Advancing immunotherapy in small cell lung cancer.


Journal

Cancer
ISSN: 1097-0142
Titre abrégé: Cancer
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0374236

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
15 11 2023
Historique:
revised: 26 06 2023
received: 17 01 2023
accepted: 28 06 2023
medline: 30 10 2023
pubmed: 21 8 2023
entrez: 21 8 2023
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a rapidly progressive neuroendocrine carcinoma that, until recently, had a very small armamentarium of effective treatments. Advances in DNA sequencing and whole transcriptomics have delineated key subtypes; therefore, SCLC is no longer viewed as a homogeneous cancer. Chemoimmunotherapy with PD1 blockade is now the standard of care for advanced disease, and ongoing research efforts are moving this strategy into the limited stage setting. Combination strategies of immunotherapy with radiation are also under active clinical trial in both limited and extensive stage disease. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a rapidly progressive neuroendocrine carcinoma that, until recently, had a very small armamentarium of effective treatments. Chemoimmunotherapy with immune check point inhibitors is now the standard of care for advanced disease. This comprehensive review provides an overview of current treatment strategies for SCLC, unmet needs in this patient population, and emerging treatment strategies incorporating immunotherapy that will hopefully further improve outcomes for patients.

Identifiants

pubmed: 37602492
doi: 10.1002/cncr.34977
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Review

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

3525-3534

Informations de copyright

© 2023 American Cancer Society.

