Development and validation of a scale assessing parental varied responses to Chinese adolescents' negative emotions.
adolescent
assessment
parental responses to children's negative emotions
Journal
Journal of clinical psychology
ISSN: 1097-4679
Titre abrégé: J Clin Psychol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0217132
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
12 2023
12 2023
Historique:
revised:
11
07
2023
received:
17
09
2022
accepted:
08
08
2023
medline:
15
11
2023
pubmed:
19
8
2023
entrez:
19
8
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Parental responses to children's negative emotions (PRCNE) constitute a critical construct in the study of emotion socialization in children and adolescents. The objective of this research was to develop and validate a concise scale for assessing how adolescents perceive PRCNE in a Chinese context, resulting in the creation of the parental varied responses to Chinese adolescents' negative emotions (PVRCANE) scale. The PVRCANE aims to evaluate seven forms of PRCNE, including the six types encompassed by the commonly used Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale-Adolescent Version (CCNES-AV), as well as an additional, culturally specific category frequently seen in Chinese families: didactic talk and teaching. In Study 1, a group of participants (N = 901, M In Study 1, factor analyses showed that a four-factor structure best fit the data, leading to the final version of the PVRCANE, which includes 35 items. PVRCANE scores exhibited good internal consistency (Omega > 0.79) and convergent validity, demonstrated by their close correlation with traditional CCNES scores. Study 2 confirmed the PVRCANE's measurement invariance for both male and female parents and demonstrated criterion validity by showing significant relationships between PVRCANE scores, parental socialization goals, and adolescents' symptoms of depression. The PVRCANE is a brief, valid, and reliable scale for assessing PRCNE in Chinese adolescents. The study concludes with a discussion on future directions and how this research enhances the existing literature on emotion socialization, with a particular emphasis on the scale's potential application in other cultural settings.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
2823-2848Informations de copyright
© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Alostaz, J., Baker, J. K., Fenning, R. M., Neece, C. L., & Zeedyk, S. (2022). Parental coping as a buffer between child factors and emotion-related parenting in families of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Family Psychology: JFP: Journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43), 36, 153-158. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000757
Bertie, L.-A., Johnston, K., & Lill, S. (2021). Parental emotion socialisation of young children and the mediating role of emotion regulation. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(3), 293-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1884001
Bi, X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Zhang, W., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2018). Parenting styles and parent-adolescent relationships: The mediating roles of behavioral autonomy and parental authority. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2187. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02187
Byrne, B. M., & Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural Equation Modeling With EQS. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203726532
Carpenter, S. (2018). Ten steps in scale development and reporting: A guide for researchers. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(1), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583
Cassano, M., Perry-Parrish, C., & Zeman, J. (2007). Influence of gender on parental socialization of children's sadness regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 210-231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00381.x
Chan, S. M., Bowes, J., & Wyver, S. (2009). Parenting style as a context for emotion socialization. Early Education & Development, 20(4), 631-656. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409280802541973
Chao, R. K. (2000). The parenting of immigrant Chinese and European American mothers. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 21(2), 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-3973(99)00037-4
Chen-Bouck, L., Patterson, M. M., & Chen, J. (2019). Relations of collectivism socialization goals and training beliefs to Chinese parenting. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(3), 396-418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118822046
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Erlbaum.
Cole, P. M., & Tan, P. Z. (2007). Emotion socialization from a cultural perspective. In J. Grusec & P. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization (pp. 516-542). Guilford Press.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in quantitative methods. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
Cui, L., Zhang, X., & Han, Z. R. (2021). Perceived child difficultness, emotion dysregulation, and emotion-related parenting among Chinese parents. Family Process, 60(4), 1403-1417. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12638
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487-496.
