Potential Application of Orofacial MSCs in Tissue Engineering Nerve Guidance for Peripheral Nerve Injury Repair.
Nerve guidance conduit
Neural crest
Neural tissue engineering
Orofacial mesenchymal stem cells
Peripheral nerve regeneration
Journal
Stem cell reviews and reports
ISSN: 2629-3277
Titre abrégé: Stem Cell Rev Rep
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101752767
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Nov 2023
Nov 2023
Historique:
accepted:
15
08
2023
medline:
21
11
2023
pubmed:
29
8
2023
entrez:
29
8
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Injury to the peripheral nerve causes potential loss of sensory and motor functions, and peripheral nerve repair (PNR) remains a challenging endeavor. The current clinical methods of nerve repair, such as direct suture, autografts, and acellular nerve grafts (ANGs), exhibit their respective disadvantages like nerve tension, donor site morbidity, size mismatch, and immunogenicity. Even though commercially available nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) have demonstrated some clinical successes, the overall clinical outcome is still suboptimal, especially for nerve injuries with a large gap (≥ 3 cm) due to the lack of biologics. In the last two decades, the combination of advanced tissue engineering technologies, stem cell biology, and biomaterial science has significantly advanced the generation of a new generation of NGCs incorporated with biological factors or supportive cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which hold great promise to enhance peripheral nerve repair/regeneration (PNR). Orofacial MSCs are emerging as a unique source of MSCs for PNR due to their neural crest-origin and easy accessibility. In this narrative review, we have provided an update on the pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury and the properties and biological functions of orofacial MSCs. Then we have highlighted the application of orofacial MSCs in tissue engineering nerve guidance for PNR in various preclinical models and the potential challenges and future directions in this field.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37642899
doi: 10.1007/s12015-023-10609-y
pii: 10.1007/s12015-023-10609-y
doi:
Substances chimiques
Biocompatible Materials
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
2612-2631Subventions
Organisme : NIDCR NIH HHS
ID : R21DE029926-01
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDCR NIH HHS
ID : R21DE029926-01
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Références
Ahmadi, N., Razavi, S., Kazemi, M., & Oryan, S. (2012). Stability of neural differentiation in human adipose derived stem cells by two induction protocols. Tissue and Cell, 44(2), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2011.11.006
doi: 10.1016/j.tice.2011.11.006
pubmed: 22178208
Bar, J. K., Lis-Nawara, A., & Grelewski, P. G. (2021). Dental pulp stem cell-derived secretome and its regenerative potential. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222112018
Beigi, M. H., Ghasemi-Mobarakeh, L., Prabhakaran, M. P., Karbalaie, K., Azadeh, H., Ramakrishna, S., Baharvand, H., & Nasr-Esfahani, M. H. (2014). In vivo integration of poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibrous nerve guide seeded with teeth derived stem cells for peripheral nerve regeneration. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A, 102(12), 4554–4567. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.35119
doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.35119
pubmed: 24677613
Beris, A., Gkiatas, I., Gelalis, I., Papadopoulos, D., & Kostas-Agnantis, I. (2019). Current concepts in peripheral nerve surgery. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, 29(2), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-018-2344-2
doi: 10.1007/s00590-018-2344-2
Biso, G., & Munakomi, S. (2023). Neuroanatomy, Neurapraxia. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32491678 . Accessed 24 Oct 2022
Brown, C., McKee, C., Bakshi, S., Walker, K., Hakman, E., Halassy, S., Svinarich, D., Dodds, R., Govind, C. K., & Chaudhry, G. R. (2019). Mesenchymal stem cells: Cell therapy and regeneration potential. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 13(9), 1738–1755. https://doi.org/10.1002/term.2914
doi: 10.1002/term.2914
pubmed: 31216380
Bunnell, B. A. (2021). Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cells, 10(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10123433
Burks, S. S., Diaz, A., Haggerty, A. E., Oliva, N., Midha, R., & Levi, A. D. (2021). Schwann cell delivery via a novel 3D collagen matrix conduit improves outcomes in critical length nerve gap repairs. Journal of Neurosurgery, 135(4), 1241–1251. https://doi.org/10.3171/2020.8.JNS202349
doi: 10.3171/2020.8.JNS202349
pubmed: 33607621
Campbell, W. W. (2008). Evaluation and management of peripheral nerve injury. Clinical Neurophysiology, 119(9), 1951–1965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2008.03.018
doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.03.018
pubmed: 18482862
Carballo Cuello, C. M., & De Jesus, O. (2023). Neurapraxia. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32809336 . Accessed 25 July 2023
Carvalho, C. R., Oliveira, J. M., & Reis, R. L. (2019). Modern trends for peripheral nerve repair and regeneration: Beyond the hollow nerve guidance conduit. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 7, 337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00337
doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00337
pubmed: 31824934
pmcid: 6882937
Charbord, P. (2010). Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: Historical overview and concepts. Human Gene Therapy, 21(9), 1045–1056. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2010.115
doi: 10.1089/hum.2010.115
pubmed: 20565251
Chen, P., Piao, X., & Bonaldo, P. (2015). Role of macrophages in Wallerian degeneration and axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Acta Neuropathologica, 130(5), 605–618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-015-1482-4