Références

Society AC. Cancer Facts and Figures 2022. American Cancer Society; 2022.
Hirsch FR, Matthews MJ, Aisner S, et al. Histopathologic classification of small cell lung cancer. Changing concepts and terminology. Cancer. 1988;62(5):973-977. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19880901)62:5<973::aid-cncr2820620521>3.0.co;2-o
Raso MG, Bota-Rabassedas N, Wistuba II. Pathology and classification of SCLC. Cancers. 2021;13(4):820. doi:10.3390/cancers13040820
Peifer M, Fernandez-Cuesta L, Sos ML, et al. Integrative genome analyses identify key somatic driver mutations of small-cell lung cancer. Nat Genet. 2012;44:1104-1110. doi:10.1038/ng.2396
George J, Lim JS, Jang SJ, et al. Comprehensive genomic profiles of small cell lung cancer. Nature. 2015;524(7563):47-53. doi:10.1038/nature14664
Schaffer BE, Park KS, Yiu G, et al. Loss of p130 accelerates tumor development in a mouse model for human small-cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2010;70(10):3877-3883. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4228
Meuwissen R, Linn SC, Linnoila RI, Zevenhoven J, Mooi WJ, Berns A. Induction of small cell lung cancer by somatic inactivation of both Trp53 and Rb1 in a conditional mouse model. Cancer Cell. 2003;4(3):181-189. doi:10.1016/s1535-6108(03)00220-4
Rudin CM, Poirier JT, Byers LA, et al. Molecular subtypes of small cell lung cancer: a synthesis of human and mouse model data. Nat Rev Cancer. 2019;19(5):289-297. doi:10.1038/s41568-019-0133-9
Schwendenwein A, Megyesfalvi Z, Barany N, et al. Molecular profiles of small cell lung cancer subtypes: therapeutic implications. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 2021;20:470-483. doi:10.1016/j.omto.2021.02.004
Owonikoko TK, Dwivedi B, Chen Z, et al. YAP1 expression in SCLC defines a distinct subtype with T-cell-inflamed phenotype. J Thorac Oncol. 2021;16(3):464-476. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2020.11.006
Baine MK, Hsieh MS, Lai WV, et al. SCLC subtypes defined by ASCL1, NEUROD1, POU2F3, and YAP1: a comprehensive immunohistochemical and histopathologic characterization. J Thorac Oncol. 2020;15(12):1823-1835. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2020.09.009
Gay CM, Stewart CA, Park EM, et al. Patterns of transcription factor programs and immune pathway activation define four major subtypes of SCLC with distinct therapeutic vulnerabilities. Cancer Cell. 2021;39(3):346-360.e7. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2020.12.014
Ireland AS, Micinski AM, Kastner DW, et al. MYC drives temporal evolution of small cell lung cancer subtypes by reprogramming neuroendocrine fate. Cancer Cell. 2020;38(1):60-78.e12. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2020.05.001
Huang YH, Klingbeil O, He XY, et al. POU2F3 is a master regulator of a tuft cell-like variant of small cell lung cancer. Genes Dev. 2018;32(13-14):915-928. doi:10.1101/gad.314815.118
Puri S, Naqash AR, Elliott A, et al. Real-world multiomic characterization of small cell lung cancer subtypes to reveal differential expression of clinically relevant biomarkers. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(15_Suppl):8508. doi:10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.8508
Chemi F, Pearce SP, Clipson A, et al. cfDNA methylome profiling for detection and subtyping of small cell lung cancers. Nat Cancer. 2022;3(10):1260-1270. doi:10.1038/s43018-022-00415-9
Reck M, Bondarenko I, Luft A, et al. Ipilimumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line therapy in extensive-disease-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase 2 trial. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(1):75-83. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds213
Reck M, Luft A, Szczesna A, et al. Phase III randomized trial of ipilimumab plus etoposide and platinum versus placebo plus etoposide and platinum in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(31):3740-3748. doi:10.1200/jco.2016.67.6601
Ready N, Farago AF, de Braud F, et al. Third-line nivolumab monotherapy in recurrent SCLC: CheckMate 032. J Thorac Oncol. 2019;14(2):237-244. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2018.10.003
Chung HC, Piha-Paul SA, Lopez-Martin J, et al. Pembrolizumab after two or more lines of previous therapy in patients with recurrent or metastatic SCLC: results from the KEYNOTE-028 and KEYNOTE-158 studies. J Thorac Oncol. 2020;15(4):618-627. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2019.12.109
Spigel DR, Vicente D, Ciuleanu TE, et al. Second-line nivolumab in relapsed small-cell lung cancer: CheckMate 331. Ann Oncol. 2021;32(5):631-641. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.01.071
Owonikoko TK, Park K, Govindan R, et al. Nivolumab and ipilimumab as maintenance therapy in extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer: CheckMate 451. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(12):1349-1359. doi:10.1200/jco.20.02212
Rudin CM, Awad MM, Navarro A, et al. Pembrolizumab or placebo plus etoposide and platinum as first-line therapy for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: randomized, double-blind, phase III KEYNOTE-604 study. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(21):2369-2379. doi:10.1200/jco.20.00793