Ding, R. (2020). Parent-Adolescent Discussion of Adolescents' Emotions: Its Contents, Patterns, and Relations with Adolescents' Socioemotional Adjustment and Parental Emotion Socialization Goals in Contemporary China. The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Ding, R., Bi, S., Luo, Y., Liu, T., Wang, P., He, W., & Ni, S. (2021). Mothers' emotional expressivity in urban and rural societies: Salience and links with young adolescents' emotional wellbeing and expressivity. Development and Psychopathology, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457942100105X
Ding, R., He, W., & Wang, Q. (2021). A comparative analysis of emotion-related cultural norms in popular American and Chinese storybooks. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 52(2), 209-226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022120988900
Dunbar, A. S., Leerkes, E. M., Coard, S. I., Supple, A. J., & Calkins, S. (2017). An integrative conceptual model of parental racial/ethnic and emotion socialization and links to children's social-emotional development among African American families. Child Development Perspectives, 11(1), 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12218
Eisenberg, N. (2020). Findings, issues, and new directions for research on emotion socialization. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 664-670. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000906
Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241-273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1
Fabes, R. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1998). The Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale-Adolescent Perception Parent Version: Procedures and scoring. http://ccnes.org
Fabes, R. A., Poulin, R. E., Eisenberg, N., & Madden-Derdich, D. A. (2002). The coping with children's negative emotions scale (CCNES): psychometric properties and relations with children's emotional competence. Marriage & Family Review, 34(3-4), 285-310. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v34n03_05
Fiorilli, C., De Stasio, S., Di Chicchio, C., & Chan, S. M. (2015). Emotion socialization practices in Italian and Hong Kong-Chinese mothers. SpringerPlus, 4(1), 758. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1550-1
Friedlmeier, W., Corapci, F., & Cole, P. M. (2011). Emotion socialization in cross-cultural perspective. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(7), 410-427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00362.x
Gaylord, N. K., Kitzmann, K. M., & Coleman, J. K. (2003). Parents' and children's perceptions of parental behavior: associations with children's psychosocial adjustment in the classroom. Parenting, 3(1), 23-47. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327922PAR0301_02
Greenfield, P. M. (2009). Linking social change and developmental change: Shifting pathways of human development. Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 401-418. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014726
Han, Z. R., Qian, J., Gao, M., & Dong, J. (2015). Emotion socialization mechanisms linking Chinese fathers', mothers', and children's emotion regulation: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 3570-3579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0158-y
Hayes, A. F., & Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use omega rather than Cronbach's alpha for estimating reliability. but …. Communication Methods and Measures, 14(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Kağitçibaşi, Ç. (1996). Family and human development across cultures: A view from the other side. Erlbaum.
Katz, L. F., Maliken, A. C., & Stettler, N. M. (2012). Parental meta-emotion philosophy: A review of research and theoretical framework. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), 417-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00244.x
Kehoe, C. E., Havighurst, S. S., & Harley, A. E. (2014). Tuning in to teens: Improving parent emotion socialization to reduce youth internalizing difficulties. Social Development, 23(2), 413-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12060
Kelsall-Foreman, I., Gavett, B. E., Bucks, R. S., Weinborn, M., & Badcock, J. C. (2020). Factor structure and age invariance of the cardiff anomalous perceptions scale (CAPS) in healthy older and younger adults. Psychological Assessment, 32(12), 1095-1105. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000947
Klimes-Dougan, B., Brand, A. E., Zahn-Waxler, C., Usher, B., Hastings, P. D., Kendziora, K., & Garside, R. B. (2007). Parental emotion socialization in adolescence: Differences in sex, age and problem status. Social Development, 16(2), 326-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00387.x
Lansford, J. E., Godwin, J., Al-Hassan, S. M., Bacchini, D., Bornstein, M. H., Chang, L., Chen, B. B., Deater-Deckard, K., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Steinberg, L., Tapanya, S., Alampay, L. P., Uribe Tirado, L. M., & Zelli, A. (2018). Longitudinal associations between parenting and youth adjustment in twelve cultural groups: Cultural normativeness of parenting as a moderator. Developmental Psychology, 542, 362-377. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000416
Leerkes, E. M., Bailes, L. G., & Augustine, M. E. (2020). The intergenerational transmission of emotion socialization. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 390-402. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000753
Leung, D. Y. P., Mak, Y. W., Leung, S. F., Chiang, V. C. L., & Loke, A. Y. (2020). Measurement invariances of the PHQ-9 across gender and age groups in Chinese adolescents. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 12(3), e12381. https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12381
Leung, K. (1989). Cross-cultural differences: Individual-level vs. culture-level analysis. International Journal of Psychology, 24(6), 703-719. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207598908247840
Li, Y., Costanzo, P. R., & Putallaz, M. (2010). Maternal socialization goals, parenting styles, and social-emotional adjustment among Chinese and European American young adults: Testing a mediation model. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 171(4), 330-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2010.505969
Van Lissa, C. J., Keizer, R., Van Lier, P., Meeus, W., & Branje, S. (2019). The role of fathers' versus mothers' parenting in emotion-regulation development from mid-late adolescence: Disentangling between-family differences from within-family effects. Developmental Psychology, 55(2), 377-389. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000612
Liu, J. L., Harkness, S., & Super, C. M. (2020). Chinese mothers' cultural models of children's shyness: Ethnotheories and socialization strategies in the context of social change. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2020(170), 69-92. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20340
Lu, H. J., & Chang, L. (2013). Parenting and socialization of only children in urban China: An example of authoritative parenting. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 174(3), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2012.681325
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., Balla, J. R., & Grayson, D. (1998). Is more ever too much? The number of indicators per factor in confirmatory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 33(2), 181-220. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3302_1
Mastrotheodoros, S., Graaff, J., Deković, M., Meeus, W. H. J., & Branje, S. J. T. (2019). Coming closer in adolescence: Convergence in mother, father, and adolescent reports of parenting. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(4), 846-862. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12417
Matsunaga, M. (2010). How to factor-analyze your data right: Do's, don'ts, and how-to's. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3(1), 97-110. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.854
McKee, L. G., DiMarzio, K., Parent, J., Dale, C., Acosta, J., & O'leary, J. (2022). Profiles of emotion socialization across development and longitudinal associations with youth psychopathology. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 50, 193-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00829-6
Meyer, S., Raikes, H. A., Virmani, E. A., Waters, S., & Thompson, R. A. (2014). Parent emotion representations and the socialization of emotion regulation in the family. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(2), 164-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025413519014
Miller-Slough, R. L., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2020). Emotion socialization by parents and friends: Links with adolescent emotional adjustment. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 71):101197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101197
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 361-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
Nelson, J. A., O'Brien, M., Blankson, A. N., Calkins, S. D., & Keane, S. P. (2009). Family stress and parental responses to children's negative emotions: Tests of the spillover, crossover, and compensatory hypotheses. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(5), 671-679. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015977
Noller, P., & Callan, V. J. (1988). Understanding parent-adolescent interactions: Perceptions of family members and outsiders. Developmental Psychology, 24(5), 707-714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.24.5.707
O'Leary, J. L., McKee, L. G., & Faro, A. L. (2019). Guilt and shame: Explaining associations between emotion socialization and emerging adult well-being. Family Relations, 68(5), 608-623. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12394
O'Neal, C. R., & Magai, C. (2005). Do parents respond in different ways when children feel different emotions? The emotional context of parenting. Development and Psychopathology, 17(02), 467-487. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579405050224
Pelegrina, S., Garcı́a-Linares, M. C., & Casanova, P. F. (2003). Adolescents and their parents' perceptions about parenting characteristics. Who can better predict the adolescent's academic competence? Journal of Adolescence, 26(6), 651-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(03)00062-9
Pintar Breen, A. I., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & Kahana-Kalman, R. (2018). Latina mothers' emotion socialization and their children's emotion knowledge. Infant and Child Development, 27(3), e2077. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2077
Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review, 41, 71-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004
Raval, V. V., Li, X., Deo, N., & Hu, J. (2018). Reports of maternal socialization goals, emotion socialization behaviors, and child functioning in China and India. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(1), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000336
Raval, V. V., & Martini, T. S. (2011). “Making the child understand:” Socialization of emotion in urban India. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(6), 847-856. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025240
Raval, V. V., Raval, P. H., & Deo, N. (2014). Mothers' socialization goals, mothers' emotion socialization behaviors, child emotion regulation, and child socioemotional functioning in Urban India. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 34(2), 229-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431613485821
Raval, V. V., Raval, P. H., Salvina, J. M., Wilson, S. L., & Writer, S. (2013). Mothers' socialization of children's emotion in India and the USA: A cross- and within-culture comparison: Emotion socialization in India and the USA. Social Development, 22(3), 467-484. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00666.x
Raval, V. V., & Walker, B. L. (2019). Unpacking ‘culture’: caregiver socialization of emotion and child functioning in diverse families. Developmental Review, 51(4), 146-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2018.11.001
Robinson, M. A. (2018). Using multi-item psychometric scales for research and practice in human resource management. Human Resource Management, 57(3), 739-750. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21852
Schmitt, N., & Kuljanin, G. (2008). Measurement invariance: Review of practice and implications. Human Resource Management Review, 18(4), 210-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.03.003
Shortt, J. W., Katz, L. F., Allen, N. B., Leve, C., Davis, B., & Sheeber, L. B. (2016). Emotion socialization in the context of risk and psychopathology: Mother and father socialization of anger and sadness in adolescents with depressive disorder. Social Development, 25(1), 27-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12138
Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2003). Adolescents' emotion regulation in daily life: Links to depressive symptoms and problem behavior. Child Development, 74(6), 1869-1880. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00643.x
Smith, G. T., McCarthy, D. M., & Anderson, K. G. (2000). On the sins of short-form development. Psychological Assessment, 12(1), 102-111. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.12.1.102
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Beyers, W. (2019). Parenting adolescents. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (1, 3rd edition). Routledge.
