Dermatol Res. 2002;293:614–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-001-0285-8 .
doi: 10.1007/s00403-001-0285-8
pubmed: 11875644
Chang SE, Han SS, Jung HJ, Choi JH. Neuropeptides and their receptors in psoriatic skin in relation to pruritus. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:1272–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07935.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07935.x
pubmed: 17535226
Nakamura M, Toyoda M, Morohashi M. Pruritogenic mediators in psoriasis vulgaris: comparative evaluation of itch-associated cutaneous factors. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149:718–30. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05586.x .
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05586.x
pubmed: 14616362
Roblin D, Yosipovitch G, Boyce B, et al. Topical TrkA kinase inhibitor CT327 is an effective, novel therapy for the treatment of pruritus due to psoriasis: results from experimental studies, and efficacy and safety of CT327 in a phase 2b clinical trial in patients with psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2015;95:542–8. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-2047 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-2047
pubmed: 25594427
Mistrova E, Kruzliak P, Chottova Dvorakova M. Role of substance P in the cardiovascular system. Neuropeptides. 2016;58:41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2015.12.005 .
doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.12.005
pubmed: 26706184
Zieglgänsberger W. Substance P and pain chronicity. Cell Tissue Res. 2019;375:227–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-018-2922-y .
doi: 10.1007/s00441-018-2922-y
pubmed: 30284083
Mashaghi A, Marmalidou A, Tehrani M, et al. Neuropeptide substance P and the immune response. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016;73:4249–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2293-z .
doi: 10.1007/s00018-016-2293-z
pubmed: 27314883
pmcid: 5056132
McNeil BD, Pundir P, Meeker S, et al. Identification of a mast-cell-specific receptor crucial for pseudo-allergic drug reactions. Nature. 2015;519:237–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14022 .
doi: 10.1038/nature14022
pubmed: 25517090
Azimi E, Reddy VB, Pereira PJS, et al. Substance P activates mas-related G protein-coupled receptors to induce itch. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140:447–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.980 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.980
pubmed: 28219706
pmcid: 5546940
Porebski G, Kwiecien K, Pawica M, Kwitniewski M. Mas-Related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2) in drug hypersensitivity reactions. Front Immunol. 2018;9:3027. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.03027 .
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03027
pubmed: 30619367
pmcid: 6306423
Teresiak-Mikołajczak E, Czarnecka-Operacz M, Jenerowicz D, Silny W. Neurogenic markers of the inflammatory process in atopic dermatitis: relation to the severity and pruritus. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2013;30:286–92. https://doi.org/10.5114/pdia.2013.38357 .
doi: 10.5114/pdia.2013.38357
pubmed: 24353488
pmcid: 3858656
Amatya B, El-Nour H, Holst M, Theodorsson E, Nordlind K. Expression of tachykinins and their receptors in plaque psoriasis with pruritus. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164:1023–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10241.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10241.x
pubmed: 21299544
Nattkemper LA, Tey HL, Valdes-Rodriguez R, et al. The genetics of chronic itch: gene expression in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis with severe itch. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138:1311–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2017.12.029 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.12.029
pubmed: 29317264
Haas S, Capellino S, Phan NQ, et al. Low density of sympathetic nerve fibers relative to substance P-positive nerve fibers in lesional skin of chronic pruritus and prurigo nodularis. J Dermatol Sci. 2010;58:193–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.03.020 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.03.020
pubmed: 20417061
Pincelli C, Fantini F, Massimi P, et al. Neuropeptides in skin from patients with atopic dermatitis: an immunohistochemical study. Br J Dermatol. 1990;122:745–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb06261.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb06261.x
pubmed: 1695105
Metz M, Krull C, Hawro T, et al. Substance P is upregulated in the serum of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134:2833–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2014.226 .
doi: 10.1038/jid.2014.226
pubmed: 24844859
Agelopoulos K, Rülander F, Dangelmaier J, et al. Neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists exhibit peripheral effects in prurigo nodularis including reduced ERK1/2 activation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33:2371–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15905 .
doi: 10.1111/jdv.15905
pubmed: 31442331
Ally MS, Gamba CS, Peng DH, Tang JY. The use of aprepitant in brachioradial pruritus. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149:627–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.170 .
doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.170
pubmed: 23677105
Santini D, Vincenzi B, Guida FM, et al. Aprepitant for management of severe pruritus related to biological cancer treatments: a pilot study. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:1020–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70373-x .
doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70373-x
pubmed: 22995650
Ito J, Fujimoto D, Nakamura A, et al. Aprepitant for refractory nivolumab-induced pruritus. Lung Cancer. 2017;109:58–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.04.020 .
doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.04.020
pubmed: 28577951
Vincenzi B, Tonini G, Santini D. Aprepitant for erlotinib-induced pruritus. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:397–8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1003937 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1003937
pubmed: 20660413
Villafranca JJ, Siles MG, Casanova M, Goitia BT, Domínguez AR. Paraneoplastic pruritus presenting with Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2014;8:300. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-8-300 .
doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-300
pubmed: 25200537
Damiani G, Kridin K, Pacifico A, et al. Antihistamines-refractory chronic pruritus in psoriatic patients undergoing biologics: aprepitant versus antihistamine double dosage, a real-world data. J Dermatol Treat. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2020.1840502 .
doi: 10.1080/09546634.2020.1840502
He A, Alhariri JM, Sweren RJ, Kwatra MM, Kwatra SG. Aprepitant for the treatment of chronic refractory pruritus. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:4790810. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4790810 .
doi: 10.1155/2017/4790810
pubmed: 29057261
pmcid: 5625747
Ständer S, Siepmann D, Herrgott I, Sunderkötter C, Luger TA. Targeting the neurokinin receptor 1 with aprepitant: a novel antipruritic strategy. PLoS One. 2010;5:e10968. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010968 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010968
pubmed: 20532044
pmcid: 2881044
Tsianakas A, Zeidler C, Riepe C, et al. Aprepitant in anti-histamine-refractory chronic nodular prurigo: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, phase-II trial (APREPRU). Acta Derm Venereol. 2019;99:379–85. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-3120 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-3120
pubmed: 30653242
Wallengren J. Topical aprepitant in clinical and experimental pruritus. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:957–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2012.1018 .
doi: 10.1001/archdermatol.2012.1018
pubmed: 22911202
Ständer S, Kwon P, Hirman J, et al. Serlopitant reduced pruritus in patients with prurigo nodularis in a phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80:1395–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.01.052 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.01.052
pubmed: 30894279
Pariser DM, Bagel J, Lebwohl M, et al. Serlopitant for psoriatic pruritus: a phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82:1314–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.01.056 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.01.056
pubmed: 32007513
Yosipovitch G, Ständer S, Kerby MB, et al. Serlopitant for the treatment of chronic pruritus: results of a randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78:882–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.030 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.030
pubmed: 29462657
Chiou AS, Choi S, Barriga M, et al. Phase 2 trial of a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist for the treatment of chronic itch in patients with epidermolysis bullosa: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82:1415–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.09.014 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.09.014
pubmed: 31541747
Ständer S, Spellman MC, Kwon P, Yosipovitch G. The NK1 receptor antagonist serlopitant for treatment of chronic pruritus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2019;28:659–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2019.1638910 .
doi: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1638910
pubmed: 31272246
Welsh SE, Xiao C, Kaden AR, et al. Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist tradipitant has mixed effects on itch in atopic dermatitis: results from EPIONE, a randomized clinical trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35:e338–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17090 .
doi: 10.1111/jdv.17090
pubmed: 33330999
pmcid: 8248080
Trower MK, Fisher A, Upton N, Ratti E. Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist orvepitant is an effective inhibitor of itch-associated response in a mongolian gerbil model of scratching behaviour. Exp Dermatol. 2014;23:858–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.12528 .
doi: 10.1111/exd.12528
pubmed: 25078633
Pojawa-Gołąb M, Jaworecka K, Reich A. NK-1 receptor antagonists and pruritus: review of current literature. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2019;9:391–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-019-0305-2 .
doi: 10.1007/s13555-019-0305-2
pubmed: 31190215
Tuzova M, Conniff T, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, et al. Absence of full-length neurokinin-1 receptor protein expression by cutaneous T cells: implications for substance P-mediated signaling in mycosis fungoides. Acta Derm Venereol. 2015;95:852–4. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-2097 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-2097
pubmed: 25783846
Maroñas-Jiménez L, Estrach T, Gallardo F, et al. Aprepitant improves refractory pruritus in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: experience of the spanish working group on cutaneous lymphomas. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178:e273–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16128 .
doi: 10.1111/bjd.16128
pubmed: 29150837
Song JS, Tawa M, Chau NG, Kupper TS, LeBoeuf NR. Aprepitant for refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-associated pruritus: 4 cases and a review of the literature. BMC Cancer. 2017;17:200. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3194-8 .
doi: 10.1186/s12885-017-3194-8
pubmed: 28302100
pmcid: 5356405
Duval A, Dubertret L. Aprepitant as an antipruritic agent? N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1415–6. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc0906670 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMc0906670
pubmed: 19797294
Torres T, Fernandes I, Selores M, Alves R, Lima M. Aprepitant: evidence of its effectiveness in patients with refractory pruritus continues. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66:e14–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2011.01.016 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.01.016
pubmed: 22177649
Ladizinski B, Bazakas A, Olsen EA. Aprepitant: a novel neurokinin-1 receptor/substance P antagonist as antipruritic therapy in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:e198–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2012.02.008 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.02.008
pubmed: 23062910
Booken N, Heck M, Nicolay JP, et al. Oral aprepitant in the therapy of refractory pruritus in erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164:665–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10108.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10108.x
pubmed: 21039410
Zic JA, Straka BT, McGirt LY, et al. Aprepitant for the treatment of pruritus in sézary syndrome: a randomized crossover clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154:1221–2. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.2510 .
doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.2510
pubmed: 30140912
pmcid: 6233739
Hoeben A, Landuyt B, Highley MS, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis. Pharmacol Rev. 2004;56:549–80. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.56.4.3 .
doi: 10.1124/pr.56.4.3
pubmed: 15602010
de Ruiz Almodovar C, Lambrechts D, Mazzone M, Carmeliet P. Role and therapeutic potential of VEGF in the nervous system. Physiol Rev. 2009;89:607–48. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00031.2008 .