doi: 10.1007/s00401-015-1482-4
pubmed: 26419777
Chen, X., Yang, B., Tian, J., Hong, H., Du, Y., Li, K., Li, X., Wang, N., Yu, X., & Wei, X. (2018). Dental follicle stem cells ameliorate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by secreting TGF-β3 and TSP-1 to elicit macrophage M2 polarization. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 51(5), 2290–2308. https://doi.org/10.1159/000495873
doi: 10.1159/000495873
pubmed: 30537736
Dai, L. G., Huang, G. S., & Hsu, S. H. (2013). Sciatic nerve regeneration by cocultured Schwann cells and stem cells on microporous nerve conduits. Cell Transplantation, 22(11), 2029–2039. https://doi.org/10.3727/096368912x658953
doi: 10.3727/096368912x658953
pubmed: 23192007
de Ruiter, G. C., Malessy, M. J., Yaszemski, M. J., Windebank, A. J., & Spinner, R. J. (2009). Designing ideal conduits for peripheral nerve repair. Neurosurgical Focus, 26(2), E5. https://doi.org/10.3171/FOC.2009.26.2.E5
doi: 10.3171/FOC.2009.26.2.E5
pubmed: 19435445
pmcid: 2978041
Debanne, D., Campanac, E., Bialowas, A., Carlier, E., & Alcaraz, G. (2011). Axon physiology. Physiological Reviews, 91(2), 555–602. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00048.2009
doi: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2009
pubmed: 21527732
DeFrancesco-Lisowitz, A., Lindborg, J. A., Niemi, J. P., & Zigmond, R. E. (2015). The neuroimmunology of degeneration and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Neuroscience, 302, 174–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.027
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.027
pubmed: 25242643
Di Matteo, B., Vandenbulcke, F., Vitale, N. D., Iacono, F., Ashmore, K., Marcacci, M., & Kon, E. (2019). Minimally manipulated mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review of clinical evidence. Stem Cells International, 2019, 1735242. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1735242
doi: 10.1155/2019/1735242
pubmed: 31485234
pmcid: 6710724
Ding, D. C., Shyu, W. C., & Lin, S. Z. (2011). Mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Transplantation, 20(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.3727/096368910X
doi: 10.3727/096368910X
pubmed: 21396235
Ding, G., Liu, Y., An, Y., Zhang, C., Shi, S., Wang, W., & Wang, S. (2010). Suppression of T cell proliferation by root apical papilla stem cells in vitro. Cells, Tissues, Organs, 191(5), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1159/000276589
doi: 10.1159/000276589
pubmed: 20090301
Dixon, A. R., Jariwala, S. H., Bilis, Z., Loverde, J. R., Pasquina, P. F., & Alvarez, L. M. (2018). Bridging the gap in peripheral nerve repair with 3D printed and bioprinted conduits. Biomaterials, 186, 44–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.010
doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.010
pubmed: 30278345
Dominici, M., Le Blanc, K., Mueller, I., Slaper-Cortenbach, I., Marini, F., Krause, D., Deans, R., Keating, A., Prockop, D., & Horwitz, E. (2006). Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The international society for cellular therapy position statement. Cytotherapy, 8(4), 315–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/14653240600855905
doi: 10.1080/14653240600855905
pubmed: 16923606
Fortino, V. R., Chen, R. S., Pelaez, D., & Cheung, H. S. (2014). Neurogenesis of neural crest-derived periodontal ligament stem cells by EGF and bFGF. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 229(4), 479–488. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.24468
doi: 10.1002/jcp.24468
pubmed: 24105823
pmcid: 4292882
Fournier, B. P., Loison-Robert, L. S., Ferre, F. C., Owen, G. R., Larjava, H., & Hakkinen, L. (2016). Characterisation of human gingival neural crest-derived stem cells in monolayer and neurosphere cultures. European Cells and Materials, 31, 40–58. https://doi.org/10.22203/ecm.v031a04
doi: 10.22203/ecm.v031a04
pubmed: 26728498
Friedenstein, A. J., Chailakhjan, R. K., & Lalykina, K. S. (1970). The development of fibroblast colonies in monolayer cultures of guinea-pig bone marrow and spleen cells. Cell and Tissue Kinetics, 3(4), 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2184.1970.tb00347.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1970.tb00347.x
pubmed: 5523063
Gao, X., Shen, Z., Guan, M., Huang, Q., Chen, L., Qin, W., Ge, X., Chen, H., Xiao, Y., & Lin, Z. (2018). Immunomodulatory role of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth on periodontal regeneration. Tissue Engineering Part A, 24(17–18), 1341–1353. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEA.2018.0016
doi: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2018.0016
pubmed: 29652608
Georgiou, M., Golding, J. P., Loughlin, A. J., Kingham, P. J., & Phillips, J. B. (2015). Engineered neural tissue with aligned, differentiated adipose-derived stem cells promotes peripheral nerve regeneration across a critical sized defect in rat sciatic nerve. Biomaterials, 37, 242–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.009
doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.009
pubmed: 25453954
Gordon, T. (2020). Peripheral nerve regeneration and muscle reinnervation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228652
Griffin, J. W., George, E. B., Hsieh, S.-T., & Glass, J. D. (1995). 375Axonal degeneration and disorders of the axonal cytoskeleton. In S. G. Waxman, J. D. Kocsis, & P. K. Stys (Eds.), The Axon: Structure, function and pathophysiology (p. 0). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195082937.003.0020
doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195082937.003.0020
Grinsell, D., & Keating, C. P. (2014). Peripheral nerve reconstruction after injury: A review of clinical and experimental therapies. Biomed Research International, 2014, 698256. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/698256
doi: 10.1155/2014/698256
pubmed: 25276813
pmcid: 4167952
Gronthos, S., Brahim, J., Li, W., Fisher, L. W., Cherman, N., Boyde, A., DenBesten, P., Robey, P. G., & Shi, S. (2002). Stem cell properties of human dental pulp stem cells. Journal of Dental Research, 81(8), 531–535. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910208100806