Talhelm, T., Zhang, X., Oishi, S., Shimin, C., Duan, D., Lan, X., & Kitayama, S. (2014). Large-scale psychological differences within China explained by rice versus wheat agriculture. Science, 344(6184), 603-608. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246850
Tao, A., Zhou, Q., & Wang, Y. (2010). Parental reactions to children's negative emotions: Prospective relations to Chinese children's psychological adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(2), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018974
Tonarely, N. A., Kennedy, S., Halliday, E., Sherman, J. A., & Ehrenreich-May, J. (2021). Impact of youth transdiagnostic treatment on parents' own emotional responding and socialization behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(5), 1141-1155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01946-y
Trevethan, M., Lin, K. L., Raval, V. V., Li, X., Hu, J., & Deo, N. (2021). Mothers' emotion socialization profiles and relation to adolescent socio-emotional functioning in China and India. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 73, 101259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101259
Tsai, F.-J., Huang, Y.-H., Liu, H.-C., Huang, K.-Y., Huang, Y.-H., & Liu, S.-I. (2014). Patient health questionnaire for school-based depression screening among Chinese adolescents. Pediatrics, 133(2):e402-e409. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0204
Vidhatri Raval, V., & Martini, T. S. (2009). Maternal socialization of children's anger, sadness, and physical pain in two communities in Gujarat, India. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(3), 215-229.
Wang, M., Liang, Y., Zhou, N., & Zou, H. (2019). Chinese fathers' emotion socialization profiles and adolescents' emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 137, 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.08.006
Wang, Q., & Fivush, R. (2005). Mother-child conversations of emotionally salient events: Exploring the functions of emotional reminiscing in European-American and Chinese families. Social Development, 14(3), 473-495. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2005.00312.x
Wang, Y., Liu, W., Wang, W., Lin, S., Lin, D., & Wang, H. (2021). Left-behind children's social adjustment and relationship with parental coping with children's negative emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. International Journal of Psychology, 56(4), 512-521. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12754
Wei, M., Su, J. C., Carrera, S., Lin, S.-P., & Yi, F. (2013). Suppression and interpersonal harmony: A cross-cultural comparison between Chinese and European Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 625-633. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033413
Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
Yeo, G. H., Cheah, C., & Sim, T. N. (2020). A tale of two countries: Singaporean and Chinese parents' emotion socialisation during childhood and the relation to adolescents' emotion regulation. International Journal of Psychology: Journal International de Psychologie, 55(2), 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12576
Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013). A beginner's guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079
Yu, T., Volling, B. L., & Niu, W. (2015). Emotion socialization and children's behavioral problems in China and the United States. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 46(3), 419-434. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.46.3.419
Zhu, D., Chen, Y., Li, L., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2023). Family functioning, emotion socialization, and children's social competence: Gender-specific effects in Chinese families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32(1), 257-271.
Zhu, D., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2023). Family functioning and emotion socialization in Chinese two-parent households: A person-centered approach. Social Development, 32(2), 463-480. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12605