Horn L, Mansfield AS, Szczesna A, et al. First-line atezolizumab plus chemotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(23):2220-2229. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1809064
Liu SV, Reck M, Mansfield AS, et al. Updated overall survival and PD-L1 subgroup analysis of patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer treated with atezolizumab, carboplatin, and etoposide (IMpower133). J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(6):619-630. doi:10.1200/jco.20.01055
Paz-Ares L, Dvorkin M, Chen Y, et al. Durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10212):1929-1939. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32222-6
Paz-Ares L, Chen Y, Reinmuth N, et al. Durvalumab, with or without tremelimumab, plus platinum-etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: 3-year overall survival update from CASPIAN. ESMO Open. 2022;7(2):100408. doi:10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100408
Leal T, Wang Y, Dowlati A, et al. Randomized phase II clinical trial of cisplatin/carboplatin and etoposide (CE) alone or in combination with nivolumab as frontline therapy for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC): ECOG-ACRIN EA5161. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(15_Suppl):9000. doi:10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.9000
Acheampong E, Abed A, Morici M, et al. Tumour PD-L1 expression in small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cells. 2020;9(11):2393. doi:10.3390/cells9112393
Hellmann MD, Callahan MK, Awad MM, et al. Tumor mutational burden and efficacy of nivolumab monotherapy and in combination with ipilimumab in small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Cell. 2018;33(5):853-861.e4. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2018.04.001
Xie M, Chugh P, Broadhurst H, et al. Abstract CT024: durvalumab (D) + platinum-etoposide (EP) in 1L extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC): exploratory analysis of SCLC molecular subtypes in CASPIAN. Cancer Res. 2022;82(12_Suppl):CT024-CT. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-ct024
Chauvin JM, Zarour HM. TIGIT in cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8(2):e000957. doi:10.1136/jitc-2020-000957
Rudin CM, Liu SV, Lu S, et al. SKYSCRAPER-02: primary results of a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of atezolizumab (atezo) + carboplatin + etoposide (CE) with or without tiragolumab (tira) in patients (pts) with untreated extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(17_Suppl):LBA8507-LBA. doi:10.1200/jco.2022.40.17_suppl.lba8507
Brezicka F-T, Olling S, Bergman B, et al. Coexpression of ganglioside antigen Fuc-GM1, neural-cell adhesion molecule, carcinoembryonic antigen, and carbohydrate tumor-associated antigen CA 50 in lung cancer. Tumor Biol. 1992;13(5-6):308-315. doi:10.1159/000217780
Nilsson O, Brezicka F, Holmgren J, et al. Detection of a ganglioside antigen associated with small cell lung carcinomas using monoclonal antibodies directed against fucosyl-GM1. Cancer Res. 1986;46:1403-1407.
Groux-Degroote S, Delannoy P. Cancer-associated glycosphingolipids as tumor markers and targets for cancer immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(11):6145. doi:10.3390/ijms22116145
Ponath P, Menezes D, Pan C, et al. A novel, fully human anti-fucosyl-GM1 antibody demonstrates potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity in preclinical models of small cell lung cancer FucGM1 Ab demonstrates antitumor activity in SCLC models. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(20):5178-5189. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0018
Chu Q, Leighl NB, Surmont V, et al. BMS-986012, an anti-fucosyl-GM1 monoclonal antibody as monotherapy or in combination with nivolumab in relapsed/refractory SCLC: results from a first-in-human phase 1/2 study. JTO Clin Res Rep. 2022;3(11):3. doi:10.1016/j.jtocrr.2022.100400
Leal JF, Martinez-Diez M, Garcia-Hernandez V, et al. PM01183, a new DNA minor groove covalent binder with potent in vitro and in vivo anti-tumour activity. Br J Pharmacol. 2010;161(5):1099-1110. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00945.x
Santamaria Nunez G, Robles CM, Giraudon C, et al. Lurbinectedin specifically triggers the degradation of phosphorylated RNA polymerase II and the formation of DNA breaks in cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2016;15(10):2399-2412. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0172
Trigo J, Subbiah V, Besse B, et al. Lurbinectedin as second-line treatment for patients with small-cell lung cancer: a single-arm, open-label, phase 2 basket trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(5):645-654. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30068-1
Giffin MJ, Cooke K, Lobenhofer EK, et al. AMG 757, a half-life extended, DLL3-targeted bispecific T-cell engager, shows high potency and sensitivity in preclinical models of small-cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27(5):1526-1537. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2845