doi: 10.1177/154405910208100806
pubmed: 12147742
Gugliandolo, A., & Mazzon, E. (2021). Dental mesenchymal stem cell secretome: An intriguing approach for neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010456
Han, Y., Yang, J., Fang, J., Zhou, Y., Candi, E., Wang, J., Hua, D., Shao, C., & Shi, Y. (2022). The secretion profile of mesenchymal stem cells and potential applications in treating human diseases. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 7(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-00932-0
doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-00932-0
pubmed: 35314676
pmcid: 8935608
Hopf, A., Schaefer, D. J., Kalbermatten, D. F., Guzman, R., & Madduri, S. (2020). Schwann cell-like cells: Origin and usability for repair and regeneration of the peripheral and central nervous system. Cells, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9091990
Houshyar, S., Bhattacharyya, A., & Shanks, R. (2019). Peripheral nerve conduit: Materials and structures. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 10(8), 3349–3365. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00203
doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00203
pubmed: 31273975
Hu, N., Wu, H., Xue, C., Gong, Y., Wu, J., Xiao, Z., Yang, Y., Ding, F., & Gu, X. (2013). Long-term outcome of the repair of 50 mm long median nerve defects in rhesus monkeys with marrow mesenchymal stem cells-containing, chitosan-based tissue engineered nerve grafts. Biomaterials, 34(1), 100–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.020
doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.020
pubmed: 23063298
Janebodin, K., Horst, O. V., Ieronimakis, N., Balasundaram, G., Reesukumal, K., Pratumvinit, B., & Reyes, M. (2011). Isolation and characterization of neural crest-derived stem cells from dental pulp of neonatal mice. PLoS One, 6(11), e27526. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027526
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027526
pubmed: 22087335
pmcid: 3210810
Jang, S., Kang, Y. H., Ullah, I., Shivakumar, S. B., Rho, G. J., Cho, Y. C., Sung, I. Y., & Park, B. W. (2018). Cholinergic nerve differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from long-term cryopreserved human dental pulp in vitro and analysis of their motor nerve regeneration potential in vivo. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082434
Jessen, K. R., & Mirsky, R. (2016). The repair Schwann cell and its function in regenerating nerves. Journal of Physiology, 594(13), 3521–3531. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP270874
doi: 10.1113/JP270874
pubmed: 26864683
pmcid: 4929314
Jiang, J. P., Liu, X. Y., Zhao, F., Zhu, X., Li, X. Y., Niu, X. G., Yao, Z. T., Dai, C., Xu, H. Y., Ma, K., Chen, X. Y., & Zhang, S. (2020). Three-dimensional bioprinting collagen/silk fibroin scaffold combined with neural stem cells promotes nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury. Neural Regeneration Research, 15(5), 959–968. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.268974
doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.268974
pubmed: 31719263
Kamble, N., Shukla, D., & Bhat, D. (2019). Peripheral nerve injuries: Electrophysiology for the neurosurgeon. Neurology India, 67(6), 1419–1422. https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.273626
doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.273626
pubmed: 31857526
Kang, J., Fan, W., Deng, Q., He, H., & Huang, F. (2019). Stem cells from the apical papilla: A promising source for stem cell-based therapy. BioMed Research International, 2019, 6104738. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6104738
doi: 10.1155/2019/6104738
pubmed: 30834270
pmcid: 6374798
Kang, N. U., Lee, S. J., & Gwak, S. J. (2022). Fabrication Techniques of nerve guidance conduits for nerve regeneration. Yonsei Medical Journal, 63(2), 114–123. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2022.63.2.114
doi: 10.3349/ymj.2022.63.2.114
pubmed: 35083896
pmcid: 8819402
Khan, A., Diaz, A., Brooks, A. E., Burks, S. S., Athauda, G., Wood, P., Lee, Y. S., Silvera, R., Donaldson, M., Pressman, Y., Anderson, K. D., Bunge, M. B., Pearse, D. D., Dietrich, W. D., Guest, J. D., & Levi, A. D. (2022). Scalable culture techniques to generate large numbers of purified human Schwann cells for clinical trials in human spinal cord and peripheral nerve injuries. Journal of Neurosurgery. Spine, 36(1), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.3171/2020.11.Spine201433
doi: 10.3171/2020.11.Spine201433
pubmed: 34479193
Kim, B. C., Bae, H., Kwon, I. K., Lee, E. J., Park, J. H., Khademhosseini, A., & Hwang, Y. S. (2012). Osteoblastic/cementoblastic and neural differentiation of dental stem cells and their applications to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews, 18(3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEB.2011.0642
doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2011.0642
pubmed: 22224548
pmcid: 3357080
Kou, M., Huang, L., Yang, J., Chiang, Z., Chen, S., Liu, J., Guo, L., Zhang, X., Zhou, X., Xu, X., Yan, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Xu, A., Tse, H. F., & Lian, Q. (2022). Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for immunomodulation and regeneration: A next generation therapeutic tool? Cell Death & Disease, 13(7), 580. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-022-05034-x
doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-05034-x
Praveen Kumar, L., Kandoi, S., Misra, R., Vijayalakshmi, S., Rajagopal, K., & Verma, R. S. (2019). The mesenchymal stem cell secretome: A new paradigm towards cell-free therapeutic mode in regenerative medicine. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, 46, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.04.002
Lackington, W. A., Ryan, A. J., & O’Brien, F. J. (2017). Advances in nerve guidance conduit-based therapeutics for peripheral nerve repair. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 3(7), 1221–1235. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00500
doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00500
Lavorato, A., Raimondo, S., Boido, M., Muratori, L., Durante, G., Cofano, F., Vincitorio, F., Petrone, S., Titolo, P., Tartara, F., Vercelli, A., & Garbossa, D. (2021). Mesenchymal stem cell treatment perspectives in peripheral nerve regeneration: Systematic review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020572
Lee, S. K., & Wolfe, S. W. (2000). Peripheral nerve injury and repair. Journal of American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 8(4), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-200007000-00005
doi: 10.5435/00124635-200007000-00005
Li, J. F., Yin, H. L., Shuboy, A., Duan, H. F., Lou, J. Y., Li, J., Wang, H. W., & Wang, Y. L. (2013). Differentiation of hUC-MSC into dopaminergic-like cells after transduction with hepatocyte growth factor. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 381(1–2), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-013-1701-z
doi: 10.1007/s11010-013-1701-z
pubmed: 23737134
Li, X., Yang, C., Li, L., Xiong, J., Xie, L., Yang, B., Yu, M., Feng, L., Jiang, Z., Guo, W., & Tian, W. (2015). A therapeutic strategy for spinal cord defect: human dental follicle cells combined with aligned PCL/PLGA electrospun material. Biomed Research International, 2015, 197183. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/197183
doi: 10.1155/2015/197183
pubmed: 25695050
pmcid: 4324737
Li, Y., Duan, X., Chen, Y., Liu, B., & Chen, G. (2022). Dental stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as promising therapeutic agents in the treatment of diseases. International Journal of Oral Science, 14(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-021-00152-2
doi: 10.1038/s41368-021-00152-2
pubmed: 34980877
pmcid: 8724288
Lischer, M., di Summa, P. G., Petrou, I. G., Schaefer, D. J., Guzman, R., Kalbermatten, D. F., & Madduri, S. (2023). Mesenchymal stem cells in nerve tissue engineering: Bridging nerve gap injuries in large animals. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097800
Liu, C., Hu, F., Jiao, G., Guo, Y., Zhou, P., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Yi, J., You, Y., Li, Z., Wang, H., & Zhang, X. (2022). Dental pulp stem cell-derived exosomes suppress M1 macrophage polarization through the ROS-MAPK-NFkappaB P65 signaling pathway after spinal cord injury. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 20(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01273-4
doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01273-4
pubmed: 35109874
pmcid: 8811988
Liu, S., Yang, H., Chen, D., Xie, Y., Tai, C., Wang, L., Wang, P., & Wang, B. (2022). Three-dimensional bioprinting sodium alginate/gelatin scaffold combined with neural stem cells and oligodendrocytes markedly promoting nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury. Regenerative Biomaterials, 9, rbac038. https://doi.org/10.1093/rb/rbac038
doi: 10.1093/rb/rbac038
pubmed: 35801010
pmcid: 9255276
Liu, X. M., Liu, Y., Yu, S., Jiang, L. M., Song, B., & Chen, X. (2019). Potential immunomodulatory effects of stem cells from the apical papilla on Treg conversion in tissue regeneration for regenerative endodontic treatment. International Endodontic Journal, 52(12), 1758–1767. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13197
doi: 10.1111/iej.13197
pubmed: 31378943
Lopes, B., Sousa, P., Alvites, R., Branquinho, M., Sousa, A. C., Mendonca, C., Atayde, L. M., Luis, A. L., Varejao, A. S. P., & Mauricio, A. C. (2022). Peripheral nerve injury treatments and advances: One health perspective. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020918
Lundborg, G., Gelberman, R. H., Longo, F. M., Powell, H. C., & Varon, S. (1982). In vivo regeneration of cut nerves encased in silicone tubes: Growth across a six-millimeter gap. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 41(4), 412–422. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005072-198207000-00004
doi: 10.1097/00005072-198207000-00004
pubmed: 7086464
Luo, L., He, Y., Jin, L., Zhang, Y., Guastaldi, F. P., Albashari, A. A., Hu, F., Wang, X., Wang, L., Xiao, J., Li, L., Wang, J., Higuchi, A., & Ye, Q. (2021). Application of bioactive hydrogels combined with dental pulp stem cells for the repair of large gap peripheral nerve injuries. Bioactive Materials, 6(3), 638–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.028
doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.028
pubmed: 33005828
Mao, Q., Nguyen, P. D., Shanti, R. M., Shi, S., Shakoori, P., Zhang, Q., & Le, A. D. (2019). Gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cell-extracellular vesicles activate Schwann cell repair phenotype and promote nerve regeneration. Tissue Engineering Part A, 25(11–12), 887–900. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEA.2018.0176
doi: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2018.0176
pubmed: 30311853
Martinez, V. G., Ontoria-Oviedo, I., Ricardo, C. P., Harding, S. E., Sacedon, R., Varas, A., Zapata, A., Sepulveda, P., & Vicente, A. (2017). Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha improves immunomodulation by dental mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 8(1), 208. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-017-0659-2
doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0659-2
Mayo, V., Sawatari, Y., Huang, C. Y., & Garcia-Godoy, F. (2014). Neural crest-derived dental stem cells–where we are and where we are going. Journal of Dentistry, 42(9), 1043–1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2014.04.007
doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.04.007
pubmed: 24769107
Merle, M., Dellon, A. L., Campbell, J. N., & Chang, P. S. (1989). Complications from silicon-polymer intubulation of nerves. Microsurgery, 10(2), 130–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/micr.1920100213
doi: 10.1002/micr.1920100213
pubmed: 2770512
Mezey, É. (2022). Human Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in immune regulation and therapy. Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 11(2), 114–134. https://doi.org/10.1093/stcltm/szab020
doi: 10.1093/stcltm/szab020
pubmed: 35298659
pmcid: 8929448
Min, Q., Parkinson, D. B., & Dun, X. P. (2021). Migrating Schwann cells direct axon regeneration within the peripheral nerve bridge. Glia, 69(2), 235–254. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.23892
doi: 10.1002/glia.23892
pubmed: 32697392
Mitsuzawa, S., Ikeguchi, R., Aoyama, T., Takeuchi, H., Yurie, H., Oda, H., Ohta, S., Ushimaru, M., Ito, T., Tanaka, M., Kunitomi, Y., Tsuji, M., Akieda, S., Nakayama, K., & Matsuda, S. (2019). The efficacy of a Scaffold-free Bio 3D conduit developed from autologous dermal fibroblasts on peripheral nerve regeneration in a canine ulnar nerve injury model: A preclinical proof-of-concept study. Cell Transplantation, 28(9–10), 1231–1241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963689719855346
doi: 10.1177/0963689719855346
pubmed: 31185736
pmcid: 6767885
Mitsuzawa, S., Zhao, C., Ikeguchi, R., Aoyama, T., Kamiya, D., Ando, M., Takeuchi, H., Akieda, S., Nakayama, K., Matsuda, S., & Ikeya, M. (2020). Pro-angiogenic scaffold-free Bio three-dimensional conduit developed from human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes peripheral nerve regeneration. Science and Reports, 10(1), 12034. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68745-1
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68745-1
Miura, M., Gronthos, S., Zhao, M., Lu, B., Fisher, L. W., Robey, P. G., & Shi, S. (2003). SHED: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(10), 5807–5812. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0937635100
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0937635100
pubmed: 12716973
pmcid: 156282
Mohebichamkhorami, F., Niknam, Z., Khoramjouy, M., Heidarli, E., Ghasemi, R., Hosseinzadeh, S., Mohseni, S. S., Hajikarim-Hamedani, A., Heidari, A., Ghane, Y., Mahmoudifard, M., Zali, H., & Faizi, M. (2022). Brain homogenate of a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease modifies the secretome of 3D cultured periodontal ligament stem cells: A potential neuroregenerative therapy. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 21(1), e133668. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpr-133668
doi: 10.5812/ijpr-133668
pubmed: 36896321
pmcid: 9990517
Morsczeck, C., Gotz, W., Schierholz, J., Zeilhofer, F., Kuhn, U., Mohl, C., Sippel, C., & Hoffmann, K. H. (2005). Isolation of precursor cells (PCs) from human dental follicle of wisdom teeth. Matrix Biology, 24(2), 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matbio.2004.12.004
doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2004.12.004
pubmed: 15890265
Mu, X., Liu, H., Yang, S., Li, Y., Xiang, L., Hu, M., & Wang, X. (2022). Chitosan tubes inoculated with dental pulp stem cells and stem cell factor enhance facial nerve-vascularized regeneration in rabbits. ACS Omega, 7(22), 18509–18520. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c01176
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01176
pubmed: 35694480
pmcid: 9178771
Mushahary, D., Spittler, A., Kasper, C., Weber, V., & Charwat, V. (2018). Isolation, cultivation, and characterization of human mesenchymal stem cells. Cytometry. Part A, 93(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.23242
doi: 10.1002/cyto.a.23242
Owens, C. M., Marga, F., Forgacs, G., & Heesch, C. M. (2013). Biofabrication and testing of a fully cellular nerve graft. Biofabrication, 5(4), 045007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/5/4/045007
doi: 10.1088/1758-5082/5/4/045007
pubmed: 24192236
pmcid: 4007150
Panagopoulos, G. N., Megaloikonomos, P. D., & Mavrogenis, A. F. (2017). The present and future for peripheral nerve regeneration. Orthopedics, 40(1), e141–e156. https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20161019-01
doi: 10.3928/01477447-20161019-01
pubmed: 27783836
Parker, B. J., Rhodes, D. I., O’Brien, C. M., Rodda, A. E., & Cameron, N. R. (2021). Nerve guidance conduit development for primary treatment of peripheral nerve transection injuries: A commercial perspective. Acta Biomaterialia, 135, 64–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.052
doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.052
pubmed: 34492374
Pfister, B. J., Gordon, T., Loverde, J. R., Kochar, A. S., Mackinnon, S. E., & Cullen, D. K. (2011). Biomedical engineering strategies for peripheral nerve repair: Surgical applications, state of the art, and future challenges. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 39(2), 81–124. https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v39.i2.20
doi: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v39.i2.20
pubmed: 21488817
Pisciotta, A., Bertoni, L., Riccio, M., Mapelli, J., Bigiani, A., La Noce, M., Orciani, M., de Pol, A., & Carnevale, G. (2018). Use of a 3D floating sphere culture system to maintain the neural crest-related properties of human dental pulp stem cells. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 547. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00547
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00547
pubmed: 29892229
pmcid: 5985438
Pisciotta, A., Bertoni, L., Vallarola, A., Bertani, G., Mecugni, D., & Carnevale, G. (2020). Neural crest derived stem cells from dental pulp and tooth-associated stem cells for peripheral nerve regeneration. Neural Regeneration Research, 15(3), 373–381. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.266043
doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.266043
pubmed: 31571644
Poongodi, R., Chen, Y. L., Yang, T. H., Huang, Y. H., Yang, K. D., Lin, H. C., & Cheng, J. K. (2021). Bio-scaffolds as cell or exosome carriers for nerve injury repair. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413347
Qiao, W., Lu, L., Wu, G., An, X., Li, D., & Guo, J. (2019). DPSCs seeded in acellular nerve grafts processed by Myroilysin improve nerve regeneration. Journal of Biomaterials Applications, 33(6), 819–833. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885328218812136
doi: 10.1177/0885328218812136
pubmed: 30449254
Rajan, T. S., Giacoppo, S., Diomede, F., Ballerini, P., Paolantonio, M., Marchisio, M., Piattelli, A., Bramanti, P., Mazzon, E., & Trubiani, O. (2016). The secretome of periodontal ligament stem cells from MS patients protects against EAE. Science and Reports, 6, 38743. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38743
doi: 10.1038/srep38743
Rao, F., Zhang, D., Fang, T., Lu, C., Wang, B., Ding, X., Wei, S., Zhang, Y., Pi, W., Xu, H., Wang, Y., Jiang, B., & Zhang, P. (2019). Exosomes from human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with biodegradable chitin conduits promote rat sciatic nerve regeneration. Stem Cells International, 2019, 2546367. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2546367
doi: 10.1155/2019/2546367
pubmed: 31191669
pmcid: 6525800
Ray, W. Z., & Mackinnon, S. E. (2010). Management of nerve gaps: Autografts, allografts, nerve transfers, and end-to-side neurorrhaphy. Experimental Neurology, 223(1), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.031
doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.031
pubmed: 19348799
Sanchez Rezza, A., Kulahci, Y., Gorantla, V. S., Zor, F., & Drzeniek, N. M. (2022). Implantable biomaterials for peripheral nerve regeneration-technology trends and translational tribulations. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 863969. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.863969
doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.863969
pubmed: 35573254
pmcid: 9092979
Sanen, K., Martens, W., Georgiou, M., Ameloot, M., Lambrichts, I., & Phillips, J. (2017). Engineered neural tissue with Schwann cell differentiated human dental pulp stem cells: Potential for peripheral nerve repair? Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 11(12), 3362–3372. https://doi.org/10.1002/term.2249
doi: 10.1002/term.2249
pubmed: 28052540
Sasaki, R., Aoki, S., Yamato, M., Uchiyama, H., Wada, K., Ogiuchi, H., Okano, T., & Ando, T. (2011). PLGA artificial nerve conduits with dental pulp cells promote facial nerve regeneration. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 5(10), 823–830. https://doi.org/10.1002/term.387
doi: 10.1002/term.387
pubmed: 22002926
Scheib, J., & Hoke, A. (2013). Advances in peripheral nerve regeneration. Nature Reviews. Neurology, 9(12), 668–676. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2013.227
doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.227
pubmed: 24217518
Selim, O. A., Lakhani, S., Midha, S., Mosahebi, A., & Kalaskar, D. M. (2022). Three-dimensional engineered peripheral nerve: Toward a new era of patient-specific nerve repair solutions. Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews, 28(2), 295–335. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEB.2020.0355
doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2020.0355
pubmed: 33593147
Seo, B. M., Miura, M., Gronthos, S., Bartold, P. M., Batouli, S., Brahim, J., Young, M., Robey, P. G., Wang, C. Y., & Shi, S. (2004). Investigation of multipotent postnatal stem cells from human periodontal ligament. The Lancet, 364(9429), 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16627-0
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16627-0
Shang, L., Shao, J., & Ge, S. (2021). Immunomodulatory functions of oral mesenchymal stem cells: Novel force for tissue regeneration and disease therapy. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 110(3), 539–552. https://doi.org/10.1002/jlb.3mr0321-766r
doi: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0321-766r
pubmed: 34184321
Shi, Q., Qian, Z., Liu, D., Sun, J., Wang, X., Liu, H., Xu, J., & Guo, X. (2017). GMSC-derived exosomes combined with a chitosan/silk hydrogel sponge accelerates wound healing in a diabetic rat skin defect model. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00904
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00904
pubmed: 29163228
pmcid: 5681946
Simonovic, J., Toljic, B., Nikolic, N., Peric, M., Vujin, J., Panajotovic, R., Gajic, R., Bekyarova, E., Cataldi, A., Parpura, V., & Milasin, J. (2018). Differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla into neural lineage using graphene dispersion and single walled carbon nanotubes. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A, 106(10), 2653–2661. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36461
doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.36461
pubmed: 29896770
Solis-Castro, O. O., Rivolta, M. N., & Boissonade, F. M. (2022). Neural Crest-Derived Stem Cells (NCSCs) obtained from Dental-Related Stem Cells (DRSCs): A literature review on current knowledge and directions toward translational applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052714
Soman, S. S., & Vijayavenkataraman, S. (2020). Perspectives on 3D bioprinting of peripheral nerve conduits. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165792
Song, S., Li, Y., Huang, J., Cheng, S., & Zhang, Z. (2023). Inhibited astrocytic differentiation in neural stem cell-laden 3D bioprinted conductive composite hydrogel scaffolds for repair of spinal cord injury. Biomaterials Advances, 148, 213385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213385
doi: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213385
pubmed: 36934714
Sonoyama, W., Liu, Y., Fang, D., Yamaza, T., Seo, B. M., Zhang, C., Liu, H., Gronthos, S., Wang, C. Y., Wang, S., & Shi, S. (2006). Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated functional tooth regeneration in swine. PLoS One, 1(1), e79. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000079
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000079
pubmed: 17183711
pmcid: 1762318
Stang, F., Fansa, H., Wolf, G., Reppin, M., & Keilhoff, G. (2005). Structural parameters of collagen nerve grafts influence peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials, 26(16), 3083–3091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.07.060
doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.07.060
pubmed: 15603803
Stewart, J. D. (2003). Peripheral nerve fascicles: Anatomy and clinical relevance. Muscle and Nerve, 28(5), 525–541. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.10454
doi: 10.1002/mus.10454
pubmed: 14571454
Sugimura-Wakayama, Y., Katagiri, W., Osugi, M., Kawai, T., Ogata, K., Sakaguchi, K., & Hibi, H. (2015). Peripheral nerve regeneration by secretomes of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Stem Cells Dev, 24(22), 2687–2699. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2015.0104
doi: 10.1089/scd.2015.0104
pubmed: 26154068
pmcid: 4652186
Sunderland, S. (1990). The anatomy and physiology of nerve injury. Muscle and Nerve, 13(9), 771–784. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.880130903
doi: 10.1002/mus.880130903
pubmed: 2233864
Takaoka, S., Uchida, F., Ishikawa, H., Toyomura, J., Ohyama, A., Watanabe, M., Matsumura, H., Marushima, A., Iizumi, S., Fukuzawa, S., Ishibashi-Kanno, N., Yamagata, K., Yanagawa, T., Matsumaru, Y., & Bukawa, H. (2022). Transplanted neural lineage cells derived from dental pulp stem cells promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Human Cell, 35(2), 462–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13577-021-00634-9
doi: 10.1007/s13577-021-00634-9
pubmed: 34993901
Takeuchi, H., Ikeguchi, R., Aoyama, T., Oda, H., Yurie, H., Mitsuzawa, S., Tanaka, M., Ohta, S., Akieda, S., Miyazaki, Y., Nakayama, K., & Matsuda, S. (2020). A scaffold-free Bio 3D nerve conduit for repair of a 10-mm peripheral nerve defect in the rats. Microsurgery, 40(2), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1002/micr.30533
doi: 10.1002/micr.30533
pubmed: 31724780
Tapp, M., Wenzinger, E., Tarabishy, S., Ricci, J., & Herrera, F. A. (2019). The epidemiology of upper extremity nerve injuries and associated cost in the US emergency departments. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 83(6), 676–680. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002083
doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000002083
pubmed: 31688105
Terenghi, G. (1999). Peripheral nerve regeneration and neurotrophic factors. Journal of Anatomy, 194((Pt 1)(Pt 1)), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.1999.19410001.x
doi: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.1999.19410001.x
pubmed: 10227662
pmcid: 1467889
Tomic, S., Djokic, J., Vasilijic, S., Vucevic, D., Todorovic, V., Supic, G., & Colic, M. (2011). Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental pulp and dental follicle are susceptible to activation by toll-like receptor agonists. Stem Cells and Development, 20(4), 695–708. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2010.0145
doi: 10.1089/scd.2010.0145
pubmed: 20731536
Tsutsui, T. W. (2020). Dental pulp stem cells: Advances to applications. Stem Cells Cloning, 13, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.2147/SCCAA.S166759
doi: 10.2147/SCCAA.S166759
pubmed: 32104005
pmcid: 7025818
Väänänen, H. K. (2005). Mesenchymal stem cells. Annals of Medicine, 37(7), 469–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890500371957
doi: 10.1080/07853890500371957
pubmed: 16278160
Vijayavenkataraman, S. (2020). Nerve guide conduits for peripheral nerve injury repair: A review on design, materials and fabrication methods. Acta Biomaterialia, 106, 54–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.003
doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.003
pubmed: 32044456
Walsh, S., & Midha, R. (2009). Practical considerations concerning the use of stem cells for peripheral nerve repair. Neurosurgical Focus, 26(2), E2. https://doi.org/10.3171/FOC.2009.26.2.E2
doi: 10.3171/FOC.2009.26.2.E2
pubmed: 19435443
Wang, D., Wang, Y., Tian, W., & Pan, J. (2019). Advances of tooth-derived stem cells in neural diseases treatments and nerve tissue regeneration. Cell Proliferation, 52(3), e12572. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpr.12572
doi: 10.1111/cpr.12572
pubmed: 30714230
pmcid: 6536383
Wang, M. L., Rivlin, M., Graham, J. G., & Beredjiklian, P. K. (2019). Peripheral nerve injury, scarring, and recovery. Connective Tissue Research, 60(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/03008207.2018.1489381
doi: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1489381
pubmed: 30187777
Yalvaç, M. E., Ramazanoglu, M., Tekguc, M., Bayrak, O. F., Shafigullina, A. K., Salafutdinov, I. I., Blatt, N. L., Kiyasov, A. P., Sahin, F., Palotás, A., & Rizvanov, A. A. (2010). Human tooth germ stem cells preserve neuro-protective effects after long-term cryo-preservation. Current Neurovascular Research, 7(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.2174/156720210790820181
doi: 10.2174/156720210790820181
pubmed: 20158462
Yamaza, T., Kentaro, A., Chen, C., Liu, Y., Shi, Y., Gronthos, S., Wang, S., & Shi, S. (2010). Immunomodulatory properties of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 1(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/scrt5
doi: 10.1186/scrt5
Yan, Y., Yao, R., Zhao, J., Chen, K., Duan, L., Wang, T., Zhang, S., Guan, J., Zheng, Z., Wang, X., Liu, Z., Li, Y., & Li, G. (2022). Implantable nerve guidance conduits: Material combinations, multi-functional strategies and advanced engineering innovations. Bioactive Materials, 11, 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.09.030
doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.09.030
pubmed: 34938913
Yang, J., Yang, K., Man, W., Zheng, J., Cao, Z., Yang, C. Y., Kim, K., Yang, S., Hou, Z., Wang, G., & Wang, X. (2023). 3D bio-printed living nerve-like fibers refine the ecological niche for long-distance spinal cord injury regeneration. Bioactive Materials, 25, 160–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.01.023
doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.01.023
pubmed: 36817821
pmcid: 9931763
Yao, Z., Yan, L. W., Qiu, S., He, F. L., Gu, F. B., Liu, X. L., Qi, J., & Zhu, Q. T. (2019). Customized scaffold design based on natural peripheral nerve fascicle characteristics for biofabrication in tissue regeneration. BioMed Research International, 2019, 3845780. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3845780
doi: 10.1155/2019/3845780
pubmed: 31915690
pmcid: 6935460
Yao, Z., Yan, L. W., Wang, T., Qiu, S., Lin, T., He, F. L., Yuan, R. H., Liu, X. L., Qi, J., & Zhu, Q. T. (2018). A rapid micro-magnetic resonance imaging scanning for three-dimensional reconstruction of peripheral nerve fascicles. Neural Regeneration Research, 13(11), 1953–1960. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.238718
doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.238718
pubmed: 30233069
pmcid: 6183031
Yousefi, F., Lavi Arab, F., Nikkhah, K., Amiri, H., & Mahmoudi, M. (2019). Novel approaches using mesenchymal stem cells for curing peripheral nerve injuries. Life Sciences, 221, 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.01.052
doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.01.052
pubmed: 30735735
Yu, S., Zhao, Y., Ma, Y., & Ge, L. (2016). Profiling the secretome of human stem cells from dental apical papilla. Stem Cells and Development, 25(6), 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2015.0298
doi: 10.1089/scd.2015.0298
pubmed: 26742889
Yu, X., Zhang, T., & Li, Y. (2020). 3D printing and bioprinting nerve conduits for neural tissue engineering. Polymers (Basel), 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081637
Yurie, H., Ikeguchi, R., Aoyama, T., Kaizawa, Y., Tajino, J., Ito, A., Ohta, S., Oda, H., Takeuchi, H., Akieda, S., Tsuji, M., Nakayama, K., & Matsuda, S. (2017). The efficacy of a scaffold-free Bio 3D conduit developed from human fibroblasts on peripheral nerve regeneration in a rat sciatic nerve model. PLoS One, 12(2), e0171448. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171448
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171448
pubmed: 28192527
pmcid: 5305253
Zhang, Q., Burrell, J. C., Zeng, J., Motiwala, F. I., Shi, S., Cullen, D. K., & Le, A. D. (2022). Implantation of a nerve protector embedded with human GMSC-derived Schwann-like cells accelerates regeneration of crush-injured rat sciatic nerves. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 13(1), 263. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-022-02947-4
doi: 10.1186/s13287-022-02947-4
Zhang, Q., Nguyen, P., Burrell, J. C., Zeng, J., Shi, S., Shanti, R. M., Kulischak, G., Cullen, D. K., & Le, A. D. (2021). Harnessing 3D collagen hydrogel-directed conversion of human GMSCs into SCP-like cells to generate functionalized nerve conduits. NPJ Regenerative Medicine, 6(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41536-021-00170-y
doi: 10.1038/s41536-021-00170-y
pubmed: 34593823
pmcid: 8484485
Zhang, Q., Nguyen, P., Xu, Q., Park, W., Lee, S., Furuhashi, A., & Le, A. D. (2017). Neural progenitor-like cells induced from human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells regulate myelination of Schwann cells in rat sciatic nerve regeneration. Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 6(2), 458–470. https://doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2016-0177
doi: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0177
pubmed: 28191764
Zhang, Q., Nguyen, P. D., Shi, S., Burrell, J. C., Cullen, D. K., & Le, A. D. (2018). 3D bio-printed scaffold-free nerve constructs with human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote rat facial nerve regeneration. Science and Reports, 8(1), 6634. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24888-w
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24888-w
Zhang, Q., Nguyen, P. D., Shi, S., Burrell, J. C., Xu, Q., Cullen, K. D., & Le, A. D. (2018). Neural crest stem-like cells non-genetically induced from human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote facial nerve regeneration in rats. Molecular Neurobiology, 55(8), 6965–6983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-0913-3
doi: 10.1007/s12035-018-0913-3
pubmed: 29372546
Zhang, Q., Shi, S., Liu, Y., Uyanne, J., Shi, Y., Shi, S., & Le, A. D. (2009). Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human gingiva are capable of immunomodulatory functions and ameliorate inflammation-related tissue destruction in experimental colitis. The Journal of Immunology, 183(12), 7787–7798. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0902318
doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902318
pubmed: 19923445
Zhang, Q. Z., Su, W. R., Shi, S. H., Wilder-Smith, P., Xiang, A. P., Wong, A., Nguyen, A. L., Kwon, C. W., & Le, A. D. (2010). Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells elicit polarization of m2 macrophages and enhance cutaneous wound healing. Stem Cells, 28(10), 1856–1868. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.503
doi: 10.1002/stem.503
pubmed: 20734355
Zhang, R. C., Du, W. Q., Zhang, J. Y., Yu, S. X., Lu, F. Z., Ding, H. M., Cheng, Y. B., Ren, C., & Geng, D. Q. (2021). Mesenchymal stem cell treatment for peripheral nerve injury: A narrative review. Neural Regeneration Research, 16(11), 2170–2176. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.310941
doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.310941
pubmed: 33818489
pmcid: 8354135
Zheng, Y. H., Xiong, W., Su, K., Kuang, S. J., & Zhang, Z. G. (2013). Multilineage differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 5(6), 1576–1580. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2013.1042
doi: 10.3892/etm.2013.1042
pubmed: 23837034
pmcid: 3702716
Zhu, S., Zhu, Q., Liu, X., Yang, W., Jian, Y., Zhou, X., He, B., Gu, L., Yan, L., Lin, T., Xiang, J., & Qi, J. (2016). Three-dimensional reconstruction of the microstructure of human acellular nerve allograft. Science and Reports, 6, 30694. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30694
doi: 10.1038/srep30694
Zigmond, R. E., & Echevarria, F. D. (2019). Macrophage biology in the peripheral nervous system after injury. Progress in Neurobiology, 173, 102–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.12.001
doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.12.001
pubmed: 30579784