doi: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2008
Wong LS, Otsuka A, Yamamoto Y, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor partially induces pruritus via epidermal hyperinnervation in imiquimod-induced psoriasiform dermatitis in mice. J Dermatol Sci. 2016;83:148–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.04.008 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.04.008
pubmed: 27156794
Amarbayasgalan T, Takahashi H, Dekio I, Morita E. Content of vascular endothelial growth factor in stratum corneum well correlates to local severity of acute inflammation in patients with atopic dermatitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2012;157:251–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000327556 .
doi: 10.1159/000327556
pubmed: 22042099
Zhang Y, Matsuo H, Morita E. Increased production of vascular endothelial growth factor in the lesions of atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res. 2006;297:425–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-006-0641-9 .
doi: 10.1007/s00403-006-0641-9
pubmed: 16456664
Samochocki Z, Bogaczewicz J, Sysa-Jędrzejowska A, et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and other cytokines in atopic dermatitis, and correlation with clinical features. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55:e141-146. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13132 .
doi: 10.1111/ijd.13132
pubmed: 26567044
Krull C, Schoepke N, Ohanyan T, et al. Increased angiogenesis and VEGF expression correlates with disease severity in prurigo patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30:1357–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13406 .
doi: 10.1111/jdv.13406
pubmed: 26446750
Krause K, Krull C, Kessler B, et al. Effective control of recalcitrant pruritus by bevacizumab: A possible role for vascular endothelial growth factor in chronic itch? Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93:175–9. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1445 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-1445
pubmed: 22930318
Sakamoto M, Miyagaki T, Kamijo H, et al. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor A levels reflect itch severity in mycosis fungoides and sézary syndrome. J Dermatol. 2018;45:95–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.14033 .
doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.14033
pubmed: 28925057
Masurier N, Arama DP, El Amri C, Lisowski V. Inhibitors of kallikrein-related peptidases: an overview. Med Res Rev. 2018;38:655–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/med.21451 .
doi: 10.1002/med.21451
pubmed: 28609548
Nielsen VG, Frank N. The kallikrein-like activity of Heloderma venom is inhibited by carbon monoxide. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2019;47:533–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-019-01853-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s11239-019-01853-6
pubmed: 30955141
Debela M, Beaufort N, Magdolen V, et al. Structures and specificity of the human kallikrein-related peptidases KLK 4, 5, 6, and 7. Biol Chem. 2008;389:623–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/bc.2008.075 .
doi: 10.1515/bc.2008.075
pubmed: 18627343
Kishibe M. Physiological and pathological roles of kallikrein-related peptidases in the epidermis. J Dermatol Sci. 2019;95:50–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.06.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.06.007
pubmed: 31279501
Shaw JL, Diamandis EP. Distribution of 15 human kallikreins in tissues and biological fluids. Clin Chem. 2007;53:1423–32. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.088104 .
doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.088104
pubmed: 17573418
Furio L, de Veer S, Jaillet M, et al. Transgenic kallikrein 5 mice reproduce major cutaneous and systemic hallmarks of netherton syndrome. J Exp Med. 2014;211:499–513. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20131797 .
doi: 10.1084/jem.20131797
pubmed: 24534191
pmcid: 3949577
Stefansson K, Brattsand M, Roosterman D, et al. Activation of proteinase-activated receptor-2 by human kallikrein-related peptidases. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:18–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700965 .
doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700965
pubmed: 17625593
Lee MS, Lerner EA. Targeting PAR2 with pepducins. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139:282–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2018.09.008 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.09.008
pubmed: 30471839
Ruppenstein A, Limberg MM, Loser K, et al. Involvement of neuro-immune interactions in pruritus with special focus on receptor expressions. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:627985. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.627985 .
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.627985
pubmed: 33681256
pmcid: 7930738
Komatsu N, Saijoh K, Kuk C, et al. Human tissue kallikrein expression in the stratum corneum and serum of atopic dermatitis patients. Exp Dermatol. 2007;16:513–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00562.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00562.x
pubmed: 17518992
Zhu Y, Underwood J, Macmillan D, et al. Persistent kallikrein 5 activation induces atopic dermatitis-like skin architecture independent of PAR2 activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140:1310-1322.e1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.025 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.025
pubmed: 28238749
Andoh T, Tsujii K, Kuraishi Y. Increase in pruritogenic kallikrein 5 in the skin of NC mice with chronic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol. 2015;24:978–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.12828 .
doi: 10.1111/exd.12828
pubmed: 26268952
Caughey GH. Tryptase genetics and anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:1411–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.02.026 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.02.026
pubmed: 16751005
pmcid: 2271076
Ni WW, Cao MD, Huang W, Meng L, Wei JF. Tryptase inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2017;27:919–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13543776.2017.1322064 .
doi: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1322064
pubmed: 28425830
Payne V, Kam PC. Mast cell tryptase: a review of its physiology and clinical significance. Anaesthesia. 2004;59:695–703. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03757.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03757.x
pubmed: 15200544
Schwartz LB, Metcalfe DD, Miller JS, Earl H, Sullivan T. Tryptase levels as an indicator of mast-cell activation in systemic anaphylaxis and mastocytosis. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1622–6. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198706253162603 .
doi: 10.1056/nejm198706253162603
pubmed: 3295549
Dugas-Breit S, Schöpf P, Dugas M, et al. Baseline serum levels of mast cell tryptase are raised in hemodialysis patients and associated with severity of pruritus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2005;3:343–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2005.05706.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2005.05706.x
pubmed: 16372800
Steinhoff M, Neisius U, Ikoma A, et al. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 mediates itch: a novel pathway for pruritus in human skin. J Neurosci. 2003;23:6176–80. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.23-15-06176.2003 .
doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-15-06176.2003
pubmed: 12867500
pmcid: 6740542
Kawakami T, Kaminishi K, Soma Y, Kushimoto T, Mizoguchi M. Oral antihistamine therapy influences plasma tryptase levels in adult atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 2006;43:127–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.04.002 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.04.002
pubmed: 16843643
Tsujii K, Andoh T, Ui H, Lee JB, Kuraishi Y. Involvement of tryptase and proteinase-activated receptor-2 in spontaneous itch-associated response in mice with atopy-like dermatitis. J Pharmacol Sci. 2009;109:388–95. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.08332fp .
doi: 10.1254/jphs.08332fp
pubmed: 19270428
Che D, Gao J, Du X, et al. p-Phenylenediamine induces immediate contact allergy and non-histaminergic itch via MRGPRX2. Chem Biol Interact. 2022;351:109751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109751 .
doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109751
pubmed: 34826398
Zhu Y, Pan WH, Wang XR, et al. Tryptase and protease-activated receptor-2 stimulate scratching behavior in a murine model of ovalbumin-induced atopic-like dermatitis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2015;28:507–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.047 .
doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.047
pubmed: 26049029
Ui H, Andoh T, Lee JB, Nojima H, Kuraishi Y. Potent pruritogenic action of tryptase mediated by PAR-2 receptor and its involvement in anti-pruritic effect of nafamostat mesilate in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;530:172–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.11.021 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.11.021
pubmed: 16359660
Terhorst-Molawi D, Lohse K, Ginter K, et al. Mast cells and tryptase are linked to itch and disease severity in mycosis fungoides: results of a pilot study. Front Immunol. 2022;13:930979. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.930979 .
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930979
pubmed: 36032167
pmcid: 9400509
Meixiong J, Vasavda C, Snyder SH, Dong X. MRGPRX4 is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by bile acids that may contribute to cholestatic pruritus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116:10525–30. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903316116 .
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1903316116
pubmed: 31068464
pmcid: 6535009
Cao C, Kang HJ, Singh I, et al. Structure, function and pharmacology of human itch GPCRs. Nature. 2021;600:170–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04126-6 .
doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04126-6
pubmed: 34789874
pmcid: 9150435
Bader M, Alenina N, Andrade-Navarro MA, Santos RA. MAS and its related G protein-coupled receptors. Mrgprs Pharmacol Rev. 2014;66:1080–105. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.113.008136 .
doi: 10.1124/pr.113.008136
pubmed: 25244929
Lembo PM, Grazzini E, Groblewski T, et al. Proenkephalin A gene products activate a new family of sensory neuron–specific GPCRs. Nat Neurosci. 2002;5:201–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn815 .
doi: 10.1038/nn815
pubmed: 11850634
Liu Q, Tang Z, Surdenikova L, et al. Sensory neuron-specific GPCR Mrgprs are itch receptors mediating chloroquine-induced pruritus. Cell. 2009;139:1353–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.034 .
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.034
pubmed: 20004959
pmcid: 2989405
Meixiong J, Anderson M, Limjunyawong N, et al. Activation of mast-cell-expressed mas-related G-protein-coupled receptors drives non-histaminergic itch. Immunity. 2019;50:1163-1171.e1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.013 .
doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.013
pubmed: 31027996
pmcid: 6531358
Yu H, Zhao T, Liu S, et al. MRGPRX4 is a bile acid receptor for human cholestatic itch. Elife. 2019;8:e48431. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.48431 .
doi: 10.7554/eLife.48431
pubmed: 31500698
pmcid: 6773440
Holden JE, Jeong Y, Forrest JM. The endogenous opioid system and clinical pain management. AACN Clin Issues. 2005;16:291–301. https://doi.org/10.1097/00044067-200507000-00003 .
doi: 10.1097/00044067-200507000-00003
pubmed: 16082232
Satoh M, Minami M. Molecular pharmacology of the opioid receptors. Pharmacol Ther. 1995;68:343–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7258(95)02011-x .
doi: 10.1016/0163-7258(95)02011-x
pubmed: 8788562
Kupczyk P, Reich A, Hołysz M, et al. Opioid receptors in psoriatic skin: relationship with itch. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017;97:564–70. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-2595 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-2595
pubmed: 27958613
Melo H, Basso L, Iftinca M, et al. Itch induced by peripheral mu opioid receptors is dependent on TRPV1-expressing neurons and alleviated by channel activation. Sci Rep. 2018;8:15551. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33620-7 .
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33620-7
pubmed: 30341332
pmcid: 6195532
Lee J, Shin JU, Noh S, Park CO, Lee KH. Clinical efficacy and safety of naltrexone combination therapy in older patients with severe pruritus. Ann Dermatol. 2016;28:159–63. https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2016.28.2.159 .
doi: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.2.159
pubmed: 27081261
pmcid: 4828377
Monroe EW. Efficacy and safety of nalmefene in patients with severe pruritus caused by chronic urticaria and atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;21:135–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(89)80353-6 .
doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(89)80353-6
pubmed: 2745760
Phan NQ, Bernhard JD, Luger TA, Ständer S. Antipruritic treatment with systemic μ-opioid receptor antagonists: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63:680–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.052 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.052
pubmed: 20462660
Murray-Brown FL. Naltrexone for cholestatic itch: a systematic review. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2021;11:217–25. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2020-002801 .
doi: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2020-002801
pubmed: 33692114
Bigliardi PL, Stammer H, Jost G, et al. Treatment of pruritus with topically applied opiate receptor antagonist. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56:979–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2007.01.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.01.007
pubmed: 17320241
Lee B, Elston DM. The uses of naltrexone in dermatologic conditions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80:1746–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.12.031 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.12.031
pubmed: 30582992
Joshi GG, Thakur BS, Sircar S, Namdeo A, Jain AK. Role of intravenous naloxone in severe pruritus of acute cholestasis. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2009;28:180–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-009-0070-8 .
doi: 10.1007/s12664-009-0070-8
pubmed: 20107967
Kremer AE, Beuers U, Oude-Elferink RP, Pusl T. Pathogenesis and treatment of pruritus in cholestasis. Drugs. 2008;68:2163–82. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200868150-00006 .
doi: 10.2165/00003495-200868150-00006
pubmed: 18840005
Bergasa NV, Alling DW, Talbot TL, et al. Effects of naloxone infusions in patients with the pruritus of cholestasis. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:161–7. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-123-3-199508010-00001 .
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-123-3-199508010-00001
pubmed: 7598296
Wang Z, Jiang C, Yao H, et al. Central opioid receptors mediate morphine-induced itch and chronic itch via disinhibition. Brain. 2021;144:665–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa430 .
doi: 10.1093/brain/awaa430
pubmed: 33367648
Pirie K, Doane MA, Riedel B, Myles PS. Analgesia for major laparoscopic abdominal surgery: a randomised feasibility trial using intrathecal morphine. Anaesthesia. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15651 .
doi: 10.1111/anae.15651
pubmed: 35038165
Weigl W, Bieryło A, Wielgus M, et al. Perioperative analgesia after intrathecal fentanyl and morphine or morphine alone for cesarean section: a randomized controlled study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96:e8892. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000008892 .
doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000008892
pubmed: 29310376
Fishbane S, Jamal A, Munera C, Wen W, Menzaghi F. A phase 3 trial of difelikefalin in hemodialysis patients with pruritus. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:222–32. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1912770 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1912770
pubmed: 31702883
Fishbane S, Mathur V, Germain MJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of difelikefalin for chronic pruritus in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int Rep. 2020;5:600–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2020.01.006 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.01.006
pubmed: 32405581
pmcid: 7210745
Deeks ED. Difelikefalin: first approval. Drugs. 2021;81:1937–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-021-01619-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s40265-021-01619-6
pubmed: 34674115
Wikström B, Gellert R, Ladefoged SD, et al. Kappa-opioid system in uremic pruritus: multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:3742–7. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2005020152 .
doi: 10.1681/asn.2005020152
pubmed: 16251241
Yoshikawa S, Asano T, Morino M, et al. Pruritus is common in patients with chronic liver disease and is improved by nalfurafine hydrochloride. Sci Rep. 2021;11:3015. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82566-w .
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82566-w
pubmed: 33542298
pmcid: 7862656
Kumagai H, Ebata T, Takamori K, et al. Effect of a novel kappa-receptor agonist, nalfurafine hydrochloride, on severe itch in 337 haemodialysis patients: a Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:1251–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfp588 .
doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfp588
pubmed: 19926718
Kozono H, Yoshitani H, Nakano R. Post-marketing surveillance study of the safety and efficacy of nalfurafine hydrochloride (Remitch(®) capsules 2.5 μg) in 3,762 hemodialysis patients with intractable pruritus. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2018;11:9–24. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijnrd.S145720 .
doi: 10.2147/ijnrd.S145720
pubmed: 29391822
pmcid: 5774492
Miyamoto Y, Oh T, Aihara E, Ando A. Clinical profiles of nalfurafine hydrochloride for the treatment of pruritus patients. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2022;271:455–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2020_400 .
doi: 10.1007/164_2020_400
pubmed: 33201326
Kumada H, Miyakawa H, Muramatsu T, et al. Efficacy of nalfurafine hydrochloride in patients with chronic liver disease with refractory pruritus: a randomized, double-blind trial. Hepatol Res. 2017;47:972–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/hepr.12830 .
doi: 10.1111/hepr.12830
pubmed: 27753159
Charuluxananan S, Kyokong O, Somboonviboon W, Narasethakamol A, Promlok P. Nalbuphine versus ondansetron for prevention of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus after cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:1789–93. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.Ane.0000066015.21364.7d .
doi: 10.1213/01.Ane.0000066015.21364.7d
pubmed: 12761013
Alhashemi JA, Crosby ET, Grodecki W, et al. Treatment of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus following caesarean section. Can J Anaesth. 1997;44:1060–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03019227 .
doi: 10.1007/bf03019227
pubmed: 9350364
Weisshaar E, Szepietowski JC, Bernhard JD, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral nalbuphine extended release in prurigo nodularis: results of a phase 2 randomized controlled trial with an open-label extension phase. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17816 .
doi: 10.1111/jdv.17816
pubmed: 34780095
Mathur VS, Kumar J, Crawford PW, Hait H, Sciascia T. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of nalbuphine ER tablets for uremic pruritus. Am J Nephrol. 2017;46:450–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000484573 .
doi: 10.1159/000484573
pubmed: 29253847
Hawi A, Alcorn H Jr, Berg J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of nalbuphine hydrochloride extended release tablets in hemodialysis patients with exploratory effect on pruritus. BMC Nephrol. 2015;16:47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-015-0043-3 .
doi: 10.1186/s12882-015-0043-3
pubmed: 25885112
pmcid: 4392787
Wu Z, Kong M, Chen J, et al. Continous epidural butorphanol decreases the incidence of intrathecal morphine-related pruritus after cesarean section: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial: epidural butorphanol decreases the incidence of intrathecal morphine-related pruritus. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2014;70:209–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-014-9884-9 .
doi: 10.1007/s12013-014-9884-9
pubmed: 24639106
Wu Z, Kong M, Wang N, Finlayson RJ, Tran QH. Intravenous butorphanol administration reduces intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus after cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Anesth. 2012;26:752–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-012-1421-7 .
doi: 10.1007/s00540-012-1421-7
pubmed: 22674156
Golpanian RS, Yosipovitch G, Levy C. Use of butorphanol as treatment for cholestatic itch. Dig Dis Sci. 2021;66:1693–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06392-2 .
doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06392-2
pubmed: 32556969
Ingrasci G, Arbrouk M, Haitz K, Kirsner R, Yosipovitch G. A protracted, postherpetic neuralgic ulcer treated with risperidone and intranasal butorphanol. JAAD Case Rep. 2021;15:7–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.06.026 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.06.026
pubmed: 34381859
pmcid: 8340051
Dawn AG, Yosipovitch G. Butorphanol for treatment of intractable pruritus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:527–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.12.010 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.12.010
pubmed: 16488311
Khanna R, Kwon CD, Patel SP, et al. Intranasal butorphanol rescue therapy for the treatment of intractable pruritus: a case series from the Johns Hopkins itch clinic. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83:1529–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.017 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.017
pubmed: 32679280
Brune A, Metze D, Luger TA, Ständer S. Antipruritic therapy with the oral opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone. Open, non-placebo controlled administration in 133 patients. Hautarzt. 2004;55:1130–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-004-0802-8 .
doi: 10.1007/s00105-004-0802-8
pubmed: 15517116
Metze D, Reimann S, Beissert S, Luger T. Efficacy and safety of naltrexone, an oral opiate receptor antagonist, in the treatment of pruritus in internal and dermatological diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;41:533–9.
pubmed: 10495371
Ekelem C, Juhasz M, Khera P, Mesinkovska NA. Utility of naltrexone treatment for chronic inflammatory dermatologic conditions: a systematic review. JAMA Dermatol. 2019;155:229–36. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.4093 .
doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.4093
pubmed: 30484835
Sullivan JR, Watson A. Naltrexone: a case report of pruritus from an antipruritic. Australas J Dermatol. 1997;38:196–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-0960.1997.tb01696.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.1997.tb01696.x
pubmed: 9431714
Ossovskaya VS, Bunnett NW. Protease-activated receptors: contribution to physiology and disease. Physiol Rev. 2004;84:579–621. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00028.2003 .
doi: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2003
pubmed: 15044683
Kong W, McConalogue K, Khitin LM, et al. Luminal trypsin may regulate enterocytes through proteinase-activated receptor 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:8884–9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.16.8884 .
doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.16.8884
pubmed: 9238072
pmcid: 23180
Hollenberg MD, Mihara K, Polley D, et al. Biased signalling and proteinase-activated receptors (PARs): targeting inflammatory disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2014;171:1180–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.12544 .
doi: 10.1111/bph.12544
pubmed: 24354792
pmcid: 3952797
Lieu T, Savage E, Zhao P, et al. Antagonism of the proinflammatory and pronociceptive actions of canonical and biased agonists of protease-activated receptor-2. Br J Pharmacol. 2016;173:2752–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13554 .
doi: 10.1111/bph.13554
pubmed: 27423137
pmcid: 4995288
Steinhoff M, Corvera CU, Thoma MS, et al. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 in human skin: tissue distribution and activation of keratinocytes by mast cell tryptase. Exp Dermatol. 1999;8:282–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.1999.tb00383.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1999.tb00383.x
pubmed: 10439226
Hawro T, Lehmann S, Altrichter S, et al. Skin provocation tests may help to diagnose atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2016;71:1745–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12995 .
doi: 10.1111/all.12995
pubmed: 27472813
Chung K, Pitcher T, Grant AD, et al. Cathepsin S acts via protease-activated receptor 2 to activate sensory neurons and induce itch-like behaviour. Neurobiol Pain. 2019;6:100032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynpai.2019.100032 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2019.100032
pubmed: 31223140
pmcid: 6565756
Frateschi S, Camerer E, Crisante G, et al. PAR2 absence completely rescues inflammation and ichthyosis caused by altered CAP1/Prss8 expression in mouse skin. Nat Commun. 2011;2:161. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1162 .
doi: 10.1038/ncomms1162
pubmed: 21245842
Buhl T, Ikoma A, Kempkes C, et al. Protease-activated receptor-2 regulates neuro-epidermal communication in atopic dermatitis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1740. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01740 .
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01740
pubmed: 32903402
pmcid: 7435019
Barr TP, Garzia C, Guha S, et al. PAR2 pepducin-based suppression of inflammation and itch in atopic dermatitis models. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139:412–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2018.08.019 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.08.019
pubmed: 30287285
Feng J, Yang P, Mack MR, et al. Sensory TRP channels contribute differentially to skin inflammation and persistent itch. Nat Commun. 2017;8:980. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01056-8 .
doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01056-8
pubmed: 29081531
pmcid: 5661746
Shirolkar P, Mishra SK. Role of TRP ion channels in pruritus. Neurosci Lett. 2022;768:136379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136379 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136379
pubmed: 34861341
Kittaka H, Tominaga M. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of itch and the involvement of TRP channels in the peripheral sensory nervous system and skin. Allergol Int. 2017;66:22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2016.10.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.10.003
pubmed: 28012781
Moore C, Gupta R, Jordt SE, Chen Y, Liedtke WB. Regulation of Pain and Itch by TRP Channels. Neurosci Bull. 2018;34:120–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-017-0200-8 .
doi: 10.1007/s12264-017-0200-8
pubmed: 29282613
Venkatachalam K, Montell C. TRP channels. Annu Rev Biochem. 2007;76:387–417. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142819 .
doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142819
pubmed: 17579562
pmcid: 4196875
Montell C. The TRP superfamily of cation channels. Sci STKE. 2005;2005:re3. https://doi.org/10.1126/stke.2722005re3 .
doi: 10.1126/stke.2722005re3
pubmed: 15728426
Yan J, Ye F, Ju Y, et al. Cimifugin relieves pruritus in psoriasis by inhibiting TRPV4. Cell Calcium. 2021;97:102429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102429 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102429
pubmed: 34087722
Ross SE. Pain and itch: insights into the neural circuits of aversive somatosensation in health and disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2011;21:880–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2011.10.012 .
doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.10.012
pubmed: 22054924
Liu B, Escalera J, Balakrishna S, et al. TRPA1 controls inflammation and pruritogen responses in allergic contact dermatitis. Faseb J. 2013;27:3549–63. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.13-229948 .
doi: 10.1096/fj.13-229948
pubmed: 23722916
pmcid: 3752543
Fernandes ES, Vong CT, Quek S, et al. Superoxide generation and leukocyte accumulation: key elements in the mediation of leukotriene B
doi: 10.1096/fj.12-221218
pubmed: 23271050
Wilzopolski J, Kietzmann M, Mishra SK, et al. TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels are both involved downstream of histamine-induced itch. Biomolecules. 2021;11:1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11081166 .
doi: 10.3390/biom11081166
pubmed: 34439832
pmcid: 8391774
Yang YS, Cho SI, Choi MG, et al. Increased expression of three types of transient receptor potential channels (TRPA1, TRPV4 and TRPV3) in burn scars with post-burn pruritus. Acta Derm Venereol. 2015;95:20–4. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1858 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-1858
pubmed: 24695993
Ellis CN, Berberian B, Sulica VI, et al. A double-blind evaluation of topical capsaicin in pruritic psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;29:438–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(93)70208-b .
doi: 10.1016/0190-9622(93)70208-b
pubmed: 7688774
Lysy J, Sistiery-Ittah M, Israelit Y, et al. Topical capsaicin–a novel and effective treatment for idiopathic intractable pruritus ani: a randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study. Gut. 2003;52:1323–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.52.9.1323 .
doi: 10.1136/gut.52.9.1323
pubmed: 12912865
pmcid: 1773800
Lee YW, Won CH, Jung K, et al. Efficacy and safety of PAC-14028 cream - a novel, topical, nonsteroidal, selective TRPV1 antagonist in patients with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis: a phase IIb randomized trial. Br J Dermatol. 2019;180:1030–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17455 .
doi: 10.1111/bjd.17455
pubmed: 30623408
pmcid: 6850419
Lim KM, Park YH. Development of PAC-14028, a novel transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel antagonist as a new drug for refractory skin diseases. Arch Pharm Res. 2012;35:393–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-012-0321-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s12272-012-0321-6
pubmed: 22477184
Singh AK, McGoldrick LL, Sobolevsky AI. Structure and gating mechanism of the transient receptor potential channel TRPV3. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2018;25:805–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-018-0108-7 .
doi: 10.1038/s41594-018-0108-7
pubmed: 30127359
pmcid: 6128766
Yoshioka T, Imura K, Asakawa M, et al. Impact of the Gly573Ser substitution in TRPV3 on the development of allergic and pruritic dermatitis in mice. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:714–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2008.245 .
doi: 10.1038/jid.2008.245
pubmed: 18754035
Lin Z, Chen Q, Lee M, et al. Exome sequencing reveals mutations in TRPV3 as a cause of Olmsted syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90:558–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.02.006 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.02.006
pubmed: 22405088
pmcid: 3309189
Yamamoto-Kasai E, Imura K, Yasui K, et al. TRPV3 as a therapeutic target for itch. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:2109–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2012.97 .
doi: 10.1038/jid.2012.97
pubmed: 22475759
Zhao J, Munanairi A, Liu XY, et al. PAR2 Mediates Itch via TRPV3 Signaling in Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2020;140:1524–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2020.01.012 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.01.012
pubmed: 32004565
pmcid: 7387154
Kim HO, Jin Cheol K, Yu Gyeong K, In Suk K. Itching caused by TRPV3 (transient receptor potential vanilloid-3) activator application to skin of burn patients. Medicina (Kaunas). 2020;56:560. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56110560 .
doi: 10.3390/medicina56110560
pubmed: 33113783
Kim JC, Kim HB, Shim WS, et al. Activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid-3 channels in keratinocytes induces pruritus in humans. Acta Derm Venereol. 2021;101:adv00517. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-3855 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-3855
pubmed: 34184069
Chen Y, Fang Q, Wang Z, et al. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 ion channel functions as a pruriceptor in epidermal keratinocytes to evoke histaminergic itch. J Biol Chem. 2016;291:10252–62. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.716464 .
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M116.716464
pubmed: 26961876
pmcid: 4858974
Chen Y, Wang ZL, Yeo M, et al. Epithelia-sensory neuron cross talk underlies cholestatic itch induced by lysophosphatidylcholine. Gastroenterology. 2021;161:301–17. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.049 .
doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.049
pubmed: 33819485
Zhang Q, Henry G, Chen Y. Emerging role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) ion channel in acute and chronic itch. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:7591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147591 .
doi: 10.3390/ijms22147591
pubmed: 34299208
pmcid: 8307539
Luo J, Feng J, Yu G, et al. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4-expressing macrophages and keratinocytes contribute differentially to allergic and nonallergic chronic itch. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141:608–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.051 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.051
pubmed: 28807414
Lee WJ, Shim WS. Cutaneous neuroimmune interactions of TSLP and TRPV4 play pivotal roles in dry skin-induced pruritus. Front Immunol. 2021;12:772941. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.772941 .
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772941
pubmed: 34925342
pmcid: 8674573
Akiyama T, Ivanov M, Nagamine M, et al. Involvement of TRPV4 in serotonin-evoked scratching. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136:154–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2015.388 .
doi: 10.1038/jid.2015.388
pubmed: 26763435
pmcid: 4731048
Sanjel B, Kim BH, Song MH, Carstens E, Shim WS. Glucosylsphingosine evokes pruritus via activation of 5-HT(2A) receptor and TRPV4 in sensory neurons. Br J Pharmacol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15733 .
doi: 10.1111/bph.15733
Kim S, Barry DM, Liu XY, et al. Facilitation of TRPV4 by TRPV1 is required for itch transmission in some sensory neuron populations. Sci Signal. 2016;9:437. https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aaf1047 .
doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf1047
Sanders KM, Hashimoto T, Sakai K, Akiyama T. Modulation of itch by localized skin warming and cooling. Acta Derm Venereol. 2018;98:855–61. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-2990 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-2990
pubmed: 29972224
Palkar R, Ongun S, Catich E, et al. Cooling relief of acute and chronic itch requires TRPM8 channels and neurons. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138:1391–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2017.12.025 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.12.025
pubmed: 29288650
Jung MJ, Kim JC, Wei ET, et al. A randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical trial of a synthetic TRPM8 agonist (Cryosim-1) gel for itch. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84:869–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.10.065 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.10.065
pubmed: 33129941
Misery L, Santerre A, Batardière A, et al. Real-life study of anti-itching effects of a cream containing menthoxypropanediol, a TRPM8 agonist, in atopic dermatitis patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33:e67–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15199 .
doi: 10.1111/jdv.15199
pubmed: 30067875
Ständer S, Augustin M, Roggenkamp D, et al. Novel TRPM8 agonist cooling compound against chronic itch: results from a randomized, double-blind, controlled, pilot study in dry skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31:1064–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14041 .
doi: 10.1111/jdv.14041
pubmed: 27862339
Han JH, Choi HK, Kim SJ. Topical TRPM8 agonist (icilin) relieved vulva pruritus originating from lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92:561–2. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1244 .
doi: 10.2340/00015555-1244
pubmed: 22042233
Kang SY, Choi MG, Wei ET, et al. TRPM8 agonist (cryosim-1) gel for scalp itch: a randomised, vehicle-controlled clinical trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.18080 .
doi: 10.1111/jdv.18080
pubmed: 36415973
pmcid: 10314821
Han Q, Liu D, Convertino M, et al. miRNA-711 binds and activates TRPA1 extracellularly to evoke acute and chronic pruritus. Neuron. 2018;99:449–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.039 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.039
pubmed: 30033153
pmcid: 6091677
Dong X, Dong X. Peripheral and central mechanisms of itch. Neuron. 2018;98:482–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.023 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.023
pubmed: 29723501
pmcid: 6022762
Ji RR, Donnelly CR, Nedergaard M. Astrocytes in chronic pain and itch. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019;20:667–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-019-0218-1 .
doi: 10.1038/s41583-019-0218-1
pubmed: 31537912
pmcid: 6874831
Wang F, Trier AM, Li F, et al. A basophil-neuronal axis promotes itch. Cell. 2021;184:422–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.033 .
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.033
pubmed: 33450207
pmcid: 7878015
Welborn M, Duvic M. Antibody-based therapies for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2019;20:115–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-018-0402-5 .
doi: 10.1007/s40257-018-0402-5
pubmed: 30430444
Dummer R, Duvic M, Scarisbrick J, et al. Final results of a multicenter phase II study of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) inhibitor forodesine in patients with advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) (Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome). Ann Oncol. 2014;25:1807–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu231 .
doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdu231
pubmed: 24948692