Owonikoko TK, Champiat S, Johnson ML, et al. Updated results from a phase 1 study of AMG 757, a half-life extended bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) immuno-oncology therapy against delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3), in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(15_Suppl):8510. doi:10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.8510
Wermke M, Felip E, Gambardella V, et al. Phase I trial of the DLL3/CD3 bispecific T-cell engager BI 764532 in DLL3-positive small-cell lung cancer and neuroendocrine carcinomas. Future Oncol. 2022;18(24):2639-2649. doi:10.2217/fon-2022-0196
Lok BH, Gardner EE, Schneeberger VE, et al. PARP inhibitor activity correlates with SLFN11 expression and demonstrates synergy with temozolomide in small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(2):523-535. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1040
Mu Y, Lou J, Srivastava M, et al. SLFN 11 inhibits checkpoint maintenance and homologous recombination repair. EMBO Rep. 2016;17(1):94-109. doi:10.15252/embr.201540964
Kepka L. Radiotherapy of brain metastases from small-cell lung cancer: standards and controversies. J Cancer Metastas Treat. 2019;5:53. doi:10.20517/2394-4722.2018.114
Arriagada R, Le Chevalier T, Borie F, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87(3):183-190. doi:10.1093/jnci/87.3.183
Auperin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(7):476-484. doi:10.1056/nejm199908123410703
Slotman B, Faivre-Finn C, Kramer G, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(7):664-672. doi:10.1056/nejmoa071780
Slotman BJ. Time to reconsider prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer? Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(5):566-567. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30193-6
De Ruysscher D, Dingemans AC, Praag J, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation versus observation in radically treated stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized phase III NVALT-11/DLCRG-02 study. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(23):2366-2377. doi:10.1200/jco.2017.77.5817
Le Pechoux C, Laplanche A, Faivre-Finn C, et al. Clinical neurological outcome and quality of life among patients with limited small-cell cancer treated with two different doses of prophylactic cranial irradiation in the intergroup phase III trial (PCI99-01, EORTC 22003-08004, RTOG 0212 and IFCT 99-01). Ann Oncol. 2011;22(5):1154-1163. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq576
Slotman BJ, Mauer ME, Bottomley A, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive disease small-cell lung cancer: short-term health-related quality of life and patient reported symptoms: results of an international Phase III randomized controlled trial by the EORTC Radiation Oncology and Lung Cancer Groups. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(1):78-84. doi:10.1200/jco.2008.17.0746
Takahashi T, Yamanaka T, Seto T, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation versus observation in patients with extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer: a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(5):663-671. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30230-9
Belderbos JSA, De Ruysscher DKM, De Jaeger K, et al. Phase 3 randomized trial of prophylactic cranial irradiation with or without hippocampus avoidance in SCLC (NCT01780675). J Thorac Oncol. 2021;16(5):840-849. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2020.12.024
Le Rhun E, Guckenberger M, Smits M, et al. EANO-ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with brain metastasis from solid tumours. Ann Oncol. 2021;32(11):1332-1347. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.07.016
Chen Y, Paz-Ares L, Reinmuth N, et al. Impact of brain metastases on treatment patterns and outcomes with first-line durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide in extensive-stage SCLC (CASPIAN): a brief report. JTO Clin Res Rep. 2022;3(6):100330. doi:10.1016/j.jtocrr.2022.100330
Nesbit EG, Leal TA, Kruser TJ. What is the role of radiotherapy for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer in the immunotherapy era? Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2019;8(S2):S153-S162. doi:10.21037/tlcr.2019.05.01
Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Nikolic N, et al. Role of radiation therapy in the combined-modality treatment of patients with extensive disease small-cell lung cancer: a randomized study. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(7):2092-2099. doi:10.1200/jco.1999.17.7.2092
Slotman BJ, van Tinteren H, Praag JO, et al. Use of thoracic radiotherapy for extensive stage small-cell lung cancer: a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9962):36-42. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61085-0
Palma DA, Warner A, Louie AV, Senan S, Slotman B, Rodrigues GB. Thoracic radiotherapy for extensive stage small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Clin Lung Cancer. 2016;17(4):239-244. doi:10.1016/j.cllc.2015.09.007
Slotman BJ, Faivre-Finn C, van Tinteren H, et al. Which patients with ES-SCLC are most likely to benefit from more aggressive radiotherapy: a secondary analysis of the Phase III CREST trial. Lung Cancer. 2017;108:150-153. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.03.007
Gore EM, Hu C, Sun AY, et al. Randomized phase II study comparing prophylactic cranial irradiation alone to prophylactic cranial irradiation and consolidative extracranial irradiation for extensive-disease small cell lung cancer (ED SCLC): NRG Oncology RTOG 0937. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12(10):1561-1570. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2017.06.015
Deng L, Liang H, Burnette B, et al. Irradiation and anti-PD-L1 treatment synergistically promote antitumor immunity in mice. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(2):687-695. doi:10.1172/jci67313
Dovedi SJ, Cheadle EJ, Popple AL, et al. Fractionated radiation therapy stimulates antitumor immunity mediated by both resident and infiltrating polyclonal T-cell populations when combined with PD-1 blockade. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(18):5514-5526. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1673
Nicholson AG, Chansky K, Crowley J, et al. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for the revision of the clinical and pathologic staging of small cell lung cancer in the forthcoming Eighth Edition of the TNM Classification for Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11(3):300-311. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2015.10.008
Bogart JA, Wang X, Masters GA, et al. Short communication: interim toxicity analysis for patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer (LSCLC) treated on CALGB 30610 (Alliance)/RTOG 0538. Lung Cancer. 2021;156:68-71. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.04.016
Faivre-Finn C, Snee M, Ashcroft L, et al. Concurrent once-daily versus twice-daily chemoradiotherapy in patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (CONVERT): an open-label, phase 3, randomised, superiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(8):1116-1125. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30318-2
Pignon JP, Arriagada R, Ihde DC, et al. A meta-analysis of thoracic radiotherapy for small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(23):1618-1624. doi:10.1056/nejm199212033272302
Evans WK, Shepherd FA, Feld R, Osoba D, Dang P, Deboer G. VP-16 and cisplatin as first-line therapy for small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1985;3(11):1471-1477. doi:10.1200/jco.1985.3.11.1471
Bogart JA, Waqar SN, Mix MD. Radiation and systemic therapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(6):661-670. doi:10.1200/jco.21.01639
Xu L, Zhang G, Song S, Zheng Z. Surgery for small cell lung cancer: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Survey from 2010 to 2015. Medicine (Baltim). 2019;98(40):e17214. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000017214
Peters S, Pujol JL, Dafni U, et al. Consolidation nivolumab and ipilimumab versus observation in limited-disease small-cell lung cancer after chemo-radiotherapy - results from the randomised phase II ETOP/IFCT 4-12 STIMULI trial. Ann Oncol. 2022;33(1):67-79. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.09.011
Pathak R, Villaflor VM. Histologic transformation in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinomas: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Cancers. 2021;13(18):4641. doi:10.3390/cancers13184641
Marcoux N, Gettinger SN, O'Kane G, et al. EGFR-mutant adenocarcinomas that transform to small-cell lung cancer and other neuroendocrine carcinomas: clinical outcomes. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(4):278-285. doi:10.1200/jco.18.01585
Niederst MJ, Sequist LV, Poirier JT, et al. RB loss in resistant EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinomas that transform to small-cell lung cancer. Nat Commun. 2015;6(1):6377. doi:10.1038/ncomms7377
Varghese AM, Zakowski MF, Yu HA, et al. Small-cell lung cancers in patients who never smoked cigarettes. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9:892-896. doi:10.1097/jto.0000000000000142
Lee JK, Lee J, Kim S, et al. Clonal history and genetic predictors of transformation into small-cell carcinomas from lung adenocarcinomas. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(26):3065-3074. doi:10.1200/jco.2016.71.9096
Sequist LV, Waltman BA, Dias-Santagata D, et al. Genotypic and histological evolution of lung cancers acquiring resistance to EGFR inhibitors. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3(75):75ra26. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002003
Ferrer L, Giaj Levra M, Brevet M, et al. A brief report of transformation from NSCLC to SCLC: molecular and therapeutic characteristics. J Thorac Oncol. 2019;14(1):130-134. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2018.08.2028
Xu J, Xu L, Wang B, Kong W, Chen Y, Yu Z. Outcomes in patients with lung adenocarcinoma with transformation to small cell lung cancer after EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Front Oncol. 2021;11:766148. doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.766148

Auteurs

Jennifer W Carlisle (JW)

Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Ticiana Leal (T)

Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Thoracic Medical Oncology Program, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH