Use of citric acid-activated chlorine dioxide to control Ulva prolifera.

Since 2007, green tides have occurred almost every year in the Yellow Sea, and a method to prevent them and to control levels of attached Ulva prolifera is urgently needed. In this study, we measured the effects of different concentrations of citric acid-activated chlorine dioxide solution (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/L of chlorine dioxide) on the morphology (macrostructure and microstructure), chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, carotenoid content, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Y (II), NPQ, and ETRmax) of U. prolifera. Micropropagules in the treatment filtrate were cultured to determine whether the solution reduced the number of micropropagules released during the treatment process. The results showed that citric acid-activated chlorine dioxide at the appropriate concentration can be applied to remove U. prolifera from Neopyropia cultivation rafts. Because U. prolifera and its micropropagules died in the 250 mg/L chlorine dioxide group, we recommend that the appropriate concentration of chlorine dioxide for removing green macroalgae is ≥250 mg/L. Our results provide a scientific basis for convenient collection of accurate data for the U. prolifera prevention trial organized by the Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China.